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This article is intended to give an overview of the history of LGBT rights in Brazil.
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Medieval representations of sodomy - Dr Robert Mills (UCL)
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Desire, love, identity: exploring LGBTQ histories
Transcription
I'm Bob Mills, and I'm a lecturer in the History of Art department at UCL. And I'm currently working on medieval representations of sodomy. Priests in the middle ages expressed concerns about giving the game away, about telling people about previously unheard-of practices, and so despite those prescriptions against talking about sodomy in medieval texts, some artists did try to find ways to visualise this sin that would otherwise be characterised as unspeakable or unmentionable, or what was sometimes known in the period as a sin against nature. One of the strategies at artists' disposal was classical mythology - that was a way of rendering visible what otherwise would be too sexually explicit for Christian audiences, so you could go back to stories from the classical past and use them as a way of confronting obliquely, the sexual practices associated with sodomy. The Myth of Ganymede, who was a youth who was abducted by the God Jupiter and forced to become his cup-bearer in heaven was especially significant in this regard. Ganymede is shown in a twelfth-century stone capital in the Abbey of Vézelay in Burgundy, being snatched up by an eagle because Jupiter assumes the form of an eagle in order to abduct Ganymede, while a snarling devil is standing alongside, egging Jupiter on from the sidelines. Ganymede doesn't seem, in this particular carving, to be very pleased about what's happening to him. Medieval artists could also make reference, obliquely, to the practices associated with sodomy while also alluding to other sins of the flesh - things like overeating, violence, or inhospitality - that medieval theologians suggested had led to the disruption of Sodom in the book of Genesis in the Bible. Here's an example also, from a manuscript in the British Library, which is called the Egerton Genesis, which shows all these various sins taking place within the walls of the city of Sodom. Some late medieval paintings of hell were even more explicit, showing sodomites being spit-roasted by devils, here roasting them over the infernal flames. Or the sinners could, as in a fascinating scene from the west front of Lincoln Cathedral, on the twelfth-century frieze there, they could be shown being forced by monsters to participate in acts of sodomy, to effectively re-sodomise one-another in hell, against their will. The Lincoln frieze carving, which I'm referring to, is now quite damaged, but a restored version of the carving was put in place on the West front of the Cathedral in 2001, which enables us to imagine what medieval people would have seen when they saw the carving, back in the twelfth century. We see two, almost identical figures, probably both male, who are being forced to have sexual relations with one-another. Their hair is being pulled, there's a monster sitting behind them who seems to be forcing them into this act. I became interested in this topic having worked previously on representations of punishment in the Middle Ages, and I came across the images of spit-roasted sodomites in that context when I was looking at afterlife imagery - specifically images of hell, as part of Last Judgement scenes. So, it interested me because I didn't see that anyone had really thought about these images in any great depth or detail, or thought about them together, and thought about what's at stake in visualising something that, technically, is meant to be unspeakable or unmentionable. There seemed to be a sort of paradox there - on the one hand, something is unmentionable, on the other hand, it's spoken about voluminously, and also, in certain contexts, visualised. So I wanted to understand what was actually going on in that configuration.
Prior to 1800
- 1533: Portuguese Penal Code was instituted by colonial administration in Brazil. It illegalized sodomy or any sort of sexual intercourse between people of the same sex; it was influenced by the English Buggery Act 1533.[1]
- 1591: Felipa de Souza was convicted of having relations with other women and tortured.[2]
- 1614: Tibira do Maranhão was the first person to be executed for homosexuality in Brazil.
19th century
- 1830: Dom Pedro I signed into law the Imperial Penal Code. It eliminated all references to sodomy.[3][4]
20th century
1960s
- 1960: Communism in Brazil--According to this vision (of communism), homosexuality was a product of bourgeois decadence and would disappear when capitalism was overthrown and a communist society established.[5] In the 1960s, the Brazilian government viewed homosexuality as a fallacy that disrupted the true male essence of masculinity and bypassed an actual militant's image. The Maoist Communist Party of Brazil believed that homosexuality was intertwined with that capitalist ideology and that with the overthrowing of capitalism, homosexuality would too fall with it.
1970s
- 1978: SOMOS: Grupo de Affirmação Homossexual, Brazil's first LGBT activist group, founded in São Paulo.
- 1978: Two years later (1981), most of the women in it split to form the country's first independent lesbian organization, the Autonomous Lesbian Feminist Group (GALF).[6]
- 1978: O Lampião, a gay magazine, with contributions by many famous authors, like João Silvério Trevisan, Aguinaldo Silva and Luiz Mott, is launched in April. It survived for three years.
- 1978-1979: Dr. Roberto Farina is tried and acquitted in a trial stemming from the first male-to-female gender-affirming surgery performed in Brazil.[7]
- 1979 Grupo Lésbico-Feminista was formed in São Paulo by Míriam Martinho, Rosely Roth and others. It remained active for three years.[8]
- Pornochanchadas were films that took off in the 70s and 80s, these were erotic-comedies of homosexuals. The films depicted the LGBT characters as a stereotype, affiliating them with a lower status and giving them scripts that were lifeless and displayed a fake flamboyant nature.[9]
1980–1989
- 1980: Grupo Gay da Bahia, the oldest gay rights organization in Brazil, was founded in Salvador, Bahia, together with SOMOS, another organization in São Paulo, State of São Paulo.
- 1981: Grupo Ação Lésbica-Feminista (GALF) is formed in São Paulo with former members of Grupo Lésbico-Feminista and begins publishing a feminist journal "ChanacomChana".[8] The banning of distribution of this journal in 1983 at the Ferro Bar and the protest that ensued is known as the Brazilian Stonewall.[10] It remained active until 1989.[8]
- 1981: By 1981, the movement in that city had fractured into eight to ten tiny groups, some of which formed an umbrella collective called the Autonomous Homosexual Movement (MHA).[6]
- 1985: the Federal Council of Medicine of Brazil removes homosexuality from further mention as "deviant".[11]
- 1989: The constitutions of Mato Grosso and Sergipe states were signed into law. They explicitly forbid discrimination on grounds of sexual orientation.[12][13]
1990–1999
- 1995: Congresswoman Marta Suplicy proposes Bill project No. 1151 concerning civil unions. The bill has been pending approval in the House since 1995.
- 1994: Fresa y Chocolate[14] was exhibited in Brazil in 1994. This film holds a great contribution to the LGBT community within Brazil. Directed by Arnaldo Jabor, it depicts a gay protagonist-Diego, which at the time was not highly controversial but some of the public still held negative connotations towards the LGBT community. The film contains a deeper more symbolic meaning of acceptance and the understanding of democratic views within Cuba and Brazil. Journalist reviews perceived David and Diego's affection towards one another as means of a friendship, this is understandable, but it goes against what the director may have wanted the audience to see or comprehend. For that two men can love each other more than that of being friends.
- 1997: G Magazine, the first gay-oriented erotic magazine was published and enjoyed a large national distribution.
- 1999: the Federal Council of Psychology published a resolution that has standardized the conduct of psychologists facing the question: "... psychologists did not collaborate with events or services proposing treatment and cure of homosexuality."
21st century
2000–2009
- 2000: On November 30, the city council of Niterói, in the State of Rio de Janeiro, passed an ordinance prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation in public places and institutions as well as in businesses.
- 2004: Rio Grande do Sul allows same-sex partners to register civil unions in a generic civil law notary after a court decision in March 2004.[15]
- 2004: The Brazilian government launched Brasil Sem Homophobia (Brazil without Homophobia) to ensure that public policy did not discriminate against the LGBT community.[16]
- 2006: A male gay couple from Catanduva, São Paulo officially adopted a five-year-old girl.[17] According to Folha de S. Paulo, a lesbian couple from Rio Grande do Sul were the first to use this right.[18]
- June 10, 2007: In its eleventh edition, the São Paulo Gay Pride Parade breaks its own record as the biggest parade in the world and attracts 3.5 million people.[19]
- June 25, 2007: The Richarlyson affair occurred in which a judge was brought before the Justice Council of São Paulo for stating in court that soccer is a "virile, masculine sport and not a homosexual one." However, afterwards the same judge apologized and afterwards decided to annul the decision he wrote.[20]
- 2008: National LGBT Conference was held. The event, the first in the world to be organized by a government, is a result of demands made by civil society and the Brazilian government's support of LGBT people's rights.[21]
2010–present
- 2010: In a landmark trial by ministers, the 4th Class of the Superior Court of Justice of Brazil acknowledged, unanimously, that homosexual couples have the right to adopt children.
- 2011: On May 5, Supremo Tribunal Federal unanimously extended the Stable Unions institute (União Estável) to same-sex couples nationwide by redefining the laic definition of family and provided 112 rights to these couples. The extension of marriage institute was not discussed in this decision.[22][23][24][25]
- 2011: On June 27, first same-sex civil union was converted into a same-sex marriage in Brazil. A Brazilian judge in São Paulo had converted a civil union into a same-sex marriage, a first in the nation.
- 2011: On June 28, another stable union between same-sex couples has been converted into a marriage. This time it was Judge Jennifer Antunes de Souza, the 4th of Brasilia Family Court which upheld the order.[26]
- 2011: On October 25, The Superior Court of Justice declared that the legal union of two women who petitioned the court could be recognized as a marriage. The decision of the Supreme Court will only reach the authors of the demand, but a precedent for other couples do the same request.[27]
- 2013: On May 14, 2013, Brazil's National Council of Justice ruled that same-sex couples should not be denied marriage licenses, allowing same-sex marriages to begin nationwide. (Previously, about half of Brazil's 27 jurisdictions had allowed same-sex marriage). This year, the country also legalized adoption by same-sex couples. [28]
- 2021: According to a Human Rights Measurement Initiative report, human rights experts pointed out that the Brazilian LGBTQI+ community is still underrepresented in national politics, being one of the key groups at risk for the Right to participate in government.[29]
See also
References
- ^ English Buggery Act 1533 and Portuguese Penal Code 1533 (in Portuguese)
- ^ Norton, Rictor (2016-10-06). Myth of the Modern Homosexual: Queer History and the Search for Cultural Unity. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4742-8692-3.
- ^ Beyond Carnival. Green, James. The University of Chicago Press. 1999. (in Portuguese)
- ^ "Where is it illegal to be gay?". BBC News. 10 February 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
- ^ Green, James N. (1 August 2012). "'Who Is the Macho Who Wants to Kill Me?' Male Homosexuality, Revolutionary Masculinity, and the Brazilian Armed Struggle of the 1960s and 1970s". Hispanic American Historical Review. 92 (3): 437–469. doi:10.1215/00182168-1600288.
- ^ a b Dehesa, Rafael de la (11 April 2007). "Global Communities and Hybrid Cultures: Early Gay and Lesbian Electoral Activism in Brazil and Mexico". Latin American Research Review. 42 (1): 29–51. doi:10.1353/lar.2007.0006. S2CID 55167993. Project MUSE 212962 ProQuest 218139977.
- ^ Rodrigues Vieira, Tereza (1998). "Mudança de Sexo: Aspectos Médicos, Psicológicos e Jurídicos". Akrópolis - Revista de Ciências Humanas da UNIPAR. 6 (21): 3–8 – via Open Journal Systems.
- ^ a b c Cardoso, Elizabeth (December 2004). "Imprensa feminista brasileira pós-1974". Revista Estudos Feministas. 12 (Special Florianópolis): 37–55. doi:10.1590/S0104-026X2004000300004.
- ^ Halperin, Paula (2020). "Between Politics and Desire". Radical History Review. 2020 (136): 156–167. doi:10.1215/01636545-7857332. S2CID 213471861.
- ^ Dimenstein, Gilberto (26 June 2003). "Bar das lésbicas entra na história" (in Portuguese). São Paulo, Brazil: Árvore da vida. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- ^ Homosexuality is not a deviancy - Federal Council of Medicine of Brazil (in Portuguese)
- ^ "Constituicao do Estado de Mato Grosso (Constitution of the State of Mato Grosso)" (PDF). 1989. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-06.Constituicao do Estado de Mato Grosso (Constitution of the State of Mato Grosso) (1989) (1.71 KB) Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine (in Portuguese)
- ^
DOC
- ^ Halperin, Paula (1 January 2020). "Between Politics and Desire". Radical History Review. 2020 (136): 156–167. doi:10.1215/01636545-7857332. S2CID 213471861.
- ^ Notary of Rio Grande do Sul accept registration of same-sex civil union. Terra. March 4, 2004. (in Portuguese)
- ^ Carrara, Sergio; Nascimento, Marcos; Duque, Aline; Tramontano, Lucas (2 April 2016). "Diversity in School: A Brazilian educational policy against homophobia". Journal of LGBT Youth. 13 (1–2): 161–172. doi:10.1080/19361653.2016.1160269. S2CID 147758571.
- ^ "Cartórios do RS aceitam registro de união gay". Baptista, Renata. Folha de S. Paulo. November 23, 2006. (in Portuguese)
- ^ Justiça autoriza casal gay a adotar criança no interior de SP. Folha de S. Paulo. November 28, 2006. (in Portuguese)
- ^ São Paulo Gay Pride Parade. Folha de S. Paulo. June 10, 2007. (in Portuguese)
- ^ Em programa de TV, Richarlyson nega ser homossexual (in Portuguese)
- ^ 2008 National LGBT Conference (in English)
- ^ "Brazil Supreme Court awards gay couples new rights". BBC. May 6, 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
- ^ Leao, Naiara (May 5, 2011). "Veja os direitos que os homossexuais ganham com a decisao do STF". Ultimo Segundo (in Portuguese). Retrieved February 27, 2021.
- ^ Borges, Laryssa (May 5, 2011). "Por unanimidade, STF reconhece união estável gay". terra (in Portuguese). Retrieved February 27, 2021.
- ^ "SSTF aprova pro unanimidade reconhecimento da uniao homoafetiva". Estadao (in Portuguese). May 5, 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
- ^ "Brasília também tem casamento gay nesta terça-feira" (in Portuguese). June 28, 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-03-26.
- ^ "STJ Esta perto de Validar Casamento Civil Homossexual". Archived from the original on 2012-06-16. Retrieved 2011-10-26.
- ^ "Same-Sex Marriage Around the World". Pew Research. September 28, 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2021.
- ^ "Brazil - HRMI Rights Tracker".
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This page was last edited on 27 December 2023, at 16:19