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The legislative districts of La Union are the representations of the province of La Union in the various national legislatures of the Philippines. The province is currently represented in the lower house of the Congress of the Philippines through its first and second congressional districts.
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Reconstruction and 1876: Crash Course US History #22
Transcription
Episode 21: Reconstruction Hi, I’m John Green, this is Crash Course U.S. History and huzzah! The Civil War is over! The slaves are free! Huzzah! That one hit me in the head? It’s very dangerous, Crash Course. So when you say, “Don’t aim at a person,” that includes myself? The roller coaster only goes up from here, my friends. Huzzah! Mr. Green, Mr. Green, what about the epic failure of Reconstruction? Oh, right. Stupid Reconstruction always ruining everything intro So after the Civil War ended, the United States had to reintegrate both a formerly slave population and a formerly rebellious population back into the country, which is a challenge that we might’ve met, except Abraham Lincoln was assassinated and we were left with Andrew “I am the Third Worst President Ever” Johnson. I’m sorry, Abe, but you don’t get to be in the show anymore. So, Lincoln’s whole post-war idea was to facilitate reunion and reconciliation, and Andrew Johnson’s guiding Reconstruction principle was that the South never had a right to secede in the first place. Also, because he was himself a Southerner, he resented all the elites in the South who had snubbed him, AND he was also a racist who didn’t think that blacks should have any role in Reconstruction. TRIFECTA! So between 1865 and 1867, the so-called period of Presidential Reconstruction, Johnson appointed provisional governors and ordered them to call state conventions to establish new all-white governments. And in their 100% whiteness and oppression of former slaves, those new governments looked suspiciously like the old confederate governments they had replaced. And what was changing for the former slaves? Well, in some ways, a lot. Like, Fiske and Howard universities were established, as well as many primary and secondary schools, thanks in part to The Freedman’s Bureau, which only lasted until 1870, but had the power to divide up confiscated and abandoned confederate land for former slaves. And this was very important because to most slaves, land ownership was the key to freedom, and many felt like they’d been promised land by the Union Army. Like, General Sherman’s Field Order 15, promised to distribute land in 40 acre plots to former slaves. But that didn’t happen, either through the Freedman’s Bureau or anywhere else. Instead, President Johnson ordered all land returned to its former owners. So the South remained largely agricultural with the same people owning the same land, and in the end, we ended up with sharecropping. Let’s go to the Thought Bubble. The system of sharecropping replaced slavery in many places throughout the South. Landowners would provide housing to the sharecroppers--no, Thought Bubble, not quite that nice. There ya go--also tools and seed, and then the sharecroppers received, get this, a share of their crop--usually between a third and a half, with the price for that harvest often set by the landowner. Freed blacks got to control their work, and plantation owners got a steady workforce that couldn’t easily leave, because they had little opportunity to save money and make the big capital investments in, like, land or tools. By the late 1860s, poor white farmers were sharecropping as well--in fact, by the Great Depression, most sharecroppers were white. And while sharecropping certainly wasn’t slavery, it did result in a quasi-serfdom that tied workers to land they didn’t own--more or less the opposite of Jefferson’s ideal of the small, independent farmer. So, the Republicans in Congress weren’t happy that this reconstructed south looked so much like the pre-Civil War south, so they took the lead in reconstruction after 1867. Radical Republicans felt the war had been fought for equal rights and wanted to see the powers of the national government expanded. Few were as radical as Thaddeus “Tommy Lee Jones” Stephens who wanted to take away land from the Southern planters and give it to the former slaves, but rank-and-file Republicans were radical enough to pass the Civil Rights Bill, which defined persons born in the United States as citizens and established nationwide equality before the law regardless of race. Andrew Johnson immediately vetoed the law, claiming that trying to protect the rights of African Americans amounted to discrimination against white people, which so infuriated Republicans that Congress did something it had never done before in all of American history. They overrode the Presidential veto with a 2/3rds majority and the Civil Rights Act became law. So then Congress really had its dander up and decided to amend the Constitution with the 14th amendment, which defines citizenship, guarantees equal protection, and extends the rights in the Bill of Rights to all the states (sort of). The amendment had almost no Democratic support, but it also didn’t need any, because there were almost no Democrats in Congress on account of how Congress had refused to seat the representatives from the “new” all-white governments that Johnson supported. And that’s how we got the 14th amendment, arguably the most important in the whole Constitution. Thanks, Thought Bubble. Oh, straight to the mystery document today? Alright. The rules here are simple. I guess the author of the Mystery Document and try not to get shocked. Alright let’s see what we’ve got today. Sec. 1. Be it ordained by the police jury of the parish of St. Landry, That no negro shall be allowed to pass within the limits of said parish without special permit in writing from his employer. Sec. 4. . . . Every negro is required to be in the regular service of some white person, or former owner, who shall be held responsible for the conduct of said negro.. Sec. 6. . . . No negro shall be permitted to preach, exhort, or otherwise declaim to congregations of colored people, without a special permission in writing from the president of the police jury. . . . Gee, Stan, I wonder if the President of the Police Jury was white. I actually know this one. It is a Black Code, which was basically legal codes where they just replaced the word “slave” with the word “negro.” And this code shows just how unwilling white governments were to ensure the rights of new, free citizens. I would celebrate not getting shocked, but now I am depressed. So, okay, in 1867, again over Johnson’s veto, Congress passed the Reconstruction Act, which divided the south into 5 military districts and required each state to create a new government, one that included participation of black men. Those new governments had to ratify the 14th amendment if they wanted to get back into the union. Radical Reconstruction had begun. So, in 1868, Andrew Johnson was about as electable in the U.S. as Jefferson Davis, and sure enough he didn’t win. Instead, the 1868 election was won by Republican and former Union general Ulysses S. Grant. But Grant’s margin of victory was small enough that Republicans were like, “Man, we would sure win more elections if black people could vote.” Which is something you hear Republicans say all the time these days. So Congressional Republicans pushed the 15th Amendment, which prohibited states from denying men the right to vote based on race, but not based on gender or literacy or whether your grandfather could vote. So states ended up with a lot of leeway when it came to denying the franchise to African Americans, which of course they did. So here we have the federal government dictating who can vote, and who is and isn’t a citizen of a state, and establishing equality under the law--even local laws. And this is a really big deal in American history, because the national government became, rather than a threat to individual liberty, “the custodian of freedom,” as Radical Republican Charles Sumner put it. So but with this legal protection, former slaves began to exercise their rights. They participated in the political process by direct action, such as staging sit-ins to integrate street-cars, by voting in elections, and by holding office. Most African Americans were Republicans at the time, and because they could vote and were a large part of the population, the Republican party came to dominate politics in the South, just like today, except totally different. Now, Southern mythology about the age of radical Reconstruction is exemplified by Gone with the Wind, which of course tells the story of northern Republican dominance and corruption by southern Republicans. Fortune seeking northern carpetbaggers, seen here, as well as southern turncoat scalawags dominated politics and all of the African American elected leaders were either corrupt or puppets or both. Yeah, well, like the rest of Gone with the Wind, that’s a bit of an oversimplification. There were about 2,000 African Americans who held office during Reconstruction, and the vast majority of them were not corrupt. Consider for example the not-corrupt and amazingly-named Pinckney B.S. Pinchback, who from 1872 to 1873 served very briefly in Louisiana as America’s first black governor. And went on to be a senator and a member of the House of Representatives. By the way, America’s second African American governor, Douglas Wilder of Virginia was elected in 1989. Having African American officeholders was a huge step forward in term of ensuring the rights of African Americans because it meant that there would be black juries and less discrimination in state and local governments when it came to providing basic services. But in the end, Republican governments failed in the South. There were important achievements, especially a school system that, while segregated, did attempt to educate both black and white children. And even more importantly, they created a functioning government where both white and African American citizens could participate. According to one white South Carolina lawyer, “We have gone through one of the most remarkable changes in our relations to each other that has been known, perhaps, in the history of the world.” That’s a little hyperbolic, but we are America after all. (libertage) It’s true that corruption was widespread, but it was in the North, too. I mean, we’re talking about governments. And that’s not why Reconstruction really ended: It ended because 1. things like schools and road repair cost money, which meant taxes, which made Republican governments very unpopular because Americans hate taxes, and 2. White southerners could not accept African Americans exercising basic civil rights, holding office or voting. And for many, the best way to return things to the way they were before reconstruction was through violence. Especially after 1867, much of the violence directed toward African Americans in the South was politically motivated. The Ku Klux Klan was founded in 1866 and it quickly became a terrorist organization, targeting Republicans, both black and white, beating and murdering men and women in order to intimidate them and keep them from voting. The worst act of violence was probably the massacre at Colfax, Louisiana where hundreds of former slaves were murdered. And between intimidation and emerging discriminatory voting laws, fewer black men voted, which allowed white Democrats to take control of state governments in the south, and returned white Democratic congressional delegations to Washington. These white southern politicians called themselves “Redeemers” because they claimed to have redeemed the south from northern republican corruption and black rule. Now, it’s likely that the South would have fallen back into Democratic hands eventually, but the process was aided by Northern Republicans losing interest in Reconstruction. In 1873, the U.S. fell into yet another not-quite-Great economic depression and northerners lost the stomach to fight for the rights of black people in the south, which in addition to being hard was expensive. So by 1876 the supporters of reconstruction were in full retreat and the Democrats were resurgent, especially in the south. And this set up one of the most contentious elections in American history. The Democrats nominated New York Governor (and NYU Law School graduate) Samuel Tilden. The Republicans chose Ohio governor (and Kenyon College alumnus) Rutherford B. Hayes. One man who’d gone to Crash Course writer Raoul Meyer’s law school. And another who’d gone to my college, Kenyon. Now, if the election had been based on facial hair, as elections should be, there would’ve been no controversy, but sadly we have an electoral college here in the United States, and in 1876 there were disputed electoral votes in South Carolina, Louisiana, and, of course, Florida. Now you might remember that in these situations, there is a constitutional provision that says Congress should decide the winner, but Congress, shockingly, proved unable to accomplish something. So they appointed a 15 man Electoral Commission--a Super-Committee, if you will. And there were 8 Republicans on that committee and 7 Democrats, so you will never guess who won. Kenyon College’s own Rutherford B. Hayes. Go Lords and Ladies! And yes, that is our mascot. Shut up. Anyway in order to get the Presidency and win the support of the supercommittee, Hayes’ people agreed to cede control of the South to the Democrats and to stop meddling in Southern affairs and also to build a transcontinental railroad through Texas. This is called the Bargain of 1877 because historians are so good at naming things and it basically killed Reconstruction. Without any more federal troops in Southern states and with control of Southern legislatures firmly in the hands of white democrats the states were free to go back to restricting the freedom of black people, which they did. Legislatures passed Jim Crow laws that limited African American’s access to public accommodations and legal protections. States passed laws that took away black people’s right to vote and social and economic mobility among African Americans in the south declined precipitously. However, for a brief moment, the United States was more democratic than it had ever been before. And an entire segment of the population that had no impact on politics before was now allowed to participate. And for the freedmen who lived through it, that was a monumental change, and it would echo down to the Civil Rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s, sometimes called the second reconstruction. But we’re gonna end this episode on a downer, as we are wont to do here at Crash Course US History because I want to point out a lesser-known legacy of Reconstruction. The Reconstruction amendments and laws that were passed granted former slaves political freedom and rights, especially the vote, and that was critical. But to give them what they really wanted and needed, plots of land that would make them economically independent, would have required confiscation, and that violation of property rights was too much for all but the most radical Republicans. And that question of what it really means to be “free” in a system of free market capitalism has proven very complicated indeed. I’ll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Meredith Danko. The associate producer is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher, Raoul Meyer, and myself. And our graphics team is Thought Café. Every week there’s a new caption for the libertage. You can suggest those in comments where you can also ask questions about today’s video that will be answered by our team of historians. Thank you for watching Crash Course. Don’t forget to subscribe. And as we say in my hometown, don’t forget to be awesome. reconstruction -
History
La Union initially comprised a single district in 1898, when it returned four delegates to the Malolos Congress that lasted until 1899.[1] It was later divided into two congressional districts in 1907.
From 1943 to 1945, in the disruption caused by the Second World War, two delegates represented the province in the National Assembly of the Japanese-sponsored Second Philippine Republic: one was the provincial governor (an ex officio member), while the other was elected through a provincial assembly of KALIBAPI members during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. Upon the restoration of the Philippine Commonwealth in 1945, the province reverted to its pre-war two-district representation.
The province was represented in the Interim Batasang Pambansa as part of Region IV-A from 1978 to 1984, and returned two representatives, elected at large, to the Regular Batasang Pambansa in 1984. It regained its two congressional districts under the new Constitution[2] which was proclaimed on February 11, 1987, and elected members to the restored House of Representatives starting that same year.
1st District
- City: San Fernando (became city 1998)
- Municipalities: Bacnotan, Balaoan, Bangar, Luna, San Juan, San Gabriel (transferred from Mountain Province 1920; only allowed to elect representative starting 1935), Santol (transferred from Mountain Province 1920; only allowed to elect representative starting 1935), Sudipen (transferred from Mountain Province 1920; only allowed to elect representative starting 1935)
- Population (2020): 376,529[3]
Period | Representative |
---|---|
1st National Assembly 1935–1938 |
Camilo Osías |
2nd National Assembly 1938–1941 |
Delfin Flores |
1st Commonwealth Congress 1945 |
Francisco Ortega |
1st Congress 1946–1949 | |
2nd Congress 1949–1953 |
Miguel Rilloraza, Jr. |
3rd Congress 1953–1957 |
Francisco Ortega |
4th Congress 1957–1961 | |
5th Congress 1961–1965 | |
6th Congress 1965–1969 |
Magnolia W. Antonino |
7th Congress 1969–1972 |
Joaquin L. Ortega |
8th Congress 1987–1992 |
Victor Francisco C. Ortega |
9th Congress 1992–1995 | |
10th Congress 1995–1998 | |
11th Congress 1998–2001 |
Manuel C. Ortega |
12th Congress 2001–2004 | |
13th Congress 2004–2007 | |
14th Congress 2007–2010 |
Victor Francisco C. Ortega |
15th Congress 2010–2013 | |
16th Congress 2013–2016 | |
17th Congress 2016–2019 |
Pablo C. Ortega |
18th Congress 2019–2022 | |
19th Congress 2022–2025 |
Francisco Paolo P. Ortega V |
1907–1935
Period | Representative |
---|---|
1st Philippine Legislature 1907–1909 |
Andres Asprer |
2nd Philippine Legislature 1909–1912 |
Joaquin D. Luna |
3rd Philippine Legislature 1912–1916 | |
4th Philippine Legislature 1916–1919 |
Juan T. Lucero |
5th Philippine Legislature 1919–1922 | |
6th Philippine Legislature 1922–1925 |
Pio Ancheta |
7th Philippine Legislature 1925–1928 |
Fausto Almaida |
8th Philippine Legislature 1928–1931 |
Pio Ancheta |
9th Philippine Legislature 1931–1934 |
Mariano Alisangco |
10th Philippine Legislature 1934–1935 |
Francisco Ortega |
2nd District
- Municipalities: Agoo, Aringay, Bauang, Caba, Naguilian, Rosario, Santo Tomas, Tubao, Bagulin (transferred from Mountain Province 1920; only allowed to elect representative starting 1935), Burgos (Disdis) (transferred from Mountain Province 1920; only allowed to elect representative starting 1935), Pugo (transferred from Mountain Province 1920; only allowed to elect representative starting 1935)
- Population (2015): 445,823[4]
Period | Representative |
---|---|
1st National Assembly 1935–1938 |
Agaton R. Yaranon |
2nd National Assembly 1938–1941 |
Eulogio P. De Guzman |
1st Commonwealth Congress 1945 |
Enrique Rimando |
1st Congress 1946–1949 |
Manuel T. Cases |
2nd Congress 1949–1953 | |
3rd Congress 1953–1957 | |
4th Congress 1957–1961 | |
5th Congress 1961–1965 | |
6th Congress 1965–1969 |
Epifanio B. Castillejos |
7th Congress 1969–1972 |
Jose D. Aspiras |
8th Congress 1987–1992 | |
9th Congress 1992–1995 | |
10th Congress 1995–1998 | |
11th Congress 1998–2001 |
Tomas M. Dumpit |
12th Congress 2001–2004 | |
13th Congress 2004–2007 | |
14th Congress 2007–2010 |
Thomas L. Dumpit, Jr. |
15th Congress 2010–2013 |
Eufranio C. Eriguel |
16th Congress 2013–2016 | |
17th Congress 2016–2019 |
Sandra Y. Eriguel |
18th Congress 2019–2022 | |
19th Congress 2022–2025 |
Dante S. Garcia |
1907–1935
Period | Representative |
---|---|
1st Philippine Legislature 1907–1909 |
Francisco Zandueta |
2nd Philippine Legislature 1909–1912 |
Anacleto Diaz |
3rd Philippine Legislature 1912–1916 |
Florencio Baltazar |
4th Philippine Legislature 1916–1919 |
Valerio M. Fontanilla |
5th Philippine Legislature 1919–1922 |
Felipe C. Diaz |
6th Philippine Legislature 1922–1925 |
Mauro Ortiz |
7th Philippine Legislature 1925–1928 |
Leoncio Dacanay |
8th Philippine Legislature 1928–1931 |
Mario Villanueva |
9th Philippine Legislature 1931–1934 |
Rodolfo Baltazar |
10th Philippine Legislature 1934–1935 |
Enrique Rimando |
At-Large (defunct)
1898–1899
Period | Representatives |
---|---|
Malolos Congress 1898–1899 |
Joaquin Luna |
Miguel Paterno | |
Mateo del Rosario |
1943–1944
Period | Representative |
---|---|
National Assembly 1943–1944 |
Rufino N. Macagba |
Bonifacio Tadiar |
1984–1986
Period | Representative |
---|---|
Regular Batasang Pambansa 1984–1986 |
Jose D. Aspiras |
Joaquin L. Ortega |
See also
References
- ^ "The Malolos Congress: A Centennial publication on the inauguration of the Philippine Republic (January 23, 1899 - January 3, 1999)". National Historical Commission of the Philippines. 1999. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
- ^ 1986 Constitutional Commission (February 2, 1987). "1987 Constitution of the Philippines - Apportionment Ordinance". Retrieved June 13, 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Census of Population (2020). "Region I (Ilocos Region)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
- ^ Census of Population (2015). "Region I (Ilocos Region)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 20 June 2016.