To install click the Add extension button. That's it.

The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. You could also do it yourself at any point in time.

4,5
Kelly Slayton
Congratulations on this excellent venture… what a great idea!
Alexander Grigorievskiy
I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like.
Live Statistics
English Articles
Improved in 24 Hours
Added in 24 Hours
Languages
Recent
Show all languages
What we do. Every page goes through several hundred of perfecting techniques; in live mode. Quite the same Wikipedia. Just better.
.
Leo
Newton
Brights
Milds

LGBT-affirming religious groups

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Symbols of the world's largest religions displayed on rainbow flags at the Queer Easter, Germany

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ+)-affirming religious groups are religious groups that welcome LGBT people as their members, do not consider homosexuality as a sin or negative, and affirm LGBT rights and relationships. They include entire religious denominations, as well as individual congregations and places of worship. Some groups are mainly composed of non-LGBTQ+ members and they also have specific programs to welcome LGBTQ+ people into them, while other groups are mainly composed of LGBTQ+ members.

YouTube Encyclopedic

  • 1/5
    Views:
    796 944
    2 885 966
    512 742
    778 727
    20 151
  • Wanda Sykes Takes Us Through the History of LGBTQ+ — Now You Know
  • When will it be accepted to be Muslim and gay?
  • The "gay agenda" | LZ Granderson | TEDxGrandRapids
  • Should LGBT Lessons Be Taught in Schools? | Good Morning Britain
  • Affirmative action, LGBT protections, and debt relief: the recent Supreme Court decisions

Transcription

Abrahamic religions

Abrahamic religions (namely Judaism, Samaritanism, Christianity, the Baháʼí Faith, and Islam) have traditionally affirmed and endorsed a patriarchal and heteronormative approach towards human sexuality,[1][2][3][4] favouring exclusively penetrative vaginal intercourse between men and women within the boundaries of marriage over all other forms of human sexual activity,[3][4] including autoeroticism, masturbation, oral sex, non-penetrative and non-heterosexual sexual intercourse (all of which have been labeled as "sodomy" at various times),[5] believing and teaching that such behaviors are forbidden because they are considered sinful,[3][4] and further compared to or derived from the behavior of the alleged residents of Sodom and Gomorrah.[3][6][7][8][9] However, the status of LGBT people in early Christianity[10][11][12][13] and early Islam[14][15][16][17] is debated.

In modern times, LGBT-affirming Christian denominations cite several reasons for their support of LGBT rights and relationships. Some argue that passages in the Bible never discuss LGBT relationships as they are known today.[18][19][20][21] Others reject the belief in biblical inerrancy citing translation errors, biases, and other modern reinterpretations of biblical passages such as those seemingly supportive of slavery.[22][23][21][24][25] Others argue that God created LGBT people, LGBT relationships produce good-fruit, and those relationships are therefore good or the fact that Jesus never addressed homosexuality but focused on messages of love.[23][26][27] Similar interpretations have been applied to LGBT rights within Islam[28][29] and Judaism.[30][31]

Christianity

Washington National Cathedral (Episcopal Church in the United States) at D.C. Gay Pride (2014)
United Church of Christ's motto which expresses its support for LGBT rights
Church of the Pilgrims in Washington, D.C., indicating its support for LGBT rights

Several denominations within Christianity accept LGBT members, affirm LGBT relationships, and permit the ordination of openly LGBT candidates for their ministries. In addition to denominations many independent churches support LGBT members.

The following denominations accept same-sex unions to some degree:

  • Anglicanism (See Homosexuality and Anglicanism): The Anglican Communion is divided over the issue of homosexuality. "The more liberal provinces that are open to changing Church doctrine on marriage in order to allow for same-sex unions include Brazil, Canada, New Zealand, Scotland, South India, South Africa, the US and Wales."
    • The Anglican Church in New Zealand: In 2014, the "General Synod passe[d] a resolution that will create a pathway towards the blessing of same-gender relationships, while upholding the traditional doctrine of marriage...It therefore says clergy should be permitted [while the blessings are being developed] 'to recognise in public worship' a same-gender civil union or state marriage of members of their faith community..." On a diocesan level, the Dunedin Diocese already permits a blessing for relationships irrespective of the partners' gender. "Blessings of same-sex relationships are offered in line with [Dunedin] Diocesan Policy and with the bishop's permission." In the Diocese of Auckland, a couple was "joined in a civil union at the inner-Auckland Anglican church of St Matthews in the City in 2005."[32][33] The larger Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia allows priests to bless same-sex civil marriage or civil unions, but not to carry out same-sex marriage ceremonies in an Anglican church.[34][35]
    • The Anglican Church of Australia: The church does not have an official position on homosexuality. In 2013, the Diocese of Perth voted to recognise same-sex relationships.[36] The Social Responsibilities Committee of the Anglican Church Southern Queensland supported "the ability for same-sex couples to have a legally recognised ceremony to mark their union."[37] The Diocese of Gippsland has appointed clergy in a "same-sex partnership." St. Andrew's Church in Subiaco, in Perth, has publicly blessed a same-sex union. In 2020, the church's highest court, the Appellate Tribunal, ruled that a diocese may authorise the blessing of persons in same-sex unions.[38][39][40]
    • The Anglican Church of Canada: In 2016, the Anglican Church of Canada voted to permit same-sex marriage after a vote recount. The motion must pass a second reading in 2019 to become church law. The dioceses of Niagara and Ottawa, both of which already allowed blessing rites, announced after the 2016 vote that they would immediately allow same-sex marriages.[41][42] In 2019, the General Synod approved a resolution which allows each provincial synod and diocese to bless or perform same-sex marriages if they choose to do so.[43] The Diocese of Toronto has specifically allowed churches to perform same-sex marriages as of mid-November 2016 when Archbishop Colin Johnson issued the Pastoral Guidelines for Same-Sex Marriages. In brief, the guidelines stated that such marriages could proceed in the Church "at the pastoral discretion of the Bishop and with the agreement of local clergy".[44][45] At the same General Synod, a resolution, called "A Word to the Church", was approved that recognised that a diocese may choose to perform same-sex marriages.[46][47][48]
    • The Anglican Church of Southern Africa: Clergy are not permitted to enter in same-sex marriages or civil unions, but the church "tolerates same-sex relationships if they are celibate". Archbishop Thabo Makgoba, the current Anglican Primate, is "one among few church leaders in Africa to support same-sex marriage". The Diocese of Saldanha Bay has proposed a blessing for same-sex unions.[49] Famous anti-apartheid activist and theologian Desmond Tutu, who was an archbishop within the Anglican Church of Southern Africa, was a major advocate for gay rights and religious acceptance of LGBT individuals.[50][51][52][53]
    • The Church in Wales: Clergy are allowed to enter into same-sex civil partnerships, and there is no requirement of sexual abstinence. In 2015, a majority of the General Synod of the Church in Wales voted for same-sex marriage. Also, the "Church has published prayers that may be said with a couple following the celebration of a civil partnership or civil marriage." In September 2021, the Church in Wales voted to "formally bless same-sex couples" instead (by way of debate and compromise) – but still not legally recognising same-sex marriage within titles of the Church officially.[54][55][56][57][58]
    • The Church of England: Since 2005, clergy are permitted to enter into same-sex civil partnerships, but are requested to give assurances of following the Bishops' guidelines on human sexuality. In 2013, the House of Bishops announced that priests in same-sex civil unions may serve as bishops. As for ceremonies in church, "clergy in the Church of England are permitted to offer prayers of support on a pastoral basis for people in same-sex relationships; many priests already bless same-sex unions on an unofficial basis. Some congregations may offer "prayers for a same-sex commitment" or may "offer services of thanksgiving following a civil marriage ceremony."[59][60]
    • The Episcopal Church in the United States: At its 2015 triennial General Convention, the Episcopal Church voted overwhelmingly to allow religious weddings for same-sex couples.[61][62] Many dioceses had previously allowed their priests to officiate at civil same-sex marriage ceremonies, but the church had not yet changed its own laws on marriage. The church law replaced the terms "husband" and "wife" with "the couple". Individual members of the clergy may still decline to perform same-sex weddings.[63] Previously, the Episcopal Church had voted to allow a "generous pastoral response" for couples in same-sex civil unions, domestic partnerships, and marriages.
    • The Scottish Episcopal Church: Since 2008, St. Mary's Cathedral in Glasgow has offered blessing services for same-sex civil partnerships.[64] The Scottish Episcopal Church agreed to bless same-sex marriages in 2015. In 2016, the General Synod voted to amend the marriage canon to include same-sex couples. The proposal was approved in a second reading in 2017, and same-sex marriages may be legally performed in the Scottish Episcopal Church.[65][66]
    • Episcopal Anglican Church of Brazil voted, by an overwhelming majority, to amend to define marriage as a 'lifelong union between two people, regardless of sexual orientation or gender identity' thus permitting same-sex marriages within the church.[67][68]
  • Baptists (See: Homosexuality and Baptist churches): Because some Baptist churches operate on a congregational level, some individual churches may recognize same-sex unions. Baptist churches which recognize same-sex unions include:
  • The Latter Day Saint movement
    • The Community of Christ: In 2013, the Community of Christ officially decided to extend the sacrament of marriage to same-sex couples where gay marriage is legal, to provide covenant commitment ceremonies where it is not legal, and to allow the ordination of people in same-sex relationships to the priesthood.[75][76][77] However, this is only in the United States, Canada, and Australia. The church does have a presence in countries where homosexuality is punishable by law, even death, so for the protection of the members in those nations, full inclusion of LGBT individuals is limited to the countries where this is not the case. Individual viewpoints do vary, and some congregations may be more welcoming than others. Furthermore, the church has proponents for support of both traditional marriage and same-sex marriages. The First Presidency and the Council of Twelve will need to approve policy revisions recommended by the USA National Conference.[78]
  • Lutheranism (See Homosexuality and Lutheranism):
  • The Metropolitan Community Church performs same-sex marriages.[99] The MCC was founded to support LGBT Christians.[100] In 1968, MCC founder Rev. Troy Perry officiated the first public same-sex marriage ceremony in the United States, though it was not legally recognized at the time.[100]
  • Methodism (See Homosexuality and Methodism):
  • National Council of Churchesin India leadership has expressed support for LGBT rights.[112][113][114][115][116]
  • The Old Catholic Church: A group of churches which separated from Roman Catholicism over the issue of papal authority.
    • Many American Old Catholic churches perform same-sex marriage ceremonies including American Apostolic Church, Catholic Apostolic Church in North America, Ecumenical Catholic Communion, American Catholic Church in the United States, American Catholic Church Diocese, and the National Catholic Church of America.[117]
    • The Union of Utrecht of the Old Catholic Churches is a federation of six European Old Catholic organizations, four of which allow same-sex marriage ceremonies.[118]
  • Presbyterianism (See Homosexuality and Presbyterianism):
    • The Church of Scotland: In 2015, the Kirk voted to allow congregations to ordain clergy who enter into same-sex civil partnerships. The General Assembly voted to allow clergy in same-sex marriages in 2016.[119] Then, the General Assembly approved draft legislation that would allow ministers of Word and Sacrament and deacons to marry same-sex couples if they wish for further consideration of the general assemble and membership.[120]
    • The Presbyterian Church, the largest Presbyterian group in the United States, voted to allow same-gender marriages on 19 June 2014.[121][122] This vote allows pastors to perform marriages in jurisdictions where same-sex marriages are legally recognized. Additionally, the Assembly voted to send out a proposed amendment to the Book of Order, changing the description of marriage from "between a man and a woman" to "between two people, traditionally between a man and a woman."[123] This amendment needed to be approved by a majority of the 172 Presbyteries to take effect. On 17 March 2015, the New Jersey-based Presbytery of the Palisade became the 87th presbytery to approve the ratification, making the change official.[124]
    • In 2011, the United Reformed Church allowed blessings of same-sex couples.[125] In July 2016, the United Reformed Church allowed same-sex marriage.[126]
  • Quakerism (See Homosexuality and Quakerism)
  • Rainbow Catholics India now has representation at Mumbai, Goa, and Bangalore[131][132]
  • The United Church of Canada: The General Council of the church accepts same-sex marriages. However, each individual congregation is free to develop its own marriage policies.[133]
  • The United Church of Christ: In 2005, the General Synod adopted a resolution supporting equal access to marriage for all couples, regardless of gender. This resolution encouraged (but did not require) individual congregations to adopt policies supporting equal marriage rights for same-sex couples.[134][135]
  • The Philippine Independent Church is LGBT-supportive and acknowledges past homophonic wrongs through their statement "Our Common Humanity, Our Shared Dignity".[136]
  • The United Protestant Church in Belgium permits same-sex marriage.[137][138]
  • The Waldensian Evangelical Church permits same-sex marriage.[139][140]
  • The Swiss Reformed Church permits same-sex marriage.[141][142]
  • Mennonites in the Netherlands offer marriage to both heterosexual and same-gender couples.[143]
  • The Mennonite Church Canada offers marriage to both heterosexual and same-gender couples.[144]
  • Each congregation within the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) is permitted to determine if would like to perform same-sex marriages.[145]
  • Parts of the Moravian Church permit same-sex marriage.[146][147]
  • The Unity Church is fully LGBT-affirming.[148]
  • The United Church of Christ in the Philippines supports LGBT rights and inclusion.[149]
  • The Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa permits same-sex marriage[150]
  • The Church of South India has many members and clergy that support same-sex marriages.[151][152]

A number of Christian ministries seek to create officially sanctioned "safe-spaces" in a similar vein as gay–straight alliances in various schools.

Unitarian Universalism

The LGBT flag at the First Unitarian Universalist Church in Houston indicates that the church welcomes LGBT-identifying people.

Unitarian Universalism has a long-standing tradition of welcoming LGBTQ+ people. The official position of the Unitarian Universalist Association (UUA) states that "Each of us has worth and dignity, and that worth includes our gender and our sexuality. As Unitarian Universalists (UUs), we not only open our doors to people of all sexual orientations and gender identities, we value diversity of sexuality and gender and see it as a spiritual gift. We create inclusive religious communities and work for LGBTQ justice and equity as a core part of who we are. All of who you are is sacred. All of who you are is welcome."[153]

The first ceremony of union performed by a UU minister for a same-gender couple was reportedly done in the late 1950s. It became more commonplace in the late 1970s and early 1980s.[154] The UUA has been ordaining people regardless of sexual orientation since the 1970s, and the first openly transgender person was ordained in 1988.[154] The UUA expects all ministers to show ministerial competency in the area of human sexuality before being approved for ordination.[154] In 2004 the UUA President's Freedom to Marry Fund was launched.[154] In 2009 Standing on the Side of Love was launched, a public advocacy campaign that seeks to harness love's power to stop oppression.[154] The campaign provides a platform for freedom to marry efforts, among other causes.[154]

Judaism

A halakhic egalitarian Pride minyan in Tel Aviv on the second Shabbat of Hanukkah

The American branch of Conservative Judaism formally approves of same-sex marriage ceremonies.[155] As of 1992 with the Report of the Reconstructionist Commission on Homosexuality, the Reconstructionist Movement of Judaism has expressed its support for same-sex marriages as well as the inclusion of gay and lesbian people in all aspects of Jewish life. The Jewish Reconstructionist Federation leaves the choice of whether or not to perform same-sex marriages to individual rabbis but the procedure is included in the Reconstructionist Rabbi's Manual and many choose to use the traditional language and symbols of kiddushin.[156][157] Reform Judaism, the largest Jewish denomination in the United States, is generally supportive of LGBT rights and marriage.[158][159]

Islam

Istanbul LGBT Pride parade in 2013, Taksim Square, Istanbul, Turkey

Attitudes toward LGBTQ+ people and their experiences in the Muslim world have been influenced by its religious, legal, social, political, and cultural history.[15][16][17][160][161] The religious stigma and sexual taboo associated with homosexuality in Islamic societies can have profound effects for those Muslims who self-identify as LGBTQ+.[160][162][163][164] Today, most LGBTQ-affirming Islamic organizations and individual congregations are primarily based in the Western world and South Asian countries[citation needed]; they usually identify themselves with the liberal and progressive movements within Islam.[160][165][166]

Homosexual acts are forbidden in traditional Islamic jurisprudence and are liable to different punishments, including flogging, stoning, and the death penalty,[15][161][164] depending on the situation and legal school.[164] However, homosexual relationships were generally tolerated in pre-modern Islamic societies,[15][16][161] and historical records suggest that these laws were invoked infrequently, mainly in cases of rape or other "exceptionally blatant infringement on public morals".[161] Public attitudes toward homosexuality in the Muslim world underwent a marked negative change starting from the 19th century through the global spread of Islamic fundamentalist movements such as Salafism and Wahhabism,[164] and the influence of the sexual notions and restrictive norms prevalent in Europe at the time: a number of Muslim-majority countries have retained criminal penalties for homosexual acts enacted under European colonial rule.[164] In recent times, extreme prejudice, discrimination, and violence against LGBT people persists, both socially and legally, in much of the Muslim world,[160] exacerbated by increasingly socially conservative attitudes and the rise of Islamist movements in Muslim-majority countries.[164] There are laws against homosexual sexual activities in a large number of Muslim-majority countries, which prescribe the death penalty in a limited number of them.[167]

Gay Muslim activists of the Al-Fatiha Foundation holding the flag of Turkey at the San Francisco Pride (2008)

In France there was an Islamic same-sex marriage on 18 February 2012.[168] In Paris, in November 2012, a room in a Buddhist prayer hall was used by gay Muslims and called a "gay-friendly mosque",[169] and a French Islamic website[170] is supporting religious same-sex marriage. The Ibn Ruschd-Goethe mosque in Berlin is a liberal mosque open to all types of Muslims, where men and women pray together and LGBT worshippers are welcomed and supported.[171] Other significant LGBT-inclusive mosques or prayer groups include the El-Tawhid Juma Circle Unity Mosque in Toronto,[172][173][174] Masjid an-Nur al-Isslaah (Light of Reform Mosque) in Washington D.C.,[175][176] Masjid Al-Rabia in Chicago,[177][176][178] Unity Mosque in Atlanta,[179][180] People's Mosque in Cape Town South Africa,[181][182] Masjid Ul-Umam mosque in Cape Town,[183] Qal'bu Maryamin in California,[184][185] and the Nur Ashki Jerrahi Sufi Community in New York City.[186][187]

Muslims for Progressive Values, based in the United States and Malaysia, is "a faith-based, grassroots, human rights organization that embodies and advocates for the traditional Qur'anic values of social justice and equality for all, for the 21st Century."[188][189] MPV has recorded "a lecture series that seeks to dismantle the religious justification for homophobia in Muslim communities." The lectures can be viewed at MPV Lecture Series.[190] The Mecca Institute is an LGBT-inclusive and progressive online Islamic seminary, and serves as an online center of Islamic learning and research.[176][191]

Dharmic religions

Buddhism

Shunkō-in (Japanese: 春光院: "Temple of the Ray of Spring Light") in Kyoto, Japan, that performs same-sex marriage ceremonies

According to the Pāli Canon and Āgama (the early Buddhist scriptures), there is nothing saying that same or opposite gender relations have anything to do with sexual misconduct,[192][193] and some Theravādin Buddhist monks express that same-gender relations do not violate the rule to avoid sexual misconduct, which means not having sex with people under age (thus protected by their parents or guardians), someone betrothed or married, and those who have taken vows of religious celibacy.[194]

Views on homosexuality and LGBT rights differ in the Buddhist tradition. However, many Buddhist leaders and groups have been historically supportive and continue to be supportive of LGBT people.[195][196][197][198][199] The renowned Thiền Buddhist master Thích Nhất Hạnh remarked that the spirit of Buddhism is inclusiveness and states that "when you look at the ocean, you see different kinds of waves, many sizes and shapes, but all the waves have water as their foundation and substance. If you are born gay or lesbian, your ground of being in the same as mine. We are different, but we share the same ground of being."[200][201] Thus Plum Village, founded by Thích Nhất Hạnh and Chân Không, and many of the sanghas within the Plum Village Tradition, are LGBT-affirming.[202][203][204][205][206][207] Some efforts within engaged Buddhism include LGBT rights.[208][209][210][211]

Japan's culture and major religions do not have a history of hostility towards homosexuality.[212] Same-sex marriages are performed at Shunkō-in, a Rinzai Zen Buddhist temple in Kyoto, Japan.[213] Shozenji Temple in Moriguchi City, Osaka is also LGBT affirming and includes a shrine to Guanyin who is said to have no gender or may change genders to best provide compassion to those in need.[214][215][216][217] Some modern Buddhist leaders were active in the movement for same-sex marriage rights in Taiwan, which legalized same-sex marriages in 2019.[218][219][220][221] Hsing Yun, founder of the Fo Guang Shan Buddhist order, has called for tolerance towards the LGBT community.[222][223] Some adherents of the Navayāna (Ambedkarite) Buddhist tradition are supporting LGBT rights within their larger activist activities.[224] In Thailand, some leaders in the Theravāda tradition including Phra Payom Kalayano have expressed support for LGBT rights.[225][226]

In 1997, the 14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso declared: "From a Buddhist point of view, men-to-men and women-to-women is generally considered sexual misconduct."[227] However, this view expressed by the Dalai Lama is not based on the teachings of Gautama Buddha but derived from some later Abhidharma texts.[228] Moreover, the Dalai Lama has repeatedly "voiced his support for the full recognition of human rights for all people, regardless of sexual orientation."[229] In the most recent interview with the Dalai Lama on this topic (10 March 2014), the Dalai Lama said gay marriage is "OK", provided it's not in contradiction with the values of one's chosen religion.[230][231] Also in the Tibetan tradition, the Nalandabodhi sangha has stated that they are welcoming of all sexual orientations and well-known Bhutanese lama Khyentse Norbu has expressed support for LGBT rights in Bhutan.[232]

Buddhist same-sex wedding

In Western Buddhist denominations, there is widescale support for LGBT rights from Buddhist groups and organizations, including the European Buddhist Union,[233] the Buddhist Churches of America,[234] [199][235] many Shin Buddhist groups,[236] and Zen leaders such as Thích Nhất Hạnh.[237][238] The Federation of Australian Buddhist Councils (FABC), representing Buddhist laypeople, and the Australian Sangha Association vocally supported same-sex marriage in Australia.[239] Soka Gakkai International-USA (SGI-USA) is the most diverse Buddhist community in the United States with more than 500 chapters and some 100 centers throughout the country supports LGBT rights.[240] The Buddhist Church of San Francisco first performed a gay marriage ceremony in the 1970s.[241][242][243] American Soka Gakkai Buddhists have performed same-sex union ceremonies since the 1990s.[244] In a PEW research poll, 88% of American Buddhists stated that homosexuality should be accepted.[245] This was a higher level of support than any other religious group studied.[245]

Hinduism

Bahuchar Mata is sometimes considered a patron goddess of the Hijras.

There is no central authority to speak on behalf of all Hindus and, therefore, each Sampradaya, temple, and religious leader may have differing opinions. The Gay & Lesbian Vaishnava Association is a nonprofit religious organization offering positive information and support to LGBTQI Vaishnavas and Hindus more generally[246] The Hindu American Foundation (HAF) states that one of Hinduism's core teachings is that every being is Divine or a reflection of Divine qualities, regardless of one's outer attributes.[247] HAF states that this and other fundamental and ancient Hindu teachings may allow Hindus to more openly embrace LGBT rights and marriage equality.[247] HAF supports marriage equality for all Americans and submitted amicus briefs in various U.S. courts, including the U.S. Supreme Court, to this end.[247] Anil Bhanot, general secretary of The United Kingdom Hindu Council said: "The point here is that the homosexual nature is part of the natural law of God; it should be accepted for what it is, no more and no less. Hindus are generally conservative but it seems to me that in ancient India, they even celebrated sex as an enjoyable part of procreation, where priests were invited for ceremonies in their home to mark the beginning of the process."[248] Many queer-affirming Hindus look to LGBT themes in Hindu mythology and LGBT content in pre-modern India as reasons to support and celebrate LGBT people.[249][250][251]

Sikhism

As individuals, many Sikhs support LGBT rights, civil partnerships, and same sex marriage because of the religion's emphasis on justice and equality.[252][253][254][255] Civil partnerships and same sex marriage are not banned in the Guru Granth Sahib.[252] LGBT-affirming Sikhs point to the Sikh belief that marriage is a union of souls.[256] In Sikhism, the soul is seen as genderless, and the outward appearance of human beings (man, woman) is a temporary state.[257]

LGBT Sikhs at London gay pride event

While not a denomination, the organization Sarbat is a mixture of both practicing and non-practicing Sikhs with a focus on LGBT rights.[258] The core ethics of the group include the concept of Seva (selfless service), treating others with equality and respect, acknowledgement of the five fundamental human qualities Gurus extensively advocated of Sat (truth), Daya (compassion), Santokh (contentment), Nimrata (humility), and Pyaar (love), and confidentiality and discretion.[258]

Eastern and Southeast Asian religions

Chinese folk religion

Tu'er Shen, also known as the Rabbit God, is a gay Chinese deity.[259][260] In 2006, Lu Wei-ming founded a temple for Tu'er Shen and Taoist worship in Yonghe District in the New Taipei City in Taiwan.[261][262][263] About 9,000 pilgrims visit the temple each year praying for a suitable (same-sex) partner.[264] The Wei-ming temple also performs love ceremonies for gay couples.[265][266][non-primary source needed] It is the world's only religious shrine for homosexuals.[267]

Confucianism

Homosexuality is not mentioned in the Analects of Confucius.[268]

Shinto

Historically, Shinto "had no special code of morals and seems to have regarded sex as a natural phenomenon to be enjoyed with few inhibitions."[269] While Shinto beliefs are diverse, Japanese Shinto does not condemn homosexuality,[269] and the formally organized Konkokyo sect is fully affirming.[270][271][272] Multiple Shinto leaders advocated in support of gay marriage in Hawaii.[273]

Taoism

In a similar way to Buddhism, Taoist schools sought throughout history to define what would be sexual misconduct. The precept against Sexual Misconduct is sex outside your marriage. The married spouses (夫婦) usually in Chinese suggest male with female, though the scripture itself does not explicitly say anything against same-gender relations.[274][275] Many sorts of precepts mentioned in the Yunji Qiqian (雲笈七籤), The Mini Daoist Canon, does not explicitly say anything against same-gender relations as well.[276] Homosexuality is not unknown in Taoist history, such as during the Tang dynasty when Taoist nuns exchanged love poems.[277]

Indigenous religions

African Continental religions

Traditionally, the Meru culture included people called "Mugwe", who served spiritual roles and who were often homosexual and could marry other men.[278][279][280] Several pre-colonial religious and cultural groups across the continent permitted non-heterosexual relationships or gender identities outside of the modern western gender binary.[281][282][283][284][285][286]

African Diasporic religions

Vodou event held at the National Black Theatre in Harlem, New York City

Candomblé

Within Candomblé, a syncretic religion founds primarily found in Brazil, there is widespread (though not universal) support for gay rights, many members are LGBT, and have performed gay marriages.[287][288][289][290]

A gathering of both Candomblé and Umbanda followers in Brazil

Haitain Vodou

Homosexuality is religiously acceptable in Haitian Vodou.[291][292][293] The lwa or loa (spirits) Erzulie Dantor and Erzulie Freda are often associated with and viewed as protectors of queer people.[294][295] The lao Ghede Nibo is sometimes depicted as an effeminate drag queen and inspires those he inhabits to lascivious sexuality of all kinds.[296][297]

Santería

Practitioners of Santería, primarily found in Cuba, generally (though not universally) welcome LGBT members and include them in religious or ritual activities.[298][299]

Umbanda

Also a Brazilian syncretic religion, Umbanda houses generally support LGBT rights and have performed gay marriages.[300][289][290][301]

Ancient Mesopotamian religion

Two gala priests, dating to c. 2450 BC, found in the temple of Inanna at Mari

Individuals who went against the traditional gender binary were heavily involved in the cult of Inanna, an ancient Mesopotamian goddess.[302][303] During Sumerian times, a set of priests known as gala worked in Inanna's temples, where they performed elegies and lamentations.[302] Men who became gala sometimes adopted female names and their songs were composed in the Sumerian eme-sal dialect, which, in literary texts, is normally reserved for the speech of female characters. Some Sumerian proverbs seem to suggest that gala had a reputation for engaging in anal sex with men.[304] During the Akkadian Period, kurgarrū and assinnu were servants of Ishtar who dressed in female clothing and performed war dances in Ishtar's temples.[304] Several Akkadian proverbs seem to suggest that they may have also had homosexual proclivities.[304] Gwendolyn Leick, an anthropologist known for her writings on Mesopotamia, has compared these individuals to the contemporary Indian hijra.[302] In one Akkadian hymn, Ishtar is described as transforming men into women.[304] Some modern pagans include Inanna in their worship.[305]

Burmese folk religion

Many Nat Kadaws in traditional Burmese folk religion are members of the LGBT community.[306][307][308]

Đạo Mẫu

Đạo Mẫu Mother Goddess of Heaven Mẫu Thượng Thiên – Artist Lunae Lumen – Four Palaces Tứ Phủ

In Vietnam, many LGBT people find a safe community within the Đạo Mẫu religion which is worship on the mother god.[309][310] Many LGBT people act as mediums during Đạo Mẫu rituals.[311]

Indonesian religions

Among the Saʼadan (eastern Toraja) in the island of Sulawesi (Celebes), Indonesia, there are shamans who do not fit into the western gender binary.[312][313] Many within the Bugis society recognize five genders: makkunrai, oroané, bissu, calabai, and calalai.[314][315][316] Historically, the bissu gender often played religious roles though modern discrimination has reduced the number of bissu religious leaders.[317][316]

Pre-colonial religions of the Americas

Drawing by George Catlin (1796–1872) while on the Great Plains among the Sac and Fox Nation. Depicting a group of male warriors dancing around a male-bodied person in a woman's dress, non-Native artist George Catlin titled the painting Dance to the Berdache.

Among the Indigenous peoples of the Americas prior to the European colonization, many Nations had respected ceremonial, religious, and social roles for homosexual, bisexual, and gender-nonconforming individuals in their communities and in many contemporary Native American and First Nations communities, these roles still exist.[318][319][320][321][322] Homosexual and gender-variant individuals were also common among other pre-conquest civilizations in Latin America, such as the Aztecs, Mayans, Quechuas, Moches, Zapotecs, and the Tupinambá of Brazil and were accepted in their various religions.[323][324]

It is important to note that the indigenous peoples of the Americas includes hundreds of cultures with varying views on sex, gender, and spirituality. Additionally, first nations and indigenous views on gender and sexuality may not fall within modern western categorizations of sex and gender.[325][326][327][328][329]

Pre-colonial religions of the Philippines

Filipino shamans, often known as babaylan held positions of authority as religious leaders or healers in some precolonial Philippine societies.[330] Cross-dressing or non-gender conforming males sometimes took on the role of the female babaylan.[331] Early historical accounts record the existence of male babaylans who wore female clothes and took the demeanor of a woman.[332][333] Anatomy was not the only basis for gender. Being male or female was based primarily on occupation, appearance, actions and sexuality. A male babaylan could partake in romantic and sexual relations with other men without being judged by society.[334] A small number of Filipinos practice local indigenous religions today.[335]

Traditional religions of Pacific Islands

In Native Hawaiian and Tahitian cultures there are third gender people called māhū with traditional spiritual and social roles within the culture.[336][337][338][339][340] The term is similar to the Tongan fakaleiti and Samoan fa'afafine who were accepted in the traditional pre-colonial religions of their societies.[341][342][343][344]

New religious movements

Since the beginning of the sexual liberation movement in the Western world, which coincided with second-wave feminism and the women's liberation movement initiated in the early 1960s,[345][346] new religious movements and alternative spiritualities such as Modern Paganism and the New Age began to grow and spread across the globe alongside their intersection with the sexual liberation movement and the counterculture of the 1960s,[345][346] and exhibited characteristic features, such as the embrace of alternative lifestyles, unconventional dress, rejection of Abrahamic religions and their conservative social mores, use of cannabis and other recreational drugs, relaxed attitude, sarcastic humble or self-imposed poverty, and laissez-faire sexual behavior.[345][346] The sexual liberation movement was aided by feminist ideologues in their mutual struggle to challenge traditional ideas regarding female sexuality, male sexuality, and queer sexuality.[346] Elimination of undue favorable bias towards men and objectification of women, as well as support for women's right to choose their sexual partners free of outside interference or societal judgment, were three of the main goals associated with sexual liberation from the feminist perspective.[346]

Antoinism

Antoinism, a new religious movement founded in Belgium in 1910, does not provide any prescription on issues such as sexuality,[347] as it considers that this is not related to spirituality; homosexuality is not deemed a sin and there is nothing wrong to be gay and antoinist.[348]

Eckankar

Eckankar, an American new religious movement founded by Paul Twitchell in 1965, says on its website that "where legally recognized, same-sex marriages are performed, in the form of the ECK Wedding Ceremony, by ordained ministers of Eckankar".[349]

Modern Paganism

Most Neopagan religions have the theme of fertility (both physical and creative/spiritual) as central to their practices, and as such encourage what they view as a healthy sex life, consensual sex between adults, regardless of gender.

Heathenry, a modern Germanic Pagan movement, includes several pro-LGBT groups. Some groups legitimize openness toward LGBT practitioners by reference to the gender-bending actions of Thor and Odin in Norse mythology.[350][351] There are, for instance, homosexual and transgender members of The Troth, a prominent U.S. Heathen organisation.[352] Many Heathen groups in Northern Europe perform same-sex marriages,[353] and a group of self-described "Homo-Heathens" marched in the 2008 Stockholm Pride carrying a statue of the Norse god Freyr.[354] Research found a greater proportion of LGBT practitioners within Heathenry (21%) than wider society, although noted that the percentage was lower than in other forms of modern Paganism.[355]

Wicca, like other religions, has adherents with a broad spectrum of views, ranging from conservative to liberal. It is a largely nondogmatic religion and has no prohibitions against sexual intercourse outside of marriage or relationships between members of the same sex. The religion's ethics are largely summed up by the Wiccan Rede: "An it harm none, do as thou wilt", which is interpreted by many as allowing and endorsing responsible sexual relationships of all varieties. Specifically in the Wiccan tradition of modern witchcraft, one of the widely accepted pieces of Craft liturgy, the Charge of the Goddess instructs that "...all acts of love and pleasure are [the Goddess'] rituals",[356] giving validity to all forms of sexual activity for Wiccan practitioners.

In the Gardnerian and Alexandrian forms of Wicca, the "Great Rite" is a sex ritual much like the hieros gamos, performed by a priest and priestess who are believed to embody the Wiccan God and Goddess. The Great Rite is almost always performed figuratively using the athame and chalice as symbols of the penis and vagina. The literal form of the ritual is always performed by consenting adults, by a couple who are already lovers and in private. The Great Rite is not seen as an opportunity for casual sex.[357]

Neo-Druidism

The Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids is a worldwide group dedicated to practicing, teaching, and developing modern Druidry and has more than 25,000 members in 50 countries. The Order is LGBT-affirming within a larger framework of support for civil rights, love of justice, and the love of all existences.[358]

Raëlism

Raëlian participants attending the Korea Queer Culture Festival (2014)

Raëlism, an international new religious movement and UFO religion which was founded in France in 1974,[359][360] promotes a positive outlook towards human sexuality, including homosexuality.[359][360][361][362] Its founder Raël recognised same-sex marriage, and a Raëlian press release stated that sexual orientation is genetic and it also likened discrimination against gay people to racism.[363] Some Raëlian leaders have performed licensed same-sex marriages.[364]

Santa Muerte

The cult of Santa Muerte is a new religious movement[365] centered on the worship of Santa Muerte, a cult image, female deity, and folk saint which is popularly revered in Mexican Neopaganism and folk Catholicism.[366][367] A personification of death, she is associated with healing, protection, and safe delivery to the afterlife by her devotees.[368] Santa Muerte is also revered and seen as a saint and protector of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) communities in Mexico,[369][370][371][372][373] since LGBTQ+ people are considered and treated as outcasts by the Catholic Church, evangelical churches, and Mexican society at large.[369][370] Many LGBTQ+ people ask her for protection from violence, hatred, disease, and to help them in their search for love. Her intercession is commonly invoked in same-sex marriage ceremonies performed in Mexico.[374][375] The Iglesia Católica Tradicional México-Estados Unidos, also known as the Church of Santa Muerte, recognizes gay marriage and performs religious wedding ceremonies for homosexual couples.[376][377][378][379] According to R. Andrew Chesnut, PhD in Latin American history and professor of Religious studies, the cult of Santa Muerte is the single fastest-growing new religious movement in the Americas.[365]

Satanism

In both of the two primary mainstream Satanist denominations, sex is viewed as an indulgence, but one that should only be freely entered into with consent. The Satanic Temple appears to be more vocally supportive of the LGBTQIA+ community. Satanists from The Satanic Temple are pluralists, accepting bisexuals, lesbians, gays, transgender people, BDSM, and polyamorists. On 14 July 2013, The Satanic Temple travelled to the Mississippi gravesite of the mother of Westboro Baptist Church founder, Fred Phelps. They performed a 'pink mass' ritual, aiming to make Phelps believe that The Satanic Temple had "turned his mother gay".[380]

LaVeyan Satanism is critical of Abrahamic sexual mores, considering them narrow, restrictive and hypocritical. The Eleven Satanic Rules of the Earth which are specific to the Church of Satan, only give two instructions regarding sex: "Do not make sexual advances unless you are given the mating signal" and "Do not harm little children", though the latter is much broader and encompasses physical and other abuse.[381] This has been a consistent part of Church of Satan policy since its inception in 1966.[382]

In a 2004 essay supporting same-sex marriage:

The Church of Satan is the first church to fully accept members regardless of sexual orientation and so we champion weddings/civil unions between adult partners whether they be of opposite or the same sex. So long as love is present and the partners wish to commit to a relationship, we support their desire for a legally recognized partnership, and the rights and privileges which come from such a union.

Though the Church of Satan began marketing an anti-equality polo shirt in March 2015 just 3 months before the Supreme Court legalized gay marriage, to the criticism of some, their site states that their purpose in doing so was to ″embrace the stratified & Darwinian reality of Nature to encourage strength, self-improvement & the mastery of diverse skills.″[384][citation needed]

Theistic Satanists also oppose homophobia.[385]

Wicca

Many Wiccans are generally welcoming of LGBTQ+ people. Wiccans tend to view sex in a positive light without guilt.[386] Some strands of Wicca go beyond welcoming queer people and actively celebrate gay relationships.[387]

See also

References

  1. ^ Campbell, Marianne; Hinton, Jordan D. X.; Anderson, Joel R. (February 2019). "A systematic review of the relationship between religion and attitudes toward transgender and gender-variant people". International Journal of Transgenderism. 20 (1). Taylor & Francis: 21–38. doi:10.1080/15532739.2018.1545149. ISSN 1553-2739. LCCN 2004213389. OCLC 56795128. PMC 6830999. PMID 32999592. S2CID 151069171. Many religions are based on teachings of peace, love, and tolerance, and thus, at least based on those specific teachings, these religions promote intergroup pro-sociality. However, evidence from studies of religion and social attitudes have paradoxically revealed that religion is typically a predictor of intergroup anti-sociality, or in other words religion tends to predict most forms of prejudice. When conceptualizing religion in terms of self-reported categorical religious affiliation (i.e., Christian, Muslim, Jewish, etc.), religiously affiliated individuals tend to report more negative attitudes against a variety of social outgroups than individuals who are not religiously affiliated. [...] In addition, most Abrahamic religions (e.g., Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) contain dogmas in which their respective deity create mankind with individuals who are perfectly entrenched in the gender binary (e.g., Adam and Eve), and thus religions might be instilling cisgender normativity into individuals who ascribe to their doctrines.
  2. ^ Graham, Philip (2017). "Male Sexuality and Pornography". Men and Sex: A Sexual Script Approach. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 250–251. doi:10.1017/9781316874998.013. ISBN 9781107183933. LCCN 2017004137. Patriarchal beliefs assert the "natural" superiority of men with a right to leadership in family and public life. Such beliefs derive particularly from Abrahamic religions. Patriarchal attitudes relating to sexual behaviour are mixed and inconsistent. They include, on one hand, the idea that as part of their natural inferiority, women are less in control of their sex drives and are therefore essentially lustful, with a constant craving for sex. This belief leads to the rape myth – even when women resist sexual advances they are using it merely as a seductive device. On the other hand, patriarchal beliefs also dictate that women, in contrast to men, are naturally submissive and have little interest in sex, so men have a "natural" right to sexual intercourse whether women want it or not.
  3. ^ a b c d Mbuwayesango, Dora R. (2016) [2015]. "Part III: The Bible and Bodies – Sex and Sexuality in Biblical Narrative". In Fewell, Danna N. (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Narrative. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 456–465. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199967728.013.39. ISBN 9780199967728. LCCN 2015033360. S2CID 146505567.
  4. ^ a b c Leeming, David A. (June 2003). Carey, Lindsay B. (ed.). "Religion and Sexuality: The Perversion of a Natural Marriage". Journal of Religion and Health. 42 (2). Springer Verlag: 101–109. doi:10.1023/A:1023621612061. ISSN 1573-6571. JSTOR 27511667. S2CID 38974409.
  5. ^ Sauer, Michelle M. (2015). "The Unexpected Actuality: "Deviance" and Transgression". Gender in Medieval Culture. London: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 74–78. doi:10.5040/9781474210683.ch-003. ISBN 978-1-4411-2160-8.
  6. ^ Gnuse, Robert K. (May 2015). "Seven Gay Texts: Biblical Passages Used to Condemn Homosexuality". Biblical Theology Bulletin. 45 (2). SAGE Publications on behalf of Biblical Theology Bulletin Inc.: 68–87. doi:10.1177/0146107915577097. ISSN 1945-7596. S2CID 170127256.
  7. ^ Gilbert, Kathleen (29 September 2008). "Bishop Soto tells NACDLGM: 'Homosexuality is Sinful'". Catholic Online. Archived from the original on 30 September 2008.
  8. ^ Robinson, Gene; Krehely, Jeff; Steenland, Sally (8 December 2010). "What are Religious Texts Really Saying about Gay and Transgender Rights?". Center for American Progress. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  9. ^ Modisane, Cameron (15 November 2014). "The Story of Sodom and Gomorrah was NOT About Homosexuality". News24. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  10. ^ Doerfler, Maria E. (2016) [2014]. "Coming Apart at the Seams: Cross-dressing, Masculinity, and the Social Body in Late Antiquity". In Upson-Saia, Kristi; Daniel-Hughes, Carly; Batten, Alicia J. (eds.). Dressing Judeans and Christians in Antiquity (1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. pp. 37–51. doi:10.4324/9781315578125-9. ISBN 9780367879334. LCCN 2014000554. OCLC 921583924. S2CID 165559811.
  11. ^ Hunter, David G. (2015). "Celibacy Was "Queer": Rethinking Early Christianity". In Talvacchia, Kathleen T.; Pettinger, Michael F.; Larrimore, Mark (eds.). Queer Christianities: Lived Religion in Transgressive Forms. New York and London: NYU Press. pp. 13–24. ISBN 9781479851812. JSTOR j.ctt13x0q0q.6. LCCN 2014025201. S2CID 152944605.
  12. ^ Frost, Natasha (2 March 2018). "A Modern Controversy Over Ancient Homosexuality". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  13. ^ McClain, Lisa (10 April 2019). "A thousand years ago, the Catholic Church paid little attention to homosexuality". The Conversation. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  14. ^ Geissinger, Ash (2021). "Applying Gender and Queer Theory to Pre-modern sources". In Howe, Justine (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Islam and Gender (1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. pp. 101–115. doi:10.4324/9781351256568-6. ISBN 978-1-351-25656-8. S2CID 224909490.
  15. ^ a b c d Schmidtke, Sabine (June 1999). "Homoeroticism and Homosexuality in Islam: A Review Article". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 62 (2). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London): 260–266. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00016700. eISSN 1474-0699. ISSN 0041-977X. JSTOR 3107489. S2CID 170880292.
  16. ^ a b c Murray, Stephen O. (1997). "The Will Not to Know: Islamic Accommodations of Male Homosexuality". In Murray, Stephen O.; Roscoe, Will (eds.). Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature. New York and London: NYU Press. pp. 14–54. doi:10.18574/nyu/9780814761083.003.0004. ISBN 9780814774687. JSTOR j.ctt9qfmm4. OCLC 35526232. S2CID 141668547.
  17. ^ a b Rowson, Everett K. (October 1991). "The Effeminates of Early Medina" (PDF). Journal of the American Oriental Society. 111 (4). American Oriental Society: 671–693. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.693.1504. doi:10.2307/603399. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 603399. LCCN 12032032. OCLC 47785421. S2CID 163738149. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 October 2008. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  18. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions about Sexuality, the Bible & the Church: Plain Talk About Tough Issues". Covenant Network of Presbyterians. 12 February 2020. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  19. ^ Tricia, Dykers Koenig. "What Does the Bible Tell Us About LGBT Inclusion?" (PDF). Covenant Network of Presbyterians.
  20. ^ Vines, Matthew (June 2014). "10 Reasons God Loves Gay Christians". Time. New York City. OCLC 1311479. Archived from the original on 3 May 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  21. ^ a b "What Does the Bible Say About Homosexuality?". HRC. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  22. ^ "What the Bible says about slavery". religioustolerance.org. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  23. ^ a b "Experience of sound Christian teachings should show good fruit, not bad fruit". The Reformation Project. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  24. ^ phillips, adam nicholas (16 July 2015). "The Bible does not condemn "homosexuality." Seriously, it doesn't". Medium. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  25. ^ Shore, John (3 April 2012). "The Best Case for the Bible Not Condemning Homosexuality". HuffPost. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  26. ^ Bedell, Rebecca (27 January 2020). "Queer Theology – Learning from LGBTQ+ Christians". Pres House. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  27. ^ "LGBTQ-Affirming Scripture | St. Hugh Episcopal | Elgin, IL". St. Hugh Episcopal. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
  28. ^ "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: Islam". HRC. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  29. ^ "LGBTQI Resources". mpvusa.org. Los Angeles: Muslims for Progressive Values. 2021. Archived from the original on 19 August 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  30. ^ "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: Reform Judaism". HRC. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  31. ^ "Reform Jewish Views on LGBTQ Equality". Reform Judaism. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
  32. ^ "Anglican Church will bless same-sex relationships". Newshub. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  33. ^ "Anglican Taonga : New Zealand's Anglican News Leader". anglicantaonga.org.nz. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  34. ^ "Anglican Church will bless same-sex relationships". Newshub. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  35. ^ "Anglican Taonga : New Zealand's Anglican News Leader". anglicantaonga.org.nz. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  36. ^ "Perth Anglicans vote to recognise same-sex relationships". ABC News. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  37. ^ VOGLER, SARAH (7 November 2015). "Church comes out in support of gay marriage". The Courier Mail. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  38. ^ "Australian tribunal clears way for same-sex marriage blessings". churchtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  39. ^ "'A sign that God loves you and we welcome you': Anglican diocese allows blessings of same-sex marriages". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  40. ^ "Wangaratta's same-sex wedding blessing "valid", Australia's highest Church court rules". anglicannews.org. Retrieved 14 November 2020.
  41. ^ "Statement After General Synod Vote on the Marriage Canon | News in the Diocese". Anglican Diocese of Niagara. Archived from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  42. ^ "Bishop John's letter in response to General Synod's vote to amend Marriage Canon XXI". Retrieved 12 July 2016.
  43. ^ "A Word to the Church: Considering the proposed amendment of Marriage Canon XXI". The Anglican Church of Canada. 16 March 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
  44. ^ "Pastoral guidelines for same-sex marriages". Diocese of Toronto. 10 November 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2019.
  45. ^ "For Anglican same-sex couple, a long-awaited wedding in church". anglicanjournal.com. 8 May 2017. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
  46. ^ "Anglican Church of Canada rejects same-sex marriage". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  47. ^ "A Word to the Church: Considering the proposed amendment of Marriage Canon XXI". The Anglican Church of Canada. 16 March 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  48. ^ "A Message From the House of Bishops of the Anglican Church of Canada to General Synod 2019". General Synod 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
  49. ^ "Church's decision to bless same-sex unions hailed". Independent Online. South Africa. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  50. ^ Klinken, Adriaan van (17 February 2020). "Desmond Tutu's long history of fighting for lesbian and gay rights". The Conversation. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  51. ^ "UN Free & Equal | WITH LOVE, FROM DESMOND TUTU". UN Free & Equal. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  52. ^ "Archbishop Tutu 'would not worship a homophobic God'". BBC News. 26 July 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  53. ^ "Desmond Tutu, the Anglican Church, and Ending Discrimination of LGBTI People". Desmond Tutu Foundation USA. 23 February 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  54. ^ "Church in Wales to give blessings for same-sex marriages". BBC News. 6 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  55. ^ "Church in Wales votes to bless same-sex marriages". The Guardian. 6 September 2021.
  56. ^ "Church in Wales to allow pastors to bless same-sex marriages, won't conduct gay weddings". 8 September 2021.
  57. ^ "Church in Wales to give blessings for same-sex marriages". BBC News. 6 September 2021. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  58. ^ "Church in Wales votes to bless same-sex marriages | Christianity". The Guardian. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  59. ^ "BBC – Religions – Christianity: Same-sex marriage". BBC. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  60. ^ "Vicars bless hundreds of gay couples a year". The Daily Telegraph. London. 20 October 2002. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  61. ^ "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: Episcopal Church". HRC. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  62. ^ "History". The Episcopal Church. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  63. ^ "Welby voices 'deep concern' over US Anglicans' gay marriage liturgy". The Tablet. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  64. ^ "Cathedral becomes first in the UK to allow same-sex marriages". The Independent. 25 July 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  65. ^ "Scottish Episcopal Church approves gay marriage". BBC News. 8 June 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  66. ^ "Church votes to allow Equal Marriage". The Scottish Episcopal Church. 8 June 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  67. ^ Coelho Filho, Luiz Carlos Teixeira (May 2020). "Inclusivity the Brazilian Way: The Road to Same-sex Marriage in the Episcopal Anglican Church of Brazil". Journal of Anglican Studies. 18 (1): 9–28. doi:10.1017/S1740355320000182. S2CID 225888335.
  68. ^ "Brazilian Church Allows Same-sex Marriage". The Living Church. 4 June 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  69. ^ "Statement on Same Sex Marriage" (PDF). 17 April 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  70. ^ "Stances of Faiths on #LGBTQ Issues: Alliance of Baptists". HRC. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  71. ^ "Association of Welcoming & Affirming Baptists | AWAB". Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  72. ^ "Networks – Cooperative Baptist Fellowship". Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  73. ^ "LGBT hiring policy highlights CBF factions". Baptist Press. 13 February 2018. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  74. ^ "Leader of Baptist ethics agency voices support for churches' 'full inclusion' of LGBTQ persons". Baptist News Global. 29 May 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  75. ^ "The Community of Christ (CoChrist) & homosexuality". Religious Tolerance. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  76. ^ "USA Conference Recommends Policy Changes" (PDF). 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2013.
  77. ^ "Community of Christ OKs Gay Marriage And Clergy". KCUR 89.3 – NPR in Kansas City. Local news, entertainment and podcasts. 3 May 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  78. ^ Stevens, Abby (17 May 2013). "Community of Christ recommends marriage, ordination for same-sex couples". Deseret News. Retrieved 6 December 2021.
  79. ^ Wee, Darren (2 November 2015). "Norway bishops open doors to gay church weddings". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  80. ^ Zaimov, Stoyan; Reporter, Christian Post (12 April 2016). "Church of Norway Approves Gay Marriage After 20 Years of Internal Debate". The Christian Post. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  81. ^ "First gay couple wed – Norway Today". 3 February 2017. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  82. ^ "Church of Sweden says yes to gay marriage – The Local". 11 January 2012. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  83. ^ "Segnung Homosexueller: Bunt wie ein Regenbogen". evangelisch.de (in German). Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  84. ^ "ELCA presiding bishop offers letter on Supreme Court marriage ruling". elca.org. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  85. ^ "Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada". elcic.ca. Archived from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  86. ^ "You may now kiss the groom | The Copenhagen Post | The Danish News in English". 16 June 2013. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  87. ^ "Endelig fik Steen og Stig kirkens ord". Politiken (in Danish). 15 June 2012. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  88. ^ "Registered partnerships | Evl.fi – Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland". 4 April 2015. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  89. ^ "Finland's State Church To Sanction Prayer For Gay Marriages – Towleroad Gay News". 12 November 2010. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  90. ^ "Homosexuelle machen die Ehe stark". evangelisch.de (in German). Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  91. ^ Chan, Kenneth (27 November 2004). "Protestant Church in Netherlands to Grant Blessings to Gay Couples". The Christian Post. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  92. ^ "French Protestant church allows gay marriage blessing". Reuters. 17 May 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  93. ^ "Resolution betreffend gleichgeschlechtlicher Partnerschaften" (PDF). evang.at. Evangelical Church A.u.H.B in Austria. 2009. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  94. ^ "Evangelische Kirche will homosexuelle Ehepaare künftig segnen". Kurier (in German). 9 March 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  95. ^ "Gospel of Christ's kindness trumps "religious freedom": The Icelandic Lutheran Church to perform same-sex marriages". Icelandmag. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  96. ^ "From Iceland – Icelandic Priests Cannot Deny Gay Marriage". The Reykjavik Grapevine. 29 October 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  97. ^ Bechtold, Markus (9 November 2019). "Ordnung für die Trauung von Ehepaaren gleichen Geschlechts". Evangelisch. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  98. ^ "The Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Italy says yes to the blessing of same-sex couples : Changing Attitude". 22 July 2015. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  99. ^ "Stances on LGBTQ Issues: Metropolitan Community Churches". HRC. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  100. ^ a b "MCC and Marriage Equality – Metropolitan Community Churches". mccchurch.org. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  101. ^ "Methodist Church allows same-sex marriage in 'momentous' vote". BBC News. 30 June 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  102. ^ "UK Methodist Church votes to allow same-sex marriages". Religion News Service. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  103. ^ "Methodists move towards conducting same-sex marriages". churchtimes.co.uk. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  104. ^ "New Zealand Church unaffected by US methodist schism over gay marriage". RNZ. 6 January 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  105. ^ "Methodists say yes to ordaining homosexuals". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  106. ^ "De Lange v Presiding Bishop of the Methodist Church of Southern Africa for the time being and Another (CCT223/14) [2015] ZACC 35; 2016 (1) BCLR 1 (CC); 2016 (2) SA 1 (CC) (24 November 2015)". saflii.org. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  107. ^ Brenner, Katharina (30 November 2019). "Wegen der "Ehe für alle": Ostschweizer Reformierte fürchten eine Kirchenspaltung". St.Galler Tagblatt (in German). Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  108. ^ "Swiss Protestant church supports gay marriage". The Local Switzerland. 8 November 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  109. ^ "Hay libertad para acompañar a las parejas homosexuales". 19 January 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  110. ^ Ezzatti, Araceli (2008). "Discriminación sexual: avances y retrocesos de las Iglesias protestantes históricas" [Sex discrimination: advances and setbacks of the historic Protestant Churches] (PDF). Diversidad sexual y religión (in Spanish). Católicas por el Derecho a Decidir. pp. 99–110. ISBN 978-987-1110-87-2.
  111. ^ "Bendecidos por el clérigo Frontán" (in European Spanish). 31 May 2015. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  112. ^ "Meet the people who are getting Churches to welcome the LGBTQIA+ community into their fold". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  113. ^ "Devout and gay: Faith vs sexuality". Hindustan Times. 14 August 2018. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  114. ^ "Fr Thomas Ninan: "I Started To Ask Myself, What Is Stopping Me From Genuinely Loving LGBT People?"". salzburgglobal.org. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  115. ^ "How religions are engaging with the queer community a year after the Supreme Court verdict". The Indian Express. 8 September 2019. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  116. ^ "Meet the people who are getting Churches to welcome the LGBTQIA+ community into their fold". Edex Live. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  117. ^ "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: Old/Independent Catholics". HRC. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  118. ^ Davies, Matthew (23 October 2013). "'One Church in Europe' Old Catholics, Episcopalians commit to deeper communion". Episcopal News Service. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  119. ^ "Church of Scotland votes to allow ministers to be in same-sex marriages". The Guardian. 21 May 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  120. ^ Scotland, The Church of (16 June 2021). "Same-sex marriage". The Church of Scotland. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  121. ^ "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: Presbyterian Church (USA)". HRC. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  122. ^ "US Presbyterian church recognises gay marriage". BBC News. 18 March 2015. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  123. ^ Church (U.S.A.), Presbyterian (17 March 2015). "Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) – Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) approves marriage amendment". pcusa.org. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  124. ^ Radio, Southern California Public (17 March 2015). "Presbyterians' new marriage definition includes gay marriage". Southern California Public Radio. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  125. ^ "United Reformed Church votes to host same-sex civil partnerships". Ekklesia. 8 July 2018. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  126. ^ May, Callum (9 July 2016). "United Reformed Church approves gay marriage services". BBC News. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  127. ^ "History". Quakers in Canada. 16 March 2013. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  128. ^ "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: Religious Society of Friends". HRC. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  129. ^ "Equality | Quakers in Australia". quakersaustralia.org.au. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  130. ^ "Quakers and same-sex marriage". Quakers. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  131. ^ Shine, Robert (17 October 2019). "Indian Catholics Celebrate Launch of New LGBTQ Ministry Supported by Top Cardinal". New Ways Ministry. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  132. ^ "Rainbow Catholics India". Rainbow Catholics India. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  133. ^ "Marriage". united-church.ca. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  134. ^ "Marriage Equality". United Church of Christ. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  135. ^ "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: United Church of Christ". HRC. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  136. ^ "Iglesia Filipina Independiente asks forgiveness from LGBT community, extends hand with pro-equality statement". Retrieved 27 November 2021.
  137. ^ "United Reformed Church approves gay marriage services". BBC News. 9 July 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  138. ^ "Les religions et les groupes politiques condamnent le harcèlement, la violence et la discrimination fondés sur l'orientation sexuelle et l'identité de genre". Église Protestante Unie de Belgique (in French). 21 May 2021. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  139. ^ "News From Italy: The Waldensians have been a progressive religious sect for over 800 years, by Dario Pio Mucilli". Red Hook Star-Revue. 11 August 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  140. ^ "Coppie gay, storica apertura della Chiesa valdese. Ma si aspetta ancora una legge". Il Fatto Quotidiano (in Italian). 27 August 2010. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  141. ^ SRF.ch: Eine Kantonskirche outet sich, August 8, 2019 (german)]
  142. ^ Kirchenbund.de: Rat des Kirchenbundes befürwortet die Öffnung der Ehe für gleichgeschlechtliche Paare (german) Archived 30 August 2019 at the Wayback Machine, 29 August 2019
  143. ^ Johns, Loren L. "Homosexuality and the Mennonite Church". Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  144. ^ Bergen, Rachel (6 January 2015). "First MC Canada-officiated same-sex marriage". Anabaptist World. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  145. ^ "Open & Affirming Ministries". The Disciples LGBTQ+ Alliance. 7 August 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  146. ^ "Moravian synod to allow gay ministers to marry". Associated Press News. 12 May 2018.
  147. ^ Comer, Matt (15 May 2018). "Southern Moravians approve marriage for gay clergy, members". QnotesCarolinas.com. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  148. ^ McQueeney, Krista (2009). ""We are God's Children, Y'All:" Race, Gender, and Sexuality in Lesbian- and Gay-Affirming Congregations". Social Problems. 56 (1): 151–173. doi:10.1525/sp.2009.56.1.151. ISSN 0037-7791. JSTOR 10.1525/sp.2009.56.1.151.
  149. ^ "UCCP approves LGBT policy statement, stresses 'Let Grace Be Total'". Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  150. ^ "Polygamy and gay marriage welcome: Church makes U-turn". TimesLIVE. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  151. ^ "Awesome! This Tamil Nadu seminary is teaching pastors to accept the LGBT community". The News Minute. 15 July 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  152. ^ M. C. Rajan (4 August 2009). "Protestants cool with verdict on homosexuality". India Today. Retrieved 1 December 2021.
  153. ^ "Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Justice | UUA.org". uua.org. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  154. ^ a b c d e f "LGBTQ History & Facts for Unitarian Universalists" (PDF). Unitarian Universalist Office of Bisexual, Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Concerns. October 2012.
  155. ^ "Conservative Jews approve gay wedding guidelines". Fox News. Associated Press. 1 June 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2013.
  156. ^ "FAQ's on Reconstructionist Approaches to Jewish ideas and Practices". Jewish Reconstructionist Federation. 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2008.
  157. ^ "Same-Sex Marriage". My Jewish Learning. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  158. ^ "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ+ Issues: Reform Judaism". HRC. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  159. ^ "Reform Jewish Views on LGBTQ Equality". Reform Judaism. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  160. ^ a b c d Rehman, Javaid; Polymenopoulou, Eleni (2013). "Is Green a Part of the Rainbow? Sharia, Homosexuality, and LGBT Rights in the Muslim World". Fordham International Law Journal. 37 (1). Fordham University School of Law: 1–53. ISSN 0747-9395. OCLC 52769025. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2021.
  161. ^ a b c d Rowson, Everett K. (30 December 2012) [15 December 2004]. "HOMOSEXUALITY ii. IN ISLAMIC LAW". Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. XII/4. New York: Columbia University. pp. 441–445. doi:10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_11037. ISSN 2330-4804. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  162. ^ Polymenopoulou, Eleni (18 May 2020). "Forum: LGBTQ+ Issues in International Relations, Human Rights & Development – Same-Sex Narratives and LGBTI Activism in the Muslim World". Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. Washington, D.C.: Walsh School of Foreign Service at the Georgetown University. ISSN 1526-0054. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  163. ^ "Origins of Homophobia in the Muslim Community". sydneyqueermuslims.org.au. Sydney: Sydney Queer Muslims. 19 May 2017. Archived from the original on 12 March 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  164. ^ a b c d e f Ibrahim, Nur Amali (October 2016). "Homophobic Muslims: Emerging Trends in Multireligious Singapore". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 58 (4). Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press: 955–981. doi:10.1017/S0010417516000499. ISSN 1475-2999. JSTOR 26293235. S2CID 152039212.
  165. ^ Geissinger, Aisha (2012). "Islam and Discourses on Same-Sex Desire". In Boisvert, Donald L.; Johnson, Jay E. (eds.). Queer Religion: Homosexuality in Modern Religious History, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger Publishers. pp. 80–90. ISBN 978-0-313-35359-8. LCCN 2011043406.
  166. ^ Kurzman, Charles (1998). "Liberal Islam and Its Islamic Context". In Kurzman, Charles (ed.). Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1–26. ISBN 9780195116229. OCLC 37368975.
  167. ^ Ghoshal, Neela, ed. (26 January 2022). ""Even If You Go to the Skies, We'll Find You": LGBT People in Afghanistan After the Taliban Takeover". New York: Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
  168. ^ "FRANCE – Concilier islam et homosexualité, le combat de Ludovic-Mohamed Zahed – France 24". France 24. 30 March 2012.
  169. ^ Banerji, Robin (30 November 2012). "Gay-friendly 'mosque' opens in Paris". BBC. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  170. ^ "Homosexual Muslims – HM2F". homosexuels-musulmans.org. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  171. ^ Sarac, Tugay (2 May 2019). "My LGBT-friendly mosque saved me from being radicalised". BBC Three. BBC. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  172. ^ "juma circle". juma circle. Archived from the original on 19 April 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  173. ^ "Queer and going to the mosque: 'I've never felt more Muslim than I do now'". The Guardian. 3 June 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  174. ^ Gillis, Wendy (25 August 2013). "Islamic scholars experience diversity of Muslim practices at U of T summer program". Toronto Star. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  175. ^ "Meet America's first openly gay imam". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  176. ^ a b c "Affirming mosques help gay Muslims reconcile faith, sexuality". NBC News. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  177. ^ "A Mosque For LGBTQ Muslims". NPR. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  178. ^ "Masjid al-Rabia Home". Masjid al-Rabia. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  179. ^ "Atlanta Unity Mosque". Atlanta Unity Mosque. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  180. ^ "Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: Islam". HRC. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  181. ^ "Is Cape Town's women and gay-friendly mosque a sign of new Muslim attitudes?". PBS NewsHour. 9 May 2015. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  182. ^ "Gay Mosque in Cape Town – rainbopedia.org". rainbopedia.org. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  183. ^ "'Space to coexist': Inside South Africa's LGBT-friendly mosque". Reuters. 5 February 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  184. ^ "Women Building New Mosque in CA That's Open to All Genders". World Religion News. 9 April 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  185. ^ "Qal'bu Maryam". Qal'bu Maryam Women's Justice Center. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  186. ^ "How Queer Muslims Are Working to End Stigma This Ramadan". them. 14 June 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  187. ^ "Queering Ramadan: Second Annual LGBTQAI+ Muslims and Allies Iftar". Women's eNews. 14 June 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  188. ^ "Who We Are". MPVUSA.org. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
  189. ^ "SEXUAL DIVERSITY". Muslims for Progressive Values. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  190. ^ "LGBTQI Lecture Series – YouTube". Retrieved 5 April 2017 – via YouTube.
  191. ^ "Home". meccainstitute.org. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  192. ^ "Cunda Kammaraputta Sutta" [To Cunda the Silversmith]. Translated from the Pali by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Access to Insight. 1997. AN 10.176. Retrieved 14 March 2011. Abandoning sensual misconduct, he abstains from sensual misconduct. He does not get sexually involved with those who are protected by their mothers, their fathers, their brothers, their sisters, their relatives, or their Dhamma; those with husbands, those who entail punishments, or even those crowned with flowers by another man{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  193. ^ 優婆塞經 Archived 18 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine(Upāsaka Sutra from Madhyam āgama):復次,舍梨子!白衣聖弟子離邪婬、斷邪婬,彼或有父所護,或母所護,或父母所護,或兄弟所護,或姉妹所護,或婦父母所護,或親親所護,或同姓所護,或為他婦女,有鞭罰恐怖,及有名雇債至華鬘親,不犯如是女。彼於邪淫淨除其心,白衣聖弟子善護行,此第三法
  194. ^
    • Ajahn Punnadhammo. "Same Sex Marriage". The lay man is told to abstain from sex with "unsuitable partners" defined as girls under age, women betrothed or married and women who have taken vows of religious celibacy. This is clear, sound advice and seems to suggest that sexual misconduct is that which would disrupt existing family or love relationships. This is consonant with the general Buddhist principle that that which causes suffering for oneself or others is unethical behaviour. ("Unskillful behaviour" would be closer to the original.) There is no good reason to assume that homosexual relations which do not violate this principle should be treated differently.
    • Somdet Phra Buddhaghosacariya (1993). Uposatha Sila The Eight-Precept Observance.There are four factors of the third precept (kamesu micchacara)
    1. agamaniya vatthu – that which should not be visited (the 20 groups of women).
    2. asmim sevana-cittam – the intention to have intercourse with anyone included in the above-mentioned groups.
    3. sevanap-payogo – the effort at sexual intercourse.
    4. maggena maggappatipatti – sexual contact through that adhivasanam effort.
  195. ^ "The Buddhist pioneers of same-sex marriage in the West: a little-known history of compassion in action by Dr Michael Vermeulen" (in Italian). Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  196. ^ Michael, Vermeulen (September 2017). "Special Rapporteur's Compilation of Articles on Freedom of religion or belief and Sexuality: The rise of Rainbow Dharma: Buddhism on sexual diversity and same-sex marriage by Michael Vermeulen" (PDF). The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (UN Human Rights).
  197. ^ Atwood, Haleigh. "LGBTQ Buddhists: Teachings, Profiles, and Conversations – Lion's Roar". Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  198. ^ Jackson, Peter Anthony (December 1995). "Thai Buddhist accounts of male homosexuality and AIDS in the 1980s". The Australian Journal of Anthropology. 6 (3): 140–53. doi:10.1111/j.1835-9310.1995.tb00133.x. PMID 12291560.
  199. ^ a b Wilson, Jeff (2012). ""All Beings Are Equally Embraced By Amida Buddha": Jodo Shinshu Buddhism and Same-Sex Marriage in the United States". Journal of Global Buddhism. 13: 31–59. Archived from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  200. ^ "Thich Nhat Hanh: On Homosexuality". praktis isanghamahal. 29 March 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  201. ^ Hanh, Thich Nhat (2009). Answers from the Heart: Practical Responses to Life's Burning Questions. Parallax Press. ISBN 978-1-935209-00-3. OCLC 730045848.
  202. ^ Rowsell, Simeon. "Rainbow Sangha". Plum Village UK. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  203. ^ Community, Wake Up (24 October 2021). "International Queer Retreat: Coming Out, Coming Home, Coming Together". Wake Up International. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  204. ^ Community, Wake Up (16 June 2021). "Dharma Talk on Gender Inclusivity". Wake Up International. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  205. ^ Plum Village Q&A on LGBTQIA by Br Bao Tang, retrieved 15 December 2021
  206. ^ "LGBT – Archive". the Mindfulness Bell. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  207. ^ "Resources | Rainbodhi". Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  208. ^ "From Radical Dharma to All About Love, a look at queer Black Buddhist perspectives on spiritual practice in contemporary texts". Firstpost. 2 August 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  209. ^ "Chao-hwei Shih: Buddhist Nun Leads Asia's Fight for Gay Marriage". crcc.usc.edu. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  210. ^ ENGAGED BUDDHISM, retrieved 15 December 2021
  211. ^ Fuller, Paul (2021). An Introduction to Engaged Buddhism. Bloomsbury. pp. Chapter 7. Suffering, Sexuality and Gender. ISBN 9781350129085.
  212. ^ Shoushi, Sam (25 March 2008). "Japan and Sexual Minorities | ヒューライツ大阪". Hurights.or.jp. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  213. ^ Kure, Rena (22 October 2015). "Buddhist Priest Invites Same-Sex Couples To Marry at His Temple". HuffPost. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
  214. ^ Bailey, Cathryn (December 2008). "Embracing the Icon: The Feminist Potential of the Trans Bodhisattva, Kuan Yin". Hypatia. 24 (3): 178–196. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2009.01051.x. S2CID 144982548.
  215. ^ MATCHA. "Shozenji, An LGBTQ Safe Temple Run by a Transgender Nun". MATCHA – JAPAN TRAVEL WEB MAGAZINE. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  216. ^ Yarber, Angela (9 May 2015). "Guanyin Revisited: Queer, Pacifist, Vegan Icon by Angela Yarber". Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  217. ^ Vo, Dan (7 January 2021). "THE COMPASSIONATE WAY: Towards Trans and Non-Binary Inclusive Narratives in Museums". SQS – Suomen Queer-tutkimuksen Seuran Lehti. 14 (1–2): 95–101. doi:10.23980/sqs.101457. S2CID 234116545.
  218. ^ Hollingsworth, Julia (17 May 2019). "Taiwan legalizes same-sex marriage in historic first for Asia". CNN. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  219. ^ "Buddhist Nun Leads Asia's Fight for Gay Marriage". Harvard Divinity Bulletin. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  220. ^ "Taiwan to stage first same-sex Buddhist wedding". Yahoo! News. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  221. ^ Lewis, Craig (26 February 2021). "Taiwanese Buddhist Master Ven. Shih Chao-hwei Selected for 38th Niwano Peace Prize". Buddhistdoor Global.
  222. ^ "Tibetan Buddhist views on LGBTQ: is Buddhism accepting, neutral, supportive, or alienating to lesbians, gay men and trans-gendered persons? What about same-sex marriage? – Buddha Weekly: Buddhist Practices, Mindfulness, Meditation". 7 March 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  223. ^ Sujato, Bhante (12 March 2012). "Why Buddhists Should Support Marriage Equality".
  224. ^ "Activism under the auspices of dhamma". advojka.cz. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  225. ^ Chandran, Rina (21 August 2020). "'LGBT people are also humans': Thai Buddhist monk backs equality". Reuters. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  226. ^ Lewis, Craig (August 2020). "Buddhist Monk Seeks Equality, Acceptance for Thailand's LGBT+ Communities". Buddhistdoor Global.
  227. ^ "Dalai Lama Speaks on Gay Sex / He says it's wrong for Buddhists but not for society". San Francisco Chronicle. 11 June 1997.
  228. ^ Thubten Chodron. Dealing With Life's Issues (PDF). The Pali scriptures make no mention of homosexuality being unwise sexual conduct. For monastics, all sexual intercourse is a root downfall. It doesn't specify the gender of one's partner. Vasubandhu, a teacher who came several centuries after the Buddha, discouraged homosexuality. Personally speaking, I think what's most important is the motivation behind how we use our sexuality. In other words, if people use their sexuality unkindly or unwisely, it doesn't matter if it is directed to someone of their own sex or the opposite sex.
  229. ^ "Dalai Lama urges 'full human rights for all,' including gays". 23 April 2006. Archived from the original on 23 April 2006. Retrieved 20 March 2021.
  230. ^ "Dalai Lama says gay marriage is 'OK' and anti-LGBT bullying is 'wrong'". PinkNews. 6 March 2014. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  231. ^ The Dalai Lama Weighs in on Same Sex Marriage | Dalai Lama Interview | Larry King Now – Ora TV, retrieved 27 March 2021
  232. ^ "The Buddhist View on LGBTQ and Smoking". The Bhutanese. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  233. ^ "Rainbow Sangha". European Buddhist Union. 3 July 2015. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  234. ^ "Seattle Betsuin Brings New Light to LGBTQ Issues: Northwest Dharma Association". northwestdharma.org. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  235. ^ Wilson, Jeff (20 June 2018). "Buddha's Big Shrug: The Non-Conflictual History of Same-Sex Marriage in the Buddhist Churches of America". berkleycenter.georgetown.edu. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  236. ^ Hamamoto, Ben (10 July 2014). "Seminar traces roots of Buddhists' support for LGBTQ rights » Nichi Bei". nichibei.org. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  237. ^ Nhất Hạnh, Thích (2009). Answers from the heart: practical responses to life's burning questions. Berkeley: Parallax Press. ISBN 978-1-935209-00-3. OCLC 701109195.[page needed]
  238. ^ "Thich Nhat Hanh: On Homosexuality". praktis isanghamahal. 29 March 2009. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  239. ^ Potts, Andrew M (19 April 2012). "Buddhists come out for equality". Star Observer. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  240. ^ USA, Soka Gakkai International-. "Courageous Freedom: SGI-USA's LGBTQ Community –". Soka Gakkai International – USA. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  241. ^ "The Buddhist pioneers of same-sex marriage in the West: a little-known history of compassion in action by Dr Michael Vermeulen". ebumagazine.org. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  242. ^ Kuwahara, Kiyonobu Joshin (2 June 2017). "Is My Sangha Inclusive?". Lion's Roar. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
  243. ^ Wilson, Jeff (27 June 2015). "A Big Gay History of Buddhist Same-sex Marriage". Tricycle: The Buddhist Review. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  244. ^ Dart, John (1 July 1995). "U.S. Buddhist Group Approves Marriage-Like Rights for Gays". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 5 April 2017.
  245. ^ a b "Religion in America: U.S. Religious Data, Demographics and Statistics". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  246. ^ "GALVA-108: Gay & Lesbian Vaishnava Association". galva108. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  247. ^ a b c "HAF Policy Brief: Hindu Teachings Inclusive of LGBT People". Hindu American Foundation. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  248. ^ "'Hinduism does not condemn homosexuality' – Rediff.com India News". Rediff.com.
  249. ^ "Storytelling: LGBT themes in Hindu mythology". The Indian Express. 14 July 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  250. ^ "India has assumed an ancient position on gay sex. Read the kama sutra". South China Morning Post. 15 September 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  251. ^ "Why legalising gay sex in India is not a Western idea". BBC News. 31 December 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  252. ^ a b "What does Sikhism say about marriage? – Marriage and divorce – GCSE Religious Studies Revision". BBC Bitesize. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  253. ^ "Vancouver Baisakhi parade organisers create history, include LGBT community". Hindustan Times. 22 April 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  254. ^ "Gurpreet Singh: Many Canadians of South Asian descent support struggle for LGBT equal rights". The Georgia Straight. 15 December 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  255. ^ Singh, Sonny (10 November 2011). "We Are One: Guru Nanak's Legacy And LGBT Rights". HuffPost. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  256. ^ "Sikhism Religion of the Sikh People". sikhs.org. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  257. ^ "Sikhism, Yoga and Sexuality" (PDF). Project Naad. 2 September 2010. p. 33. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 2 September 2010.
  258. ^ a b "About us – Sarbat LGBT Sikhs". Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  259. ^ Volodzko, David (9 October 2020). "How Fujian was once an LGBT mecca (where people worshipped a rabbit god)". SupChina. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  260. ^ "Taiwan's gays pray for soul mates at 'Rabbit' temple". Reuters. 19 January 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  261. ^ GOLD, MICHAEL (26 January 2015). "Praying for a soul mate at Rabbit Temple". The Star Online. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  262. ^ "Why Taiwan's 'Rabbit' Temple Is Almost Exclusively Gay". HuffPost. 19 January 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
  263. ^ 受同志社群歡迎的台北道教廟堂, retrieved 16 December 2021
  264. ^ "Why Taiwan's 'Rabbit' Temple Is Almost Exclusively Gay". HuffPost. 19 January 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  265. ^ Alexander Stevenson 22 January 2015. "Thousands of Gay Pilgrims Trek To Taiwan To Pray For Love At "Rabbit" Temple". LOGO News. Retrieved 4 December 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  266. ^ "Rabbittemple". Retrieved 16 December 2021 – via Twitter.
  267. ^ "Taiwan's gays pray for soul mates at 'Rabbit' temple". Reuters. 19 January 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2019.
  268. ^ Jeffrey S. Siker, Homosexuality and Religion: an encyclopedia. page 210. 2007. ISBN 0-313-33088-3
  269. ^ a b Crompton, Louis (2003). "Pre-Meiji Japan". Homosexuality and Civilization. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 413. ISBN 9780674022331. LCCN 2003245327. Shinto was principally concerned with propitiatory rites and ceremonies; its mythology fostered nationalism through the cult of divine emperors, but it had no special code of morals and seems to have regarded sex as a natural phenomenon to be enjoyed with few inhibitions. Phallic shrines dotted the countryside. Premarital virginity was not rigidly insisted upon, and freeborn boys did not lose status if they had adult lovers. Early law codes penalized incest and bestiality but not homosexual relations. The gods of the Shinto pantheon were themselves highly sexual. In later times, some of them were seen as "guardian deities" of male love.
  270. ^ "Face to Faith No.89" (PDF). May 2017.
  271. ^ Bernkastel, Olivia (15 December 2018). "Throughout the years and even now, I have often been asked the view Shinto holds in regard to…". Medium. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  272. ^ "Living with Kami". Living with Kami. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  273. ^ "Testimony in support of SB1 Relating to Equal Rights" (PDF). Capitol.Hawaii.Gov. 31 October 2013.
  274. ^ 太上老君戒經 [Supreme Laozi's Precepts]. Zhengtong daozang 正統道藏 [Zhengtong-era Daoist Canon]. c. 1445.
  275. ^ Chinese Taoism Association (1994). 道教大辭典 [The Great Dictionary of Taoism]. 华夏出版社. ISBN 7-5080-0112-5./B.054
  276. ^ 雲笈七籤.說戒部 [Yunji Qiqian. Precepts]. 正統道藏 [Zhengtong-era Daoist Canon]. Vol. 38–40.
  277. ^ Homosexuality in China on glbtq.com.
  278. ^ "The Mugwe: Homosexuality among the Meru People – KumbuKumbu". Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  279. ^ Needham, Rodney (1960). "The Left Hand of the Mugwe: An Analytical Note on the Structure of Meru Symbolism". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 30 (1): 26. doi:10.2307/1157738. ISSN 0001-9720. JSTOR 1157738. S2CID 145254421.
  280. ^ Van Heerden, Gerbrandt (10 July 2018). "Dispelling The Myth That Homosexuality Is Un-African". Institute of Race Relations (IRR).
  281. ^ Elnaiem, Mohammed (29 April 2021). "The "Deviant" African Genders That Colonialism Condemned". JSTOR Daily. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  282. ^ "Gay is African". The NATIVE. 23 June 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  283. ^ "African homophobia and the colonial roots of African conservatism". africasacountry.com. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  284. ^ Crutchfield, Joshua L. (21 October 2021). "Did Europe Bring Homophobia to Africa?". AAIHS. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  285. ^ Makofane, Keletso (July 2013). "Unspoken facts: a history of homosexualities in Africa". Culture, Health & Sexuality. 15 (sup1): 114–116. doi:10.1080/13691058.2012.732749. ISSN 1369-1058. S2CID 143109276.
  286. ^ Mehra, Bharat; Lemieux, Paul A.; Stophel, Keri (1 January 2019). "An Exploratory Journey of Cultural Visual Literacy of "Non-Conforming" Gender Representations from Pre-Colonial Sub- Saharan Africa". Open Information Science. 3 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1515/opis-2019-0001. ISSN 2451-1781. S2CID 166833847.
  287. ^ CartaCapital (22 September 2017). "Homossexualidade e candomblé". CartaCapital (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  288. ^ Moutinho, Laura (2013). "Homosexuality, skin color and religiosity: flirting among the "povo de santo" in Rio de Janeiro" (PDF). CLAM. Sexuality, Culture and Politics – A South American Reader: 573–592. ISBN 978-85-89737-82-1.
  289. ^ a b "Casal gay celebra casamento umbandista em bloco no centro de São Paulo". GI São Paulo (in Portuguese). 27 February 2017.
  290. ^ a b "Homossexualidade e candomblé". Carta Capital (in Portuguese). 22 September 2017.[permanent dead link]
  291. ^ "Haiti's fight for gay rights". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  292. ^ "Homosexuality And Voodoo". Haiti Observer. 20 July 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  293. ^ "Queer Haitians Find a Refuge in Vodou". advocate.com. 31 October 2016. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  294. ^ "Black Madonna Vodou Religion Spirit Lwa Erzulie Dantor by Kate Kingsbury". The Global Catholic Review. 6 June 2018. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  295. ^ lisantiadmin. "Haiti's LGBTQ-Accepting Vodou Societies". Rev Irene Monroe. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  296. ^ Randy Conner, David Hatfield Sparks & Mariya Sparks (eds), Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol & Spirit, p. 963, London and New York: Cassell, 1997.
  297. ^ Conner, p. 157, "Ghede Nibo"
  298. ^ "Introduction ~ ¡Homofobia no! ¡Socialismo sí! Identity, culture, gender and sexuality in today's Cuba ~ Minority Stories". stories.minorityrights.org. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  299. ^ Vidal-Ortiz, Salvador (September 2006). "Sexuality discussions in santería: A case study of religion and sexuality negotiation". Sexuality Research and Social Policy. 3 (3): 52–66. doi:10.1525/srsp.2006.3.3.52. S2CID 144582747.
  300. ^ "Brazil gays celebrate first mass wedding". The World from PRX. Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  301. ^ Ogland, Curtis P.; Verona, Ana Paula (2 September 2014). "Religion and the Rainbow Struggle: Does Religion Factor into Attitudes Toward Homosexuality and Same-Sex Civil Unions in Brazil?". Journal of Homosexuality. 61 (9): 1334–1349. doi:10.1080/00918369.2014.926767. PMID 24914634. S2CID 32139660.
  302. ^ a b c Leick, Gwendolyn (2013). Sex and Eroticism in Mesopotamian Literature. ISBN 978-0-203-41428-6. OCLC 1120210531.[page needed]
  303. ^ "LGBTQ+ in the Ancient World". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  304. ^ a b c d Murray, Stephen O (1997). Islamic homosexualities: culture, history, and literature. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-7467-0. OCLC 35526232.[page needed]
  305. ^ Rountree, Kathryn (2017). Cosmopolitanism, nationalism, and modern paganism. Palgrave Macmillan US. ISBN 978-1-137-56200-5. OCLC 966491570.[page needed]
  306. ^ Brown, Grace (1 September 2018). "Myanmar's LGBT community find freedom at spirit festival". CNN. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  307. ^ Coleman, Eli; Allen, Mariette Pathy; Ford, Jessie V. (May 2018). "Gender Variance and Sexual Orientation Among Male Spirit Mediums in Myanmar". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 47 (4): 987–998. doi:10.1007/s10508-018-1172-0. PMID 29497915. S2CID 4730569.
  308. ^ Purday, Kevin Michael (2013). Shamanic gender liminality with specific reference to the NatKadaw of Myanmar and the Bissu of Sulawesi (Thesis). S2CID 131727907.
  309. ^ VietnamPlus (11 December 2013). "First art festival focuses on LGBT community | Culture – Sports | Vietnam+ (VietnamPlus)". VietnamPlus. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
  310. ^ "Some Asian Governments Claim LGBTQ Culture Is a Western Invention: Here's Why That's Garbage". Vice (magazine). 6 June 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
  311. ^ Binh, Tran Thi Thuy; Filax, Gloria (2019). "Social effects of Đạo Mẫu gay mediums". Regional Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 3 (1): 2–24.
  312. ^ Buijs, Kees (2006). "Toburake". Powers of Blessing from the Wilderness and from Heaven. pp. 139–155. doi:10.1163/9789004454422_013. ISBN 978-90-6718-270-6.
  313. ^ "Phobia, Whose Phobia? Unpacking Present-Day Homophobia and Transphobia in Asia | Gunda-Werner-Institut". Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  314. ^ Graham Davies, Sharyn (2006). Challenging Gender Norms: Five Genders Among Bugis in Indonesia. Case Studies in Cultural Anthropology. Thomson Wadsworth. p. xi. ISBN 978-0-495-09280-3. OCLC 476076313.
  315. ^ Hidayana, Irwan Martua (12 September 2018). "On gender diversity in Indonesia". The Conversation. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  316. ^ a b Stables, Daniel. "Asia's isle of five separate genders". BBC. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  317. ^ Ibrahim, Farid M (27 February 2019). "Homophobia and rising Islamic intolerance push Indonesia's intersex bissu priests to the brink". Australia: ABC News. Archived from the original on 27 February 2019. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  318. ^ Estrada, Gabriel S (2011). "Two Spirits, Nádleeh, and LGBTQ2 Navajo Gaze" (PDF). American Indian Culture and Research Journal. 35 (4): 167–190. doi:10.17953/aicr.35.4.x500172017344j30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  319. ^ "Two Spirit Terms in Tribal Languages". Native Out. Archived from the original on 2 January 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
  320. ^ de Vries, Kylan Mattias (2009). "Berdache (Two-Spirit)". In O'Brien, Jodi (ed.). Encyclopedia of gender and society. Los Angeles: SAGE. p. 64. ISBN 9781412909167. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  321. ^ Kehoe, Alice B. (2002). "Appropriate Terms". SAA Bulletin. Society for American Archaeology 16(2), UC-Santa Barbara. Archived from the original on 5 November 2004. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  322. ^ Roscoe, Will. "LGBTQ America: A Theme Study of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer History" (PDF). National Park Service.
  323. ^ Pablo, Ben (2004), "Latin America: Colonial", glbtq.com, archived from the original on 11 December 2007, retrieved 1 August 2007
  324. ^ Murray, Stephen (2004). "Mexico". In Claude J. Summers (ed.). glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture. glbtq, Inc. Archived from the original on 2 November 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
  325. ^ "For many Native Americans, embracing LGBT members is a return to the past". The Washington Post. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  326. ^ "Indigenous Sexualities: Resisting Conquest and Translation". E-International Relations. 20 August 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  327. ^ "Gender and Sexuality in Native America: Many People, Many Meanings (U.S. National Park Service)". nps.gov. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  328. ^ Enos, Tony. "8 Things You Should Know About Two Spirit People". Ict News. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  329. ^ Anayah, Stephanie. "LibGuides: Williams Institute Reading Room: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Resources in Law and Public Policy: LGBT / Two Spirit Native Americans". libguides.law.ucla.edu. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  330. ^ Lewis, Nantawan B (2014). Remembering Conquest: Feminist/Womanist Perspectives on Religion, Colonization, and Sexual Violence. Taylor & Francis. p. 698. ISBN 978-1-317-78946-8.
  331. ^ Garcia, J. Neil C. (2008). Philippine Gay Culture: Binabae to Bakla, Silahis to MSM. UP Press. pp. 162–163. ISBN 978-971-542-577-3.
  332. ^ Alcina, Francisco. Historia de las Islas e Indios de Bisayas. pp. 195–209.
  333. ^ Ribadeneira, Marcelo de (1947). History of the Islands of the Philippine Archipelago and the Kingdoms of Great China, Tartary, Cochinchina, Malaca, Siam, Cambodge and Japan. Barcelona: La Editorial Catolica. p. 50.
  334. ^ Garcia, J. Neil (2009). Philippine gay culture : the last thirty years : binabae to bakla, silahis to MSM. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2009, c2008. pp. 162–163, 166, 170–173, 191, 404. ISBN 9789622099852.
  335. ^ "Philippines", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 16 November 2021, retrieved 24 November 2021
  336. ^ "The Meaning of Mahu". PBS LearningMedia. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  337. ^ Ravida, Meldrick (11 February 2018). "The Māhū". Ka Leo O Hawaii. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  338. ^ Perkins, Robert (October 2013). "Like a Lady in Polynesia: The Māhū of Tahiti, the Fa'a Fafine in Samoa, the Fakaleiti in Tonga and More". GenderCentre.org.au. Petersham, NSW, Australia: The Gender Centre. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 30 September 2015.
  339. ^ The role of Mahu in Tahiti, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 12 November 2021, retrieved 25 November 2021
  340. ^ Llosa, Mario Vargas. "The men-women of the Pacific: Paul Gauguin II – Tate Etc". Tate Etc. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  341. ^ "Pacific News Minute: Tonga's Leitis "We Cannot Be Silent Anymore."". Hawai'i Public Radio. 24 May 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  342. ^ "Meet this LGBTI activist from the Pacific Island of Tonga". Amnesty International. 18 April 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  343. ^ "Tonga's transgender community fights for visibility in Pacific Kingdom". ABC News. 16 April 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  344. ^ "'They need to care about our humanity': death of Tongan LGBTQ+ activist sparks calls for reform". The Guardian. 8 May 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  345. ^ a b c Urban, Hugh B. (2007) [2003]. "The Cult of Ecstasy: Meldings of East and West in a New Age of Tantra". Tantra: Sex, Secrecy, Politics, and Power in the Study of Religion (1st ed.). Berkeley and Delhi: University of California Press/Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 203–263. doi:10.1525/california/9780520230620.003.0007. ISBN 9780520236561. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt1pp4mm.12.
  346. ^ a b c d e Pike, Sarah M. (2004). "Part II – "All Acts of Love and Pleasure Are My Rituals": Sex, Gender, and the Sacred". New Age and Neopagan Religions in America. Columbia Contemporary American Religion Series. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 115–144. ISBN 9780231508384. JSTOR 10.7312/pike12402.10. LCCN 2003061844.
  347. ^ Fonsny, Marie-Pierre (26 October 1993). "Antoinisme: Un produit wallon basé sur une foi exclusive". Le Soir (in French). Brussels: Rossel: 21.
  348. ^ Julie Luong (8 September 2021). "Antoinisme : un culte simple et belge". Alter Echos (in French) (496). Retrieved 18 September 2021..
  349. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions – Does Eckankar recognize same-sex relationships?". Eckankar. Archived from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  350. ^ Contemporary pagan and native faith movements in Europe : colonialist and nationalist impulses. Kathryn Rountree, European Association of Social Anthropologists. New York. 2015. pp. 64–84. ISBN 978-1-78238-647-6. OCLC 908932432.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  351. ^ Contemporary pagan and native faith movements in Europe : colonialist and nationalist impulses. Kathryn Rountree, European Association of Social Anthropologists. New York. 2015. ISBN 978-1-78238-647-6. OCLC 908932432.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  352. ^ Rountree, Kathryn (2015). "Contemporary Pagan and Native Faith Movements" (PDF). Association of European Anthropologists. 26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  353. ^ Magical religion and modern witchcraft. James R. Lewis. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press. 1996. pp. 193–236. ISBN 0-585-03650-0. OCLC 42330378.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  354. ^ Schnurbein, Stefanie v. (2017). Norse Revival : transformations of Germanic neopaganism. Chicago, IL. ISBN 978-1-60846-737-2. OCLC 964730476.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  355. ^ Cragle, Joshua Marcus (11 June 2017). "Contemporary Germanic/Norse Paganism and Recent Survey Data". Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies. 19 (1): 77–116. doi:10.1558/pome.30714. ISSN 1528-0268.
  356. ^ "Alternative Sexuality". Tangled Moon Coven. 8 August 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2006.
  357. ^ "Sex, Wicca and the Great Rite". The Blade & Chalice. Spring 1993 (3).
  358. ^ "About The Order | Order of Bards, Ovates & Druids". 12 May 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  359. ^ a b Palmer, Susan J.; Sentes, Bryan (2012). "The International Raëlian Movement". In Hammer, Olav; Rothstein, Mikael (eds.). The Cambridge Companion to New Religious Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 167–183. doi:10.1017/CCOL9780521196505.012. ISBN 978-0-521-19650-5. LCCN 2012015440. S2CID 151563721.
  360. ^ a b Dericquebourg, Régis (2021). "Rael and the Raelians". In Zeller, Ben (ed.). Handbook of UFO Religions. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 20. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 472–490. doi:10.1163/9789004435537_024. ISBN 978-90-04-43437-0. ISSN 1874-6691. S2CID 239738621.
  361. ^ Gregg, Stephen E. (September 2014). "Queer Jesus, straight angels: Complicating 'sexuality' and 'religion' in the International Raëlian Movement". Sexualities. 17 (5–6). SAGE Journals: 565–582. doi:10.1177/1363460714526129. hdl:2436/609871. ISSN 1461-7382. OCLC 474576878. S2CID 147291471.
  362. ^ Palmer, Susan J. (2014). "Raël's Angels: The First Five Years of a Secret Order". In Bogdan, Henrik; Lewis, James R. (eds.). Sexuality and New Religious Movements. Palgrave Studies in New Religions and Alternative Spiritualities. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 183–211. doi:10.1057/9781137386434_9. ISBN 978-1-349-68146-4.
  363. ^ "A modern nation is a nation where gays and lesbians are free". Raelian Press Site. 25 March 2005. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  364. ^ "A Raelian official licensed to perform legal marriages for same-sex couples in Hawaii". Raelianews. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  365. ^ a b Chesnut, R. Andrew (26 October 2017). Santa Muerte: The Fastest Growing New Religious Movement in the Americas (Speech). Lecture. Portland, Oregon: University of Portland. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
  366. ^ Chesnut, R. Andrew (2016). "Healed by Death: Santa Muerte, the Curandera". In Hunt, Stephen J. (ed.). Handbook of Global Contemporary Christianity: Movements, Institutions, and Allegiance. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 12. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 336–353. doi:10.1163/9789004310780_017. ISBN 978-90-04-26539-4.
  367. ^ Flores Martos, Juan Antonio (2007). "La Santísima Muerte en Veracruz, México: Vidas Descarnadas y Práticas Encarnadas". In Flores Martos, Juan Antonio; González, Luisa Abad (eds.). Etnografías de la muerte y las culturas en América Latina (in Spanish). Cuenca: Ediciones de la Universidad de Castilla–La Mancha. pp. 296–297. ISBN 978-84-8427-578-7.
  368. ^ Chesnut, R. Andrew (2018) [2012]. Devoted to Death: Santa Muerte, the Skeleton Saint (Second ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 6–7. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199764662.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-063332-5. LCCN 2011009177.
  369. ^ a b Bárcenas Barajas, Karina (September–December 2019). "Apropiaciones LGBT de la religiosidad popular". Desacatos: Revista de Ciencias Sociales (in Spanish). 61. Mexico City: Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS): 98–113. doi:10.29340/61.2135 (inactive 31 January 2024). ISSN 2448-5144. Retrieved 16 June 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
  370. ^ a b Lorentzen, Lois Ann (2016). Pellegrini, Anna; Vaggione, Juan Marco (eds.). "Santa Muerte: Saint of the Dispossessed, Enemy of Church and State". Emisférica. Vol. 13, no. 1. New York City: Hemispheric Institute of Performance and Politics. Archived from the original on 30 July 2019. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
  371. ^ Woodman, Stephen (31 March 2017). "How a skeleton folk saint of death took off with Mexican transgender women". USA Today. Archived from the original on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2021.
  372. ^ Villarreal, Daniel (6 April 2019). "Bishops tell Catholics to stop worshipping this unofficial LGBTQ-friendly saint of death: Even though "La Santa Muerte" is not a Church-sanctioned saint, millions of people still revere her". LGBTQ Nation. San Francisco. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
  373. ^ "Archives". outinthebay.com. Out in the Bay. 2012. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012.
  374. ^ "Iglesia de Santa Muerte casa a gays – El Universal – Sociedad". El Universal. 3 March 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  375. ^ (MÉXICO) SOCIEDAD-SALUD > AREA: Asuntos sociales. "La Iglesia de Santa Muerte mexicana celebró su primera boda gay y prevé 9 más – ABC.es – Noticias Agencias". ABC. Spain. Retrieved 9 February 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  376. ^ "La Nueva Iglesia De La Santa Muerte Permite Bodas Gay". Los21.com. 24 January 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  377. ^ "La Santa Muerte celebra 'bodas homosexuales' en México – México y Tradición" (in Spanish). Mexicoytradicion.over-blog.org. 2 June 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  378. ^ "Culto a la santa muerte casará a gays". Tendenciagay.com. 11 January 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  379. ^ "Mexico's Holy Death Church Will Conduct Gay Weddings". Latin American Herald Tribune. 7 January 2010.
  380. ^ Jauregui, Andres (18 July 2013). "'Pink Mass' Has Made Westboro Baptist Church Founder's Mom Gay in Afterlife, Satanists Claim". HuffPost. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  381. ^ Anton Szandor LaVey. "The Eleven Satanic Rules of the Earth". Church of Satan. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  382. ^ Beyer, Catherine (23 December 2018). "The Eleven Satanic Rules of the Earth – An Early Document from the Church of Satan". Learn Religions. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  383. ^ Peter H Gilmore (9 March 2004). "Founding Family: 'Morality' versus Same-Sex Marriage". Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  384. ^ "Inequality Polo Shirt – ASP Apparel Satanic Showcase". Church of Satan. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  385. ^ Vera, Diane (2006). "Promoting religious tolerance – Defending a humanistic ethic: The example of opposing homophobia". Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  386. ^ Sabin, Thea (2006). Wicca for Beginners: Fundamentals of Philosophy & Practice. Llewellyn Publications. ISBN 978-0-7387-0751-8.[page needed]
  387. ^ Ochshorn, Judith; Cole, Ellen (1995). Women's Spirituality, Women's Lives. Haworth Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-56023-065-6.

External links

This page was last edited on 24 March 2024, at 15:58
Basis of this page is in Wikipedia. Text is available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported License. Non-text media are available under their specified licenses. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. WIKI 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with Wikimedia Foundation.