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LGBT rights in Asia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

LGBT rights in Asia
StatusLegal, with an equal age of consent, in 29 out of 50 states
Legal, with an equal age of consent, in 7 territories
Gender identityLegal in 23 out of 50 states
Legal in 1 territory
MilitaryAllowed in 9 out of 50 states
Allowed in 2 territories
Discrimination protectionsProtected in 14 out of 50 states
Protected in 4 territories
Family rights
Recognition of relationshipsRecognized in 5 out of 50 states
Recognized in 4 territories
RestrictionsSame-sex marriage constitutionally banned in 5 out of 50 states
AdoptionLegal in 2 out of 50 states

Laws governing lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are complex in Asia, and acceptance of LGBT persons varies widely. Same-sex sexual activity is outlawed in at least twenty Asian countries. In Afghanistan, Brunei, Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen homosexual activity is punishable by death.[1][2] In addition, LGBT people also face extrajudicial executions from non-state actors such as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and Hamas in the Gaza Strip.[3][4] While egalitarian relationships have become more frequent in recent years, they remain rare.[2][5][6]

Historical discrimination towards homosexuality in much of the region include the ban on homosexual acts enforced by Genghis Khan banned in the Mongol Empire, which made male homosexuality punishable by death.[7][8] The Fatawa-e-Alamgiri of the Mughal Empire (descended from the Mongol Empire) mandated a common set of punishments for homosexuality, which could include 50 lashes for a slave, 100 for a free infidel, or death by stoning for a Muslim,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15] whereas the Yuan Dynasty (descended from the Mongol Empire) implemented a crackdown on homosexuality in China that was continued by the Ming Dynasty.[16]

Many Asian countries have collectivist cultures, wherein aggression is generally accepted by society if it is used to protect the family honor. Homosexuality is generally considered to be dishonorable, so homophobic aggression in the name of protecting family honor is common.[17]

The only Asian jurisdiction which nationally recognises same-sex marriage is Taiwan.[18] In 2019, a survey by The Economist found 45% of respondents in the Asia-Pacific believed that same-sex marriage is inevitable in the region, while 31% of respondents disagreed. Furthermore, three-quarters of those surveyed reported a more open climate for LGBT rights compared to three years ago. Of those reporting an improving climate for LGBT people, 38% cited a change in policies or laws. Meanwhile, 36% said coverage of LGBT issues in mainstream media was a major factor. The top reasons cited for diminishing openness was anti-LGBT advocacy by religious institutions.[19][20]

Laws regarding homosexuality in Asia
Same-sex sexual activity legal
  Marriage performed
  Other type of partnership
  Legislation or binding domestic court ruling establishing same-sex marriage, but no supporting legislation has been passed
  Legal guardianships or unregistered cohabitation
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  No recognition of same-sex couples
  Restrictions on freedom of expression
Same-sex sexual activity illegal
  Prison but not enforced
  Prison
  Death penalty on books, but not enforced
  Enforced death penalty

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Transcription

Legislation by country or territory

This table:

North Asia

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws
Russia Russia
Yes
Fully legal since 1993[21][22]
No
Illegal de facto in Chechnya, where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation.
No
No
Constitutional ban since 2020[23]
No
Yes
[24]
No
No
Gender change has not been legal since 2023[25]
No

Central Asia

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan
Yes
Legal since 1998[22]
No
No
No
Yes
Since 2022[26]
No
Yes
[27]
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan
Yes
Legal since 1998[22]
No
No
Constitutional ban since 2016[28]
No
No
Yes
Requires sex reassignment surgery[29][27]
No
Tajikistan Tajikistan
Yes
Legal since 1998[22]
No
No
No
No
Yes
Requires sex reassignment surgery[30][27]
No
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan
No
Illegal for Males since 1927
Penalty: up to 2 years imprisonment.
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan
No
Illegal for Males since 1926
Penalty: up to 3 years imprisonment.
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

West Asia

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws
Abkhazia Abkhazia
(Disputed territory)
Yes
Legal
No
No
No
No
Akrotiri and Dhekelia Akrotiri and Dhekelia
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes
Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[22]
Yes
Civil partnerships since 2005
Yes
Legal since 2014
Yes
UK responsible for defence
Yes
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[31]
Armenia Armenia
Yes
Legal since 2003
+ UN decl. sign.[22]
No
No
Constitutional ban since 2015[32][33]
No
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples.
No
[34]
No
No
No
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan
Yes
Legal since 2000[22]
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Bahrain Bahrain
Yes
Legal since 1976[22]
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery.[35]
Cyprus Cyprus
Yes
Legal since 1998
+ UN decl. sign.[22]
Yes
Civil cohabitation since 2015[36]
No
No
Yes
[37]
Yes
Bans some anti-gay discrimination[38]
Yes
Forbids some discrimination based on gender identity.[39]
No
Gender change is not legal.
Yes
/
No
Egypt Egypt
Yes
/
No
Ambiguous. Male de jure legal, but de facto illegal since 2000
Penalty: Up to 17 years imprisonment with or without hard labour and with or without fines under broadly-written morality laws.[22][40]
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Georgia (country) Georgia
Yes
Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign.[22]
No
No
Constitutional ban passed but yet to take effect
No
Yes
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[41]
Yes
Requires sterilization and sex reassignment surgery for change[42]
No
Iran Iran
No
No
Illegal
Penalty: 74 lashes for immature men and death penalty for mature men (Although there are documented cases of minors executed because of their sexual orientation)[43]. For women, 100 lashes for women of mature sound mind and if consenting. Death penalty offense after fourth conviction.[22]
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Legal gender recognition legal if accompanied by a medical intervention[44]
No
Iraq Iraq
Yes
/
No
Ambiguous. De jure legal since 1969, but de facto repressed[45]
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Israel Israel
Yes
Legal since 1963 (de facto), 1988 (de jure)[46]
+ UN decl. sign.[22][47]
Yes
Unregistered cohabitation since 1994.
No
/
Yes
Foreign same-sex marriages are recognized and recorded in the population registry
No
Permitted by law since 2008,[48] but in practice not possible in nearly every case[49]
Yes
Since 1993; Includes transgender people[50]
Yes
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[51][52][53]
Yes
Almost full recognition of gender's ID without a surgery or medical intervention (Excluding changing gender and name in birth certificate) ;[54] equal employment opportunity law bars discrimination based on gender identity[55][56][57]
Yes
[58][59]
Jordan Jordan
Yes
Legal[22]
No
No
No
No
Yes
Allowed since 2014[60]
Kuwait Kuwait
No
Male illegal
Penalty: Fines or up to 6-year prison sentence.
Yes
Female always legal[22][61]
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Lebanon Lebanon
Yes
/
No
Ambiguous. Illegal under Article 534 of the Penal Code. Some judges have ruled not to prosecute individuals based on the law, however, this has not been settled by the Supreme Court and thus homosexuality is still illegal.[62] However, a 2017 court ruling claims that it is legal, but the law against it is still in place.
Penalty: Up to 1 year imprisonment (rarely enforced).
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Legal gender change allowed, but sex reassignment surgery required[63]
No
Northern Cyprus Northern Cyprus
(Disputed territory)
Yes
Legal since 2014[64][65][22]
No
No
No
No
Yes
Bans all anti-gay discrimination[64][65]
Yes
Legal, requires surgery for change[66]
Oman Oman
No
Illegal
Penalty: Fines and prison sentence up to 3 years (Only enforced when dealing with "public scandal").[22]
No
No
No
No
No
No
Laws against forms of gender expression.
No
State of Palestine Palestine
West Bank:
Yes
Legal[22]
Gaza:
No consensus
No consensus on legal applicability of British 1936 Sexual offences provisions to homosexual conduct[67][68][69][70]
West Bank:
No

Gaza:
No

No
No
No
No
Qatar Qatar
No
No
Illegal
Penalty: Fines, up to 7 years imprisonment[22] Death penalty for Muslims.
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia
No
No
Illegal
Penalty: Prison sentences of several months to life, fines, castration, torture or death can be sentenced on first conviction. A second conviction merits execution. Homosexuality itself, not just performed acts, can be considered illegal in Saudi Arabia.[22]
No
No
No
No
No
No
Laws against forms of gender expression.
No
South Ossetia South Ossetia
(Disputed territory)
Yes
Legal
No
No
No
No
Syria Syria
No
Illegal
Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment (Law de facto suspended)[71][22]
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Turkey Turkey
Yes
Legal since 1858[22]
No
No
No
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples.
No
No
Yes
Requires sterilisation and sex reassignment surgery for change[72]
No
United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates
No
No
Death, life in prison, floggings,[73] fines, deportation, chemical castration,[74][75] forced psychological treatments,[76] honor killings,[74] vigilante executions,[77][78] beatings,[79][80] forced anal examinations,[81] forced hormone injections,[82] and torture.[79][83]
No
No
No
No
No
No
In September 2016, the Government passed Federal Decree No 4, a series of changes to reduce doctors' criminal liability. The new law allows doctors to perform medical intervention on intersex people so as to "correct" their sex, effectively removing either the male or female genitalia. Sex reassignment surgery remains illegal. [84][85][86] Laws used to criminalize gender expression.
No
Yemen Yemen
No
No
Illegal (codified in 1994)
Penalty: Unmarried men punished with 100 lashes of the whip or a maximum of one year of imprisonment, stoning for adultery is not enforced. Women punished up to three years of imprisonment; where the offense has been committed under duress, the punishment is up to seven years detention.[22]
No
No
No
No
No
No
No

South Asia

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of same-sex unions Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws
Afghanistan Afghanistan
No
No
Illegal
Penalty: Death penalty[87]
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Bangladesh Bangladesh
No
Illegal since 1862
Penalty: 10 years to life imprisonment (Occasionally enforced).[22][88]
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
A third gender option (hijra) besides male and female is available[89]
No
Bhutan Bhutan
Yes
Legal since 2021[90]
No
No
No
No
No
No
British Indian Ocean Territory British Indian Ocean Territory
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)
Yes
Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign.[22]
Yes
Civil partnerships since 2005
Yes
Legal since 2014
Yes
UK responsible for defense
India India
Yes
Legal since 2018[91]
No
/
Yes
symboic live-In relationships exist [92]
No
No
No
Yes
/
No
Discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity prohibited by court decision. No nationwide law.[93][94][95]
Yes
A third gender option (hijra) besides male and female is available; transgender people have a constitutional right to change gender, only after medical/surgical intervention[96][95]
Yes
Maldives Maldives
No
Illegal (codified in 2014)
Penalty: Up to 8 years imprisonment, house arrest, lashings and fines. (unenforced)[97] LGBTQ welcomed in tourist islands [98]
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Nepal Nepal
Yes
Legal since 2007
+ UN decl. sign.[22]
[99][100]
[99][100]
No
Yes
Since 2007[citation needed]
Yes
/
No
indirect protections under the category "gender minorities"
Yes
/
No
Change to third gender "O" legal since 2007, unable to change to male or female[101]
Yes
Pakistan Pakistan
No
Illegal since 1862
Penalty: 2 years to life sentence (Occasionally enforced).[22][102]
No
No
No
No
Yes
Transphobia illegal

No Homophobia/biphobia is not illegal

Yes
Right to change gender; transgender and intersex citizens have legal protections from all discrimination and harassment[103]
No
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka
No
Illegal since 1885
Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment with fines.[22] (Ruled unenforcable by the Supreme Court) Legalization proposed
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender after sex reassignment surgery or medical intervention[104]
No

East Asia

LGBT rights in: Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of relationships Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws
China China
Yes
Legal since 1997[22]
No
/
Yes
"Legal guardianship" since 2017
No
No
Yes
/
No
(Open displays prohibited)[citation needed]
No
Yes
/
No
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery. However, it is difficult to change the gender information of educational attainments and academic degrees for lack of legal procedures, even after sex reassignment surgery[105], which has caused discrimination against well-educated trans women[106].
No
Hong Kong Hong Kong
Yes
Legal since 1991[22]
No
/
Yes
Same-sex marriages registered overseas for government benefits and taxation, and limited recognition of local cohabiting partners
No
No
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[107]
The central government of China is responsible for the defense of Hong Kong.[108]
Yes
Bans some anti-gay discrimination (government discrimination only)
Yes
Surgery not required since 2023 in accordance to a court ruling[109]
Japan Japan
Yes
Legal since 1882
+ UN decl. sign.[22]
No
* Symbolic recognition in some jurisdictions.
No
Proposed[110]
No
Yes
The Japan Self-Defense Forces allow gay people to enlist.[111]
Yes
/
No
No nationwide protections, but some cities ban some anti-gay discrimination[22]
Yes
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery
No
Macau Macau
Yes
Legal since 1996
No
No
No
The central government of China is responsible for the defence of Macau.
Yes
Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Mongolia Mongolia
Yes
Legal since 1993
+ UN decl. sign.[22]
No
No
Constitutional ban since 1992
No
Yes
Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Yes
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender but only after sex reassignment surgery
Yes
/
No
North Korea North Korea
Yes
/
No
Ambiguous, punishable through Articles 193 and 262 regarding obscenity and decency laws.[dubious ]
Penalty: Unknown
No
No
No
No
10-year celibacy required for all soldiers.[112] Open displays of LGBT attitudes are prohibited.
No
No
No
South Korea South Korea
Yes
Legal
+ UN decl. sign.[22]
No
No
Proposed[113]
No
No
Yes
/
No
Protection from discrimination varies by jurisdiction in some areas, including Seoul
Yes
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender but usually requires sex reassignment surgery
Taiwan Taiwan
Yes
Legal[114]
[115]
Legal since 2019[116][117][118]
Yes
Stepchild adoption since 2019
Yes
Joint adoption legal since 2023[119]
Yes
Yes
Constitutionally bans all anti-gay discrimination from government[120]; several laws banning anti-gay discrimination regarding education and employment.[121][122]
Yes
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery.[a]
Yes

Southeast Asia

LGBT rights in Same-sex sexual activity Recognition of relationships Same-sex marriage Adoption by same-sex couples LGBT people allowed to serve openly in military? Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientation Laws concerning gender identity/expression Lack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws
Aceh Aceh (autonomous territory of Indonesia)
No
Illegal
Penalty: 100 strokes of the cane or 8 years in prison[124]
No
No
No
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples
No
The central government of Indonesia is responsible for the defense of Aceh.
Yes
Follows the law of the central Indonesian government.
Yes
Follows the law of the central Indonesian government.
No
Brunei Brunei
No
No
Illegal since 1908
Penalty: Death by stoning (in abeyance), 1 year imprisonment and 100 lashes for men. Caning and 10 years prison for women.[125]
No
No
No
No
No
No
Laws prohibit forms of gender expression.
No
Cambodia Cambodia
Yes
Legal[22]
No
/
Yes
Partnerships recognized in certain cities
No
There has been at least one recorded case of a legally registered and recognized same-sex marriage; constitutional ban since 1993
No
/
Yes
Officially banned, but numerous same-sex adoptions have taken place
No
No
[126]
No
East Timor East Timor
Yes
Legal since 1975
+ UN decl. sign.[22]
No
No
No
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples
Yes
Bans some anti gay discrimination, Hate crime protections since 2009.[127]
Indonesia Indonesia
Yes
Legal (except in Aceh)[22][128]
No
No
No
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples
No
Not explicitly prohibited by Law (de jure), Illegal (de facto)
Yes
Limited protection following legal process by the authorities.[129]
Yes
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery.
No
Laos Laos
Yes
Legal[22]
No
No
No
No
Malaysia Malaysia
No
Illegal since 1871
Penalty: fines, prison sentence (2–20 years), or whippings.[22][130]
No
No
No
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples
No
No
No
Generally impossible to change gender. However, a 2016 court ruling recognizes gender changes as fundamental constitutional rights[131] Forms of gender expression are criminalized.
No
Myanmar Myanmar
No
Illegal since 1886
Penalty: Up to 20 years in prison (Not enforced).[22]
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
Philippines Philippines
Yes
Legal
+ UN decl. sign.[132][22][133][134]
No
(Pending) [132]
No
(Pending) [135]
No
LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples[136][135]
Yes
Since 2009
Yes
/
No
Bans some anti-gay discrimination in certain cities and provinces,[137] including the City of Manila,[138]Cebu City,[139] Quezon City,[140] and Davao City;[141]
Nationwide anti-bullying law for basic education students.[142]
No
Generally impossible to change legal gender. However in Cagandahan vs Philippines, allowed an intersex man to change his legal gender from female to male.
Singapore Singapore
Yes
Legal since 2022
No
No
Ambiguous, a gay Singaporean man with a male partner in 2018 won an appeal in court to adopt a child that he fathered through a surrogate.[143]
Yes
Yes
Protections against anti-gay discrimination, harassment and violence[144]
Yes
Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery
No
Thailand Thailand
Yes
Legal since 1956
+ UN decl. sign.[22]
[145]
[145]
No
[146]
Yes
Since 2005 [147]
Yes
Bans all anti-gay discrimination
No
[148]

Yes Anti-discrimination protections for gender expression.[130]

Yes
Vietnam Vietnam
Yes
Legal[22]
+ UN decl. sign.[22]
No
No
No
LGBT individuals may adopt, not same-sex couples[149]
Yes
Irrespective of one's sexual orientation
Yes
Bans some anti-gay discrimination
Yes
Gender changes recognized and officially practised since 2017[150][151]
Yes

See also

Notes

  1. ^ In Taiwan, gender change is not explicitly stated in any law; instead it is permitted by an executive order published by the  Ministry of the Interior, which dictates that sex reassignment surgeries are required before gender change. In 2021 a judgement by the Taipei High Administrative Court[123] ruled that the executive order above was unconstitutional and therefore the defendant (district household registration office) must allow the plaintiff to change their gender. The judgement was finalized since the defendant did not appeal. However, since rulings in Taiwan are generally not precedential, said judgement only applies to the plaintiff and does not bind other cases nor the executive branch.

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