Leucothoe (daughter of Orchamus)

Leucothoe
Apollo (as the Sun) caressing the Nymph Leucothea, by Antoine Boizot
Abode	Persia, Boeotia or Andros
Personal information
Parents	Orchamus and Eurynome
Siblings	Clytie (one version)
Consort	Helios
Children	Thersanon

In Greek mythology Leucothoe (Ancient Greek: Λευκοθόη, from λευκός, "white", and θοός, "quick, swift") was a Babylonian princess. The daughter of Orchamus, a king of Persia, Leucothoe was either a lover of the sun god Helios or a victim of rape. A nymph or Leucothoe's own sister named Clytie, who loved Helios and was jealous of Leucothoe, informed Leucothoe's father that Leucothoe, despite being unmarried, was no longer a virgin, whereupon Orchamus buried his daughter alive in punishment. Helios then transformed Leucothoe's dead body into a frankincense tree.

The tale is best known from the Augustan poet Ovid's narrative poem Metamorphoses, in which the fullest account of it survives, although references and allusions to Leucothoe's story survive in other sources as well.

Mythology

Ovid

As punishment for informing her husband Hephaestus of her affair with Ares, Aphrodite cursed Helios to fall in love with Leucothoe. Helios, utterly enamored with her, lingered in the sky by rising earlier and setting later just to spend more time watching her, making the winter days longer. He forgot about all of his previous lovers, including Rhodos, Clymene, Perse, and Clytie, who, having been loved and abandoned by him, felt betrayed.

Son of Hyperion, what use to you now, are beauty, lustre, and radiant light? Surely, you who make all countries burn with your fires, burn with a new fire. You, who should discern everything, contemplate Leucothoë, and your eyes, that ought to be fixed on the whole earth, are fixed on one virgin girl. Sometimes you rise too early in the dawn sky. Sometimes you sink too late into the waves. Thinking of her, you lengthen the winter hours. Sometimes you vanish, your mind’s defect affecting your light, and, obscured, terrify men’s hearts. It is not because the moon’s shadow, closer to the earth, eclipses you, that you fade. It is that love of yours that determines your aspect. You only love her.
— Ovid, Metamorphoses, lines 4.192–204, translation by A. S. Kline.

Eventually, Helios disguised himself as her mother, Eurynome, to gain entrance to her chambers,^[a] and once he got there he dismissed her servants and revealed himself to Leucothoe. He confessed his love to her, and she, "conquered, suffered his force" according to Ovid,^[1] or he made love to her in others.^[2]^[3]

But Clytie, still in love with him and consumed with jealousy, reported Leucothoe's affair to her father Orchamus, who punished his defiled daughter by burying her alive, as she pleaded with him in despair. Leucothoe died before Helios could save her. Overcome with grief, Helios shone his rays upon her but could not revive her. So he sprinkled her body with "fragrant nectar" and turned her into a frankincense tree so that she would still breathe air, after a fashion, instead of staying buried beneath the earth. Clytie meanwhile, scorned by Helios for her involvement in Leucothoe's death, sat on the ground pining away, neither eating nor drinking, constantly turning her face toward the Sun, until finally she became the heliotrope, whose purple flowers follow the Sun every day on his diurnal journey across the sky.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]

Other versions

According to Lactantius Placidus, Ovid got this myth from Hesiod,^[2] although some scholars doubt this particular attribution.^[12] His abridged version largely follows Ovid's own, but contains certain differences.^[13] Like Ovid, Lactantius does not make it clear how Clytie knew about Helios and Leucothoe, or how Helios knew it was Clytie who had informed the king.

In another narrative, after Helios had intercourse with Leucothoe, the girl who caused Leucothoe's doom is identified as her (unnamed) sister,^[b] and their father name is Orchomenus instead, which is also the name of a town in Beotia, suggesting in this version the myth took place there and not in Babylon. The anonymous author mentions by name the plants the two sisters turned into, contrasting the vagueness of Ovid's telling.^[3]^[5] Hyginus might have known a very different version of this myth, for he names one of the Argonauts, Thersanon, as the son of Helios and Leucothoe, and places her in Andros rather than Persia, implying a version where Leucothoe survives (at least for as long as it took to produce a child), though he could simply refer to a different Leucothoe.^[15]^[11]

Some scholars have suggested that the stories of Leucothoe and Clytie were originally two distinct ones that were combined along with a third story, that of Helios discovering Ares and Aphrodite's affair and then informing Hephaestus, into a single tale either by Ovid himself or Ovid's source.^[16]

Culture

It's been suggested that this myth was used to explain the use of frankincense in the god's worship, similar to the story of the nymph Daphne who transformed into a laurel tree; Leucothoe's death by burial at the hands of her male guardian, not unlike Antigone's fate, might denote archaic cult practices involving human sacrifice in tree-related worship.^[17]

Footnotes

^ Compare how Vertumnus approached Pomona.
^ In Hesiod, Clytie is identified as an Oceanid nymph,^[14] and Ovid, while making no mention of Clytie's parentage, does not seem to treat them as related.

Notes

^ Ovid, Metamorphoses 4.233: victa [...] vim passa; see Anderson, p. 437, Metamorphoses: The New, Annotated Edition p. 426
^ ^a ^b Lactantius Placidus, Argumenta 4.5
^ ^a ^b Paradoxographers anonymous, p. 222
^ Ovid, Metamorphoses 4.192–270
^ ^a ^b Hard, p. 45
^ Gantz, p. 34
^ Grimal, s.v. Clytia; Leucothoe
^ Tripp, s.v. Helius B
^ Parada, s.v. Leucothoe 2
^ Smith, s.v. Leucothoe
^ ^a ^b Forbes Irving, p. 266
^ Gantz, p. 34
^ Cameron, p. 290 writes "Anonymous does not actually name he betrayer of Leucothoë—or Leucothoë's mother (Eurynome in Ovid). Both omissions are probably just consequences of the abridgement."
^ Hesiod, Theogony 352
^ Hyginus, Fabulae 14.4
^ Fontenrose, Joseph. The Gods Invoked in Epic Oaths: Aeneid, XII, 175-215. The American Journal of Philology 89, no. 1 (1968): pp 20–38.
^ Κακριδής et al. 1986, p. 228.

References

Anderson, William S., Ovid's Metamorphoses, Books 1-5, University of Oklahoma Press, 1997. ISBN 9780806128948.
Cameron, Alan, Greek Mythography in the Roman World, Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-19-517121-7. Google books.
Forbes Irving, Paul M. C. (1990). Metamorphosis in Greek Myths. Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-814730-9.
Gantz, Timothy, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: ISBN 978-0-8018-5360-9 (Vol. 1), ISBN 978-0-8018-5362-3 (Vol. 2).
Grimal, Pierre, The Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. ISBN 978-0-631-20102-1.
Hard, Robin, The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology", Psychology Press, 2004, ISBN 9780415186360. Google Books.
Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online text available at Perseus.tufts.
Lateinische Mythographen: Lactantius Placidus, Argumente der Metamorphosen Ovids, erstes heft, Dr. B. Bunte, Bremen, 1852, J. Kühtmann & Comp.
Ovid, Metamorphoses: The New, Annotated Edition, translated by Rolfe Humphries, annotated by J. D. Reed, Indiana University Press, 2018, ISBN 978-0-253-03369-7.
Ovid, Metamorphoses, translation by Anthony S. Kline, 2000, text available at Poetry In Translation.
Ovid. Metamorphoses, Volume I: Books 1-8. Translated by Frank Justus Miller. Revised by G. P. Goold. Loeb Classical Library No. 42. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1977, first published 1916. ISBN 978-0-674-99046-3. Online version at Harvard University Press.
Parada, Carlos, Genealogical Guide to Greek Mythology, Jonsered, Paul Åströms Förlag, 1993. ISBN 978-91-7081-062-6.
Paradoxographoe, by Anton Westermann, Harvard College Library, 1839, London.
Publius Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses translated by Brookes More (1859-1942). Boston, Cornhill Publishing Co. 1922. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Publius Ovidius Naso, Metamorphoses. Hugo Magnus. Gotha (Germany). Friedr. Andr. Perthes. 1892. Latin text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Tripp, Edward, Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology, Thomas Y. Crowell Co; First edition (June 1970). ISBN 069022608X.
Κακριδής, Ιωάννης Θ.; Ρούσσος, Ε. Ν.; Παπαχατζής, Νικόλαος; Καμαρέττα, Αικατερίνη; Σκιαδάς, Αριστόξενος Δ. (1986). Ελληνική Μυθολογία: Οι Θεοί, τόμος 1, μέρος Β΄. Vol. 1. Athens: Εκδοτική Αθηνών. ISBN 978-618-5129-48-4.