| Konyak | |
|---|---|
| Native to | India, Myanmar |
| Ethnicity | Konyak |
Native speakers | 246,000 (2011)[1] |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | nbe |
| Glottolog | kony1248 |
| ELP | Konyak Naga |
Konyak is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken by the Konyak people in the state of Nagaland, north-eastern India.
The language has 244,000 speakers in the state (as of the 2011 census); most of these (237,000) are in Mon district, with smaller populations in the districts of Dimapur (2,900), Kohima (2,000), Mokokchung (1,100), and Longleng (900).[2] There are also an estimated 2,000 speakers in neighbouring Myanmar, specifically in Hkamti District and in Lahe township.[1]
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Transcription
Dialects
Konyak (2021)
A list of Konyak dialects from Hoipo Konyak (2021:5) is given below.[3]
- Angphang
- Hopao
- Changnyu
- Chen (8 villages in Lahe Township, Myanmar, and 10 villages in Mon District, Nagaland, India[4])
- Chingkao
- Chinglang
- Choha
- Gelekidora
- Jakphang
- Kon (spoken in Myanmar)
- Kahyu (spoken in Myanmar)
- Lhongkhai
- Longmein
- Longwa
- Mon
- Mulung
- Nganching
- Sang
- Shanlang
- Shunyuo
- Shenghah
- Sima
- Sowa
- Shamnyuyanga
- Tableang
- Tabu
- Tamkhungnyuo
- Tang
- Tobunyuo
- Tolamleinyua
- Totok
Ethnologue
Ethnologue lists the following dialects of Konyak.
- Angphang
- Hopao
- Changnyu
- Chen
- Chingkao
- Chinglang
- Choha
- Gelekidoria
- Jakphang
- Longching
- Longkhai
- Longmein
- Longwa
- Mon
- Mulung
- Ngangching
- Sang
- Shanlang
- Shunyuo
- Shengha
- Sima
- Sowa
- Shamnyuyanga
- Tableng (Angwangku, Kongon, Mohung, Wakching)
- Tabu
- Tamkhungnyuo
- Tang
- Tobunyuo
- Tolamleinyua
- Totok
- Hongphoi
Tableng is the standard dialect spoken in Wanching and Wakching.
Phonology
There are three lexically contrastive contour tones in Konyak – rising (marked in writing by an acute accent – á), falling (marked by a grave accent – à) and level (unmarked).[5]
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Open | a |
The vowels /a/, /o/ and /u/ are lengthened before approximants. /ə/ does not occur finally.
Consonants
| Bilabial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p pʰ |
t̪ | c | k kʰ |
ʔ |
| Nasal | m | n̪ | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Fricative | s | h | |||
| Lateral | l | ||||
| Approximant | w | j |
The stops /p/ and /k/ contrast with the aspirated /pʰ/ and /kʰ/. /p/ and /c/ become voiced intervocalically across morpheme boundaries. The dental /t/ is realised as an alveolar if preceded by a vowel with a rising tone. The approximants /w/ and /j/ are pronounced laxer and shorter after vowels; /w/ becomes tenser initially before high vowels. If morpheme-initial or intervocalic, /j/ is pronounced with audible friction.[6] /pʰ/, /kʰ/, /c/, /ɲ/, /s/, /h/ and /l/ do not occur morpheme-finally, while /ʔ/ does not appear morpheme-initially. Except for morpheme-initial /kp/ and /kʰl/, consonant clusters occur only medially.[7]
References
- ^ a b Naga, Konyak at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. "C-16: Population by mother tongue, Nagaland – 2011". Retrieved 7 January 2023.
- ^ Konyak, Hoipo. 2021. A preliminary grammar of Chen, a Konyak language of India and Myanmar. M.A. dissertation. Chiang Mai: Payap University.
- ^ Statezni, Nathan; Konyak, Hoipo. 2021. Chen villages in Myanmar and India. Unpublished manuscript.
- ^ Nagaraja 2010, p. 8
- ^ Nagaraja 2010, pp. 21–2
- ^ Nagaraja 2010, p. 23
Bibliography
- Nagaraja, K.S. (2010), Konyak Grammar, Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages, ISBN 978-81-7342-195-2
Further reading
- Ine Jongne Jame (1957), Primer for Adults in Konyak Language, Guwahati
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Kumar, Brij Bihari (1972), Hindi-Konyak Dictionary, Kohima: Nagaland Bhasha Parishad
- Kumar, Brij Bihari (1972), Konyak Vyakaran ki Ruprekha, Kohima: Nagaland Bhasha Parishad
- Nagaraja, K.S. (1996), Kinship terms in Konyak Naga (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 27 March 2012, retrieved 18 July 2011
- Nagaraja, K.S., Konyak–Hindi–English Dictionary, Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages
- Nagaraja, K.S., "Relativization in Konyak", Indian Linguistics, 45: 41–8
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Western Himalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim) |
|  | |||
| Eastern Himalayas (Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border |
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| East and Southeast Asia |
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| Dubious (possible isolates) (Arunachal) |
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| Proposed groupings | |||||
| Proto-languages | |||||
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||
This page was last edited on 23 July 2023, at 19:04