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Katzenellenbogen

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The surname Katzenellenbogen originated in the Rhineland, Germany. The surname is derived from the County of Katzenelnbogen and the Castle Katzenelnbogen. The origin of the name may come from Chatti Melibokus. Chatti Melibokus is an old tribe who reside in the southern part of the mountains in the Bergstraße region, which is part of Hesse in Germany.

Notable people with this surname include:

William III of England who was a Prince of Orange obtained the title Katzenelnbogen. The King of the Netherlands and the Duke of Luxembourg have the title "Count of Katzenelnbogen".

Derivative forms of the original name include Katsenelenbogen, Catzenellenbogen, Elbogen, and Katz.

In popular culture

YouTube Encyclopedic

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  • Interesting People #1005 "Benita S. Katzenellenbogen, Ph.D."
  • Our Sensory Systems explained by occupational therapist Nicole Katzenellenbogen
  • All about Motor Planning with occupational therapist Nicole Katzenellenbogen and Clamber Club

Transcription

LET'S LISTEN IN AS ED VISIT IS WITH BENITA KATZENELLENBOGEN, WITH BENITA KATZENELLENBOGEN, PH.D., PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY PH.D., PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY AND CELL BIOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF AND CELL BIOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN. ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN. YOUR BACKGROUND IS IN WHAT YOUR BACKGROUND IS IN WHAT FIELD? FIELD? WHERE DID THIS BEGIN? WHERE DID THIS BEGIN? >> YEAH, SO, WELL AS YOU KNOW, I >> YEAH, SO, WELL AS YOU KNOW, I AM A PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY AM A PROFESSOR AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS WHERE I HAVE BEEN OF ILLINOIS WHERE I HAVE BEEN MORE THAN 30 YEARS. MORE THAN 30 YEARS. AND MY INTERESTS REALLY ARE IN, AND MY INTERESTS REALLY ARE IN, ASIDE FROM TEACHING STUDENTS, ASIDE FROM TEACHING STUDENTS, ALSO RUN AS REACTIVE RESEARCH ALSO RUN AS REACTIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM. PROGRAM. I'D SAY OUR MAJOR INTERESTS ARE I'D SAY OUR MAJOR INTERESTS ARE IN UNDERSTANDING AND IMPROVING IN UNDERSTANDING AND IMPROVING WOMEN'S HEALTH AND IN WOMEN'S HEALTH AND IN PARTICULAR, HAVE HAD A LONG PARTICULAR, HAVE HAD A LONG INTEREST IN BREAST CANCER, AND INTEREST IN BREAST CANCER, AND IN IMPROVING APPROACHES TO IN IMPROVING APPROACHES TO TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF BREAST CANCER AND IMPROVING BREAST CANCER AND IMPROVING TREATMENT EFFICACY THROUGH TREATMENT EFFICACY THROUGH RESEARCH THAT WE ARE DOING AND RESEARCH THAT WE ARE DOING AND SORT OF -- AND ALSO ASPECTS OF SORT OF -- AND ALSO ASPECTS OF REPRODUCTION, FEMALE REPRODUCTION, FEMALE REPRODUCTION, AND HOW WE CAN REPRODUCTION, AND HOW WE CAN IMPROVE FERTILITY. IMPROVE FERTILITY. WE ARE DOING WORK ALSO IN WE ARE DOING WORK ALSO IN HORMONES AND THEIR INVOLVEMENT HORMONES AND THEIR INVOLVEMENT IN ENDOMITRIOSIS WHICH AFFECTS IN ENDOMITRIOSIS WHICH AFFECTS MANY YOUNG WOMEN AND AFFECTS MANY YOUNG WOMEN AND AFFECTS THEIR FERTILITY. THEIR FERTILITY. WE CAN TALK MORE ABOUT THAT IF WE CAN TALK MORE ABOUT THAT IF YOU'D LIKE. YOU'D LIKE. A LOT OF THINGS HAVE TIED MY A LOT OF THINGS HAVE TIED MY RESEARCH ASPECTS TOGETHER ARE RESEARCH ASPECTS TOGETHER ARE REALLY INTERESTS THIS HOW REALLY INTERESTS THIS HOW HORMONES WORK, AND IN PARTICULAR HORMONES WORK, AND IN PARTICULAR ESTROGENS, AND ESTROGEN ESTROGENS, AND ESTROGEN RECEPTORS WHICH PLAY AN RECEPTORS WHICH PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN VARIETY OF IMPORTANT ROLE IN VARIETY OF TISSUES IN WOMEN, AND MEN TISSUES IN WOMEN, AND MEN ACTUALLY, AND ALSO HOW THESE ACTUALLY, AND ALSO HOW THESE RECEPTORS ARE UTILIZED AND RECEPTORS ARE UTILIZED AND ALTERED IN TERMS OF THEIR ALTERED IN TERMS OF THEIR REGULATIONS IN CANCER, LIKE REGULATIONS IN CANCER, LIKE BREAST CANCER. BREAST CANCER. >>YOUR ACADEMIC BACKGROUND, BA, >>YOUR ACADEMIC BACKGROUND, BA, AND YOU HAVE MA AT HARVARD, AND AND YOU HAVE MA AT HARVARD, AND PH.D. THERE HARVARD IN POST DOC PH.D. THERE HARVARD IN POST DOC WORK. WORK. IN THOSE FIELDS OF ACADEMICS, IF IN THOSE FIELDS OF ACADEMICS, IF YOU COULD DESCRIBE THOSE, YOU COULD DESCRIBE THOSE, CHEMISTRY, ALTHOUGH YOUR CHEMISTRY, ALTHOUGH YOUR DAUGHTER IS AN MD. DAUGHTER IS AN MD. >>YES. >>YES. >>YOU HAVE A DAUGHTER THAT IS IN >>YOU HAVE A DAUGHTER THAT IS IN BUSINESS. BUSINESS. >>YES. >>YES. >>YOUR SPOUSE IS A PH.D. IN >>YOUR SPOUSE IS A PH.D. IN CHEMISTRY, LIKEWISE AT ILLINOIS. CHEMISTRY, LIKEWISE AT ILLINOIS. >>RIGHT. >>RIGHT. >>YOU HAVE A BIT OF GENETIC WEB >>YOU HAVE A BIT OF GENETIC WEB HERE THAT SOUNDS MORE CHEMISTRY HERE THAT SOUNDS MORE CHEMISTRY RATHER THAN -- RATHER THAN -- >>I'D SAY, WELL, ACTUALLY, YOU >>I'D SAY, WELL, ACTUALLY, YOU KNOW, I HAVE HAD A LONG INTEREST KNOW, I HAVE HAD A LONG INTEREST IN BIOMEDICAL ISSUES, AND OUR IN BIOMEDICAL ISSUES, AND OUR RESEARCH IS BIOMEDICAL CA CALLY RESEARCH IS BIOMEDICAL CA CALLY ORIENTED. ORIENTED. ALTHOUGH I DON'T HAVE MD DEGREE, ALTHOUGH I DON'T HAVE MD DEGREE, I TRY TO LEARN AS MUCH AS I CAN, I TRY TO LEARN AS MUCH AS I CAN, AND I WORK WITH MANY MD'S AS AND I WORK WITH MANY MD'S AS WELL AS PH.D.'S. WELL AS PH.D.'S. MY BACKGROUND AND TRAINING IS IN MY BACKGROUND AND TRAINING IS IN BIOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY, BIOLOGY, DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY, HOW TISSUES DEVELOPED AND HOW TISSUES DEVELOPED AND PARTICULARLY HORMONES PLAY PARTICULARLY HORMONES PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES IN DEVELOPMENT. IMPORTANT ROLES IN DEVELOPMENT. AND, IN FACT, IN CANCER, ONE HAS AND, IN FACT, IN CANCER, ONE HAS A TRANSITION FROM NORMAL CELLS A TRANSITION FROM NORMAL CELLS TO CANCER CELLS. TO CANCER CELLS. WE -- WHICH IS, IN A SENSE, A WE -- WHICH IS, IN A SENSE, A DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECT. DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECT. SO WE ARE INTERESTED IN CHANGES SO WE ARE INTERESTED IN CHANGES THAT OCCUR IN CELLS WHEN THEY GO THAT OCCUR IN CELLS WHEN THEY GO FROM NORMAL TO CANCER, AND FROM NORMAL TO CANCER, AND REALLY HOW WE MIGHT BE ABLE TO REALLY HOW WE MIGHT BE ABLE TO IMPACT SOME OF THESE CHANGES TO IMPACT SOME OF THESE CHANGES TO ARREST THEM BASICALLY. ARREST THEM BASICALLY. >>BUT ACADEMIC CREDENTIAL, PH.D. >>BUT ACADEMIC CREDENTIAL, PH.D. >>IN BIOLOGY. >>IN BIOLOGY. >>AND DISSERTATION WAS? >>AND DISSERTATION WAS? >> MY DISSERTATION ACTUALLY WAS >> MY DISSERTATION ACTUALLY WAS IN UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF IN UNDERSTANDING THE ROLE OF HORMONES IN INSECT DEVELOPMENT, HORMONES IN INSECT DEVELOPMENT, ACTUALLY DEVELOPMENT IN SILK ACTUALLY DEVELOPMENT IN SILK MOTHS. MOTHS. IT SEEMS VERY FAR AWAY FROM IT SEEMS VERY FAR AWAY FROM BREAST CANCER, YES. BREAST CANCER, YES. >>FAR AWAY FROM PEOPLE, IT SEEMS >>FAR AWAY FROM PEOPLE, IT SEEMS TO BE. TO BE. >>YES. >>YES. BUT, IN FACT, IT WAS GOOD BUT, IN FACT, IT WAS GOOD TRAINING FOR THE WORK THAT IN MY TRAINING FOR THE WORK THAT IN MY POST-DOC REALLY GOT ME INTO POST-DOC REALLY GOT ME INTO MAMILIAN HORMONES. MAMILIAN HORMONES. IN MY PH.D. WORK AT HARVARD, WE IN MY PH.D. WORK AT HARVARD, WE WERE STUDYING SILK MOTH WERE STUDYING SILK MOTH DEVELOPMENT WHICH IS A VERY DEVELOPMENT WHICH IS A VERY INTERESTING PROCESS THAT IS INTERESTING PROCESS THAT IS UNDER HORMONAL CONTROL OF TWO UNDER HORMONAL CONTROL OF TWO MAJOR HORMONES, ECDISOL, THAT MAJOR HORMONES, ECDISOL, THAT MUCH LARVAE AND CATERPILLARS, MUCH LARVAE AND CATERPILLARS, INTO THE MATURE ADULT OR ARREST INTO THE MATURE ADULT OR ARREST THEM AT DIFFERENT EARLIER THEM AT DIFFERENT EARLIER STAGES. STAGES. SO IT TURNS OUT THAT ACTUALLY SO IT TURNS OUT THAT ACTUALLY THE MECHANISM BY WHICH A DYSONE THE MECHANISM BY WHICH A DYSONE WORKS IS QUITE SIMILAR HOW SOME WORKS IS QUITE SIMILAR HOW SOME OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTION OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTION HORMONES IN WOMEN WORK. HORMONES IN WOMEN WORK. THEY ARE A PART OF A FAMILY OF THEY ARE A PART OF A FAMILY OF RECEPTORS. BUT IT WAS THROUGH RECEPTORS. BUT IT WAS THROUGH MY POST-DOCTORAL WORK WHEN I MY POST-DOCTORAL WORK WHEN I CAME TO ILLINOIS AND WORKED WITH CAME TO ILLINOIS AND WORKED WITH JACK GORSKI, A VERY WELL-KNOWN JACK GORSKI, A VERY WELL-KNOWN SCIENTIST, WHO ALONG WITH SCIENTIST, WHO ALONG WITH ELLWOOD JENSEN, HAD IDENTIFIED ELLWOOD JENSEN, HAD IDENTIFIED RECEPTORS FOR THE ESTROGEN RECEPTORS FOR THE ESTROGEN HORMONE. HORMONE. ESTROGEN IS REALLY A SMALL ESTROGEN IS REALLY A SMALL MOLECULE, AND IT DOESN'T REALLY MOLECULE, AND IT DOESN'T REALLY HAVE A LOT OF INFORMATION IN IT HAVE A LOT OF INFORMATION IN IT UNTIL IT BINDS TO A LARGER UNTIL IT BINDS TO A LARGER PROTEIN, THIS RECEPTOR. PROTEIN, THIS RECEPTOR. SO ESTROGEN RECEPTORS ARE REALLY SO ESTROGEN RECEPTORS ARE REALLY WHAT DRIVES PROLIFERATION OF WHAT DRIVES PROLIFERATION OF BREAST CANCERS. BREAST CANCERS. THEY ALSO ARE VERY IMPORTANT IN THEY ALSO ARE VERY IMPORTANT IN FERTILITY. FERTILITY. ESTROGEN IS UNWITH OF THE TWO ESTROGEN IS UNWITH OF THE TWO MAJOR HORMONES THAT IS REALLY MAJOR HORMONES THAT IS REALLY REQUIRED FOR FERTILITY IN REQUIRED FOR FERTILITY IN FEMALES, AND IT ALSO PLAYS AN FEMALES, AND IT ALSO PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MAINTENANCE IMPORTANT ROLE IN MAINTENANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF MANY TISSUES AND DEVELOPMENT OF MANY TISSUES LIKE THE UTERUS WHICH IS LIKE THE UTERUS WHICH IS ESSENTIAL FOR PREGNANCY ESSENTIAL FOR PREGNANCY MAINTENANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF MAINTENANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE YOUNG CHILD AND IS ALSO THE YOUNG CHILD AND IS ALSO IMPORTANT IN MAINTENANCE OF IMPORTANT IN MAINTENANCE OF BONE. BONE. IT ALSO PLAYS ROLES IN THE IT ALSO PLAYS ROLES IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. NERVOUS SYSTEM. SO IT IMPACTS ON -- THERE IS SO IT IMPACTS ON -- THERE IS EVIDENCE THAT ESTROGENS PLAY EVIDENCE THAT ESTROGENS PLAY ROLES IN COGNITION FOR EXAMPLE. ROLES IN COGNITION FOR EXAMPLE. SO WHEN NATURAL LEVELS OF SO WHEN NATURAL LEVELS OF ESTROGEN DECLINE AT MENOPAUSE, ESTROGEN DECLINE AT MENOPAUSE, WHEN OVARY STOPPED PRODUCING WHEN OVARY STOPPED PRODUCING ESTROGEN, THEY ARE THE MAJOR ESTROGEN, THEY ARE THE MAJOR SOURCE OF ESTROGEN. SOURCE OF ESTROGEN. THERE ARE MUCH LOWER LEVELS OF THERE ARE MUCH LOWER LEVELS OF ESTROGEN IN POST MENOPAUSAL ESTROGEN IN POST MENOPAUSAL WOMEN, BUT THERE THERE ARE SOME. WOMEN, BUT THERE THERE ARE SOME. SO THEN ONE HAS ISSUES OF LOSS SO THEN ONE HAS ISSUES OF LOSS OF BONE MASS, FOR EXAMPLE, AND OF BONE MASS, FOR EXAMPLE, AND THINGS LIKE THAT. THINGS LIKE THAT. >>I AM NOT SURE THAT I >>I AM NOT SURE THAT I UNDERSTAND THE ENTIRE LANDSCAPE. UNDERSTAND THE ENTIRE LANDSCAPE. BUT I AM REALLY KIND OF BUT I AM REALLY KIND OF INTERESTED IN DETERMINING HOW INTERESTED IN DETERMINING HOW THIS BEGAN BENITA, AT WHAT POINT THIS BEGAN BENITA, AT WHAT POINT IN YOUR LIFE SPAN DID YOU IN YOUR LIFE SPAN DID YOU REALIZE THIS WAS SOMETHING, AS A REALIZE THIS WAS SOMETHING, AS A TEEN-AGER? TEEN-AGER? >> YES. >> YES. >>AS A YOUTH? >>AS A YOUTH? >> I THINK THAT I ALWAYS FOUND >> I THINK THAT I ALWAYS FOUND SCIENCE VERY INTERESTING. SCIENCE VERY INTERESTING. SO I THINK THAT I HAD MANY SO I THINK THAT I HAD MANY PHYSICIANS IN MY FAMILY. PHYSICIANS IN MY FAMILY. MY FATHER WAS A LAWYER, AND MY FATHER WAS A LAWYER, AND PATENT ATTORNEY IN NEW YORK PATENT ATTORNEY IN NEW YORK CITY. CITY. SO HE WAS NOT -- HE WAS ONE OF SO HE WAS NOT -- HE WAS ONE OF THE FEW MAYBE WHO WAS NOT A THE FEW MAYBE WHO WAS NOT A PHYSICIAN, IN FACT! PHYSICIAN, IN FACT! MY MOTHER WAS A SCHOOLTEACHER MY MOTHER WAS A SCHOOLTEACHER AND SPECIALIZED PARTICULARLY IN AND SPECIALIZED PARTICULARLY IN HELPING YOUNG CHILDREN TO LEARN HELPING YOUNG CHILDREN TO LEARN HOW TO READ. HOW TO READ. SO I ALWAYS REALLY ENJOYED SO I ALWAYS REALLY ENJOYED SCIENCE. SCIENCE. >>EVEN AS A TEEN-AGER? >>EVEN AS A TEEN-AGER? >> YES, EVEN EARLIER, I THINK. >> YES, EVEN EARLIER, I THINK. >>THERE WAS A TIPPING POINT, A >>THERE WAS A TIPPING POINT, A MOMENT IN YOUR LIFE SPAN WHERE MOMENT IN YOUR LIFE SPAN WHERE YOU STAYED "GEE, I WOULD LIKE TO YOU STAYED "GEE, I WOULD LIKE TO BE A RESEARCH" I MAY REFER YOU BE A RESEARCH" I MAY REFER YOU AS RESEARCH CHEMIST IN PART? AS RESEARCH CHEMIST IN PART? >> NOT A CHEMIST, BUT RESEARCH >> NOT A CHEMIST, BUT RESEARCH BIOLOGIST. BIOLOGIST. >>WHEN DID THIS REALLY FEATHER >>WHEN DID THIS REALLY FEATHER YOU FOR THIS PROFESSION? YOU FOR THIS PROFESSION? >> I GUESS WHEN I STARTED IN >> I GUESS WHEN I STARTED IN COLLEGE, I KNEW THAT I WANTED TO COLLEGE, I KNEW THAT I WANTED TO BE A BIOLOGY MAJOR, AND I ALSO BE A BIOLOGY MAJOR, AND I ALSO TOOK A LOT OF CHEMISTRY WHICH TOOK A LOT OF CHEMISTRY WHICH WAS IMPORTANT FOR BIOLOGY. WAS IMPORTANT FOR BIOLOGY. I THINK AT THAT TIME MY THOUGHT I THINK AT THAT TIME MY THOUGHT WAS WHEN I STARTED COLLEGE, THAT WAS WHEN I STARTED COLLEGE, THAT I WOULD BE A PROFESSOR OR A I WOULD BE A PROFESSOR OR A TEACHER, BUT I THINK AS I TEACHER, BUT I THINK AS I INCREASINGLY TOOK CLASSES AND INCREASINGLY TOOK CLASSES AND STARTED TO DO REAL LAB WORK, I STARTED TO DO REAL LAB WORK, I REALIZED THAT I REALLY FOUND REALIZED THAT I REALLY FOUND RESEARCH VERY, VERY INTRIGUING. RESEARCH VERY, VERY INTRIGUING. >>IT IS MORE OF AN INTROVERTED >>IT IS MORE OF AN INTROVERTED ACTIVITY THAN TEACHING? ACTIVITY THAN TEACHING? >> IN CERTAIN WAYS, BUT, IN >> IN CERTAIN WAYS, BUT, IN FACT, I THINK THAT THAT'S WHAT FACT, I THINK THAT THAT'S WHAT ONE MIGHT IMAGINE. ONE MIGHT IMAGINE. BUT, IN FACT, TO DO GOOD BUT, IN FACT, TO DO GOOD RESEARCH, IT DOES TAKE RESEARCH, IT DOES TAKE INDIVIDUAL THINKING AND INDIVIDUAL THINKING AND CREATIVITY ABOUT WHAT ARE THE CREATIVITY ABOUT WHAT ARE THE MAJOR PROBLEMS, WHAT ARE THE MAJOR PROBLEMS, WHAT ARE THE ISSUES WE NEED TO CONSIDER, WHAT ISSUES WE NEED TO CONSIDER, WHAT DO WE KNOW FROM OTHER PEOPLE'S DO WE KNOW FROM OTHER PEOPLE'S WORK, AND WHAT ARE THE QUESTIONS WORK, AND WHAT ARE THE QUESTIONS THAT EL -- I ARE CRITICAL FOR THAT EL -- I ARE CRITICAL FOR EXAMPLE, IN OVERCOMING SOME OF EXAMPLE, IN OVERCOMING SOME OF THE OBSTACLES IN BREAST CANCER THE OBSTACLES IN BREAST CANCER TREATMENT, FOR EXAMPLE. TREATMENT, FOR EXAMPLE. BUT I THINK THAT THERE IS AN BUT I THINK THAT THERE IS AN INDIVIDUAL ASPECT, BUT THERE IS INDIVIDUAL ASPECT, BUT THERE IS ALSO A VERY COLLABORATIVE. ALSO A VERY COLLABORATIVE. >>TEAM ORIENTED. >>TEAM ORIENTED. >>AND TEAM ORIENTED ACTIVITY. >>AND TEAM ORIENTED ACTIVITY. SO REALLY MUCH OF WHAT WE HAVE SO REALLY MUCH OF WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED HAS BEEN NOT JUST MY LEARNED HAS BEEN NOT JUST MY IDEAS, BUT IDEAS THAT PEOPLE WHO IDEAS, BUT IDEAS THAT PEOPLE WHO HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH MY HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH MY LAB, MANY OF THEM ARE NOW LAB, MANY OF THEM ARE NOW PROFESSORS ON THEIR OWN OR WORK PROFESSORS ON THEIR OWN OR WORK IN PHARMACEUTICAL OR BIO IN PHARMACEUTICAL OR BIO TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY AND ARE TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY AND ARE DOING VERY INTERESTING WORK IN DOING VERY INTERESTING WORK IN CANCER RESEARCH OR OTHER CANCER RESEARCH OR OTHER ASPECTS. ASPECTS. >>IT HAS ALWAYS INTRIGUED ME IN >>IT HAS ALWAYS INTRIGUED ME IN TERMS OF LARGE UNIVERSITIES, AS TERMS OF LARGE UNIVERSITIES, AS PRODUCERS OF INFORMATION, VERSUS PRODUCERS OF INFORMATION, VERSUS THE COLLEGE, SMALL COLLEGE WOULD THE COLLEGE, SMALL COLLEGE WOULD BE A TRANSMITTAL OPPORTUNITY FOR BE A TRANSMITTAL OPPORTUNITY FOR INFORMATION. INFORMATION. >>YES. >>YES. >>SO IS IT DIFFICULT FOR YOU, >>SO IS IT DIFFICULT FOR YOU, WITH YOUR ACADEMIC EXPERTISE AND WITH YOUR ACADEMIC EXPERTISE AND EXPERIENCE, TO ADDRESS THOSE EXPERIENCE, TO ADDRESS THOSE SAME ISSUES TO A VERY YOUNG SAME ISSUES TO A VERY YOUNG STUDENT WHO IS JUST STARTING IN STUDENT WHO IS JUST STARTING IN THE PROFESSION? THE PROFESSION? IS IT BORING TO TEACH WHEN YOU IS IT BORING TO TEACH WHEN YOU ARE TALKING TO A ROOKIE ABOUT ARE TALKING TO A ROOKIE ABOUT SOMETHING? SOMETHING? >> NO, ACTUALLY I THINK ONE OF >> NO, ACTUALLY I THINK ONE OF THE REALLY NICE THINGS ABOUT A THE REALLY NICE THINGS ABOUT A CAREER AS A SCIENTIST AT A CAREER AS A SCIENTIST AT A UNIVERSITY AS OPPOSE TO A UNIVERSITY AS OPPOSE TO A RESEARCH INSTITUTE IS THAT YOU RESEARCH INSTITUTE IS THAT YOU CAN IMPACT THE NEXT GENERATION CAN IMPACT THE NEXT GENERATION OF PEOPLE WHO BECOME SCIENTISTS OF PEOPLE WHO BECOME SCIENTISTS OR BECOME PHYSICIANS OR DO OR BECOME PHYSICIANS OR DO BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH. BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH. I THINK THAT THE PEOPLE WHO I THINK THAT THE PEOPLE WHO STARTED OUT AT UNIVERSITIES AND STARTED OUT AT UNIVERSITIES AND HAVE INTERESTS AS SCIENCE MAJORS HAVE INTERESTS AS SCIENCE MAJORS OR AT LEAST LIKELY THINK THEY T, OR AT LEAST LIKELY THINK THEY T, ARE QUITE BRIGHT AND EAGER TO ARE QUITE BRIGHT AND EAGER TO LEARN AND CREATIVE. LEARN AND CREATIVE. THEY DON'T COME IN WITH ANY THEY DON'T COME IN WITH ANY BIASES IN A WAY. BIASES IN A WAY. I ALSO, I MEAN MUCH OF MY I ALSO, I MEAN MUCH OF MY TEACHING HAS BEEN UPPER TEACHING HAS BEEN UPPER UNDERGRADUATE LEVELS AND UNDERGRADUATE LEVELS AND GRADUATE STUDENT AND MEDICAL GRADUATE STUDENT AND MEDICAL STUDENT TRAINING. STUDENT TRAINING. SO AT THOSE LEVELS, GENERALLY SO AT THOSE LEVELS, GENERALLY PEOPLE HAVE A PRETTY GOOD IDEA PEOPLE HAVE A PRETTY GOOD IDEA OF WHAT THEY -- YOU KNOW, OF A OF WHAT THEY -- YOU KNOW, OF A COMMITMENT TO CAREER OF SOME COMMITMENT TO CAREER OF SOME SORT IN SCIENCE. SORT IN SCIENCE. SO IT IS A MIX OF TRANSMITTING SO IT IS A MIX OF TRANSMITTING INFORMATION, GETTING FEEDBACK IN INFORMATION, GETTING FEEDBACK IN THE WAY OF QUESTIONS FROM THE WAY OF QUESTIONS FROM STUDENTS AND ALSO RUNNING A VERY STUDENTS AND ALSO RUNNING A VERY ACTIVE LAB THAT INCLUDES ACTIVE LAB THAT INCLUDES UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS WHO WANT UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS WHO WANT TO GET SOME IDEA OF WHAT TO GET SOME IDEA OF WHAT RESEARCH IS ALL ABOUT. RESEARCH IS ALL ABOUT. MEDICAL STUDENTS WHO MAY WANT TO MEDICAL STUDENTS WHO MAY WANT TO DO A MIX OF RESEARCH AND SEEING DO A MIX OF RESEARCH AND SEEING PATIENTS AND SOME PEOPLE WHO MAY PATIENTS AND SOME PEOPLE WHO MAY WANT TO DO 100% OF THEIR CAREER WANT TO DO 100% OF THEIR CAREER THIS RESEARCH. THIS RESEARCH. >>GETTING THE ISSUE OF RESEARCH >>GETTING THE ISSUE OF RESEARCH FOR A SECOND, IS THERE SOME FOR A SECOND, IS THERE SOME TENSION BETWEEN THE PURE TENSION BETWEEN THE PURE RESEARCH AND THE COMMERCIAL RESEARCH AND THE COMMERCIAL RESEARCH? RESEARCH? THAT IS, IS THERE A PUSH BY THE THAT IS, IS THERE A PUSH BY THE PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES TO PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES TO PRODUCE PANACEA, A DRUG, A PRODUCE PANACEA, A DRUG, A SOMETHING THAT IS MARKETABLE SOMETHING THAT IS MARKETABLE VERSUS THE PURE ACADEMIC VERSUS THE PURE ACADEMIC APPROACH WHICH HAS A DIFFERENT APPROACH WHICH HAS A DIFFERENT MISSION? MISSION? IS THERE THE TENSION THERE IS THERE THE TENSION THERE BETWEEN THE MD ANDERSON PURE BETWEEN THE MD ANDERSON PURE DELIVERY OF MEDICAL SERVICES DELIVERY OF MEDICAL SERVICES AND, YET, FINDING A CURE THAT IS AND, YET, FINDING A CURE THAT IS COMMERCIALLY ADVANTAGEOUS? COMMERCIALLY ADVANTAGEOUS? >> WELL, I THINK THAT AT THE >> WELL, I THINK THAT AT THE UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE OF MEDICINE, WHICH I HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WHICH I HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH THE WHOLE TIME I HAVE BEEN WITH THE WHOLE TIME I HAVE BEEN AT ILLINOIS, I THINK THAT ONE AT ILLINOIS, I THINK THAT ONE HAS THE ABILITY TO PRETTY MUCH HAS THE ABILITY TO PRETTY MUCH WORK ON WHATEVER YOU FIND WORK ON WHATEVER YOU FIND INTERESTING, THAT IS FUNDABLE BY INTERESTING, THAT IS FUNDABLE BY SOME FUNDING AGENCY BECAUSE IT SOME FUNDING AGENCY BECAUSE IT ACTUALLY IS VERY EXPENSIVE TO DO ACTUALLY IS VERY EXPENSIVE TO DO RESEARCH. RESEARCH. IT REQUIRES EXPENSIVE IT REQUIRES EXPENSIVE INSTRUMENTATION BECAUSE THE INSTRUMENTATION BECAUSE THE TECHNOLOGIES THAT ARE UTILIZED TECHNOLOGIES THAT ARE UTILIZED NOW TO UNDERSTAND THE GENOMICS NOW TO UNDERSTAND THE GENOMICS OF CANCER, THE NATURE, SUB OF CANCER, THE NATURE, SUB TYPING OF BREAST CANCERS, FOR TYPING OF BREAST CANCERS, FOR EXAMPLE, REQUIRE THOROUGHLY EXAMPLE, REQUIRE THOROUGHLY EXPENSIVE INSTRUMENTATION. EXPENSIVE INSTRUMENTATION. IT REQUIRES PEOPLE TO DO THE IT REQUIRES PEOPLE TO DO THE EXPERIMENTS, AND I THINK THAT EXPERIMENTS, AND I THINK THAT MUCH OF THE FUNDING COMES FROM MUCH OF THE FUNDING COMES FROM THE GOVERNMENT USUALLY, NATIONAL THE GOVERNMENT USUALLY, NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH OR DEFENSE INSTITUTES OF HEALTH OR DEFENSE THAT HAS FUNDING. THAT HAS FUNDING. BUT A SIGNIFICANT AND VERY, VERY BUT A SIGNIFICANT AND VERY, VERY IMPORTANT PORTION OF THAT COMES IMPORTANT PORTION OF THAT COMES FROM FOUNDATIONS LIKE THE SUSAN FROM FOUNDATIONS LIKE THE SUSAN G KOMEN WHICH SUPPORTS, I THINK, G KOMEN WHICH SUPPORTS, I THINK, YOU KNOW GOOD RESEARCH IDEAS. YOU KNOW GOOD RESEARCH IDEAS. PEOPLE WHO HAVE BEEN PRODUCTIVE PEOPLE WHO HAVE BEEN PRODUCTIVE OR LOOK VERY PROMISING IN TERMS OR LOOK VERY PROMISING IN TERMS OF WHAT THEY PROPOSE TO DO, AND OF WHAT THEY PROPOSE TO DO, AND IN SCIENCE, AS IN ANY FIELD, ONE IN SCIENCE, AS IN ANY FIELD, ONE HAS OUTCOMES THAT CAN BE HAS OUTCOMES THAT CAN BE ASSESSED IN A SENSE WHICH IS ASSESSED IN A SENSE WHICH IS USUALLY PUBLICATIONS, INFLUENCE USUALLY PUBLICATIONS, INFLUENCE IN TERMS OF TRANSLATIONAL -- IN TERMS OF TRANSLATIONAL -- TRANSLATING THE INFORMATION TO TRANSLATING THE INFORMATION TO BETTER TREATMENTS IN THE CLINIC BETTER TREATMENTS IN THE CLINIC WHICH IS REALLY WHAT I, AND I WHICH IS REALLY WHAT I, AND I THINK MANY OTHERS, HOPE TO DO THINK MANY OTHERS, HOPE TO DO EVEN THOUGH OUR RESEARCH MIGHT EVEN THOUGH OUR RESEARCH MIGHT BE VIEWED AS BASIC/TRANSLATION BE VIEWED AS BASIC/TRANSLATION AL. AL. IN OTHER WORDS, I DON'T DO IN OTHER WORDS, I DON'T DO CLINICAL WORK PER SE, BUT WE DO CLINICAL WORK PER SE, BUT WE DO WORK WITH CLINICAL MATERIAL IN WORK WITH CLINICAL MATERIAL IN CONJUNCTION WITH PHYSICIANS, CONJUNCTION WITH PHYSICIANS, EITHER LOCALLY OR EITHER LOCALLY OR INTERNATIONALLY. INTERNATIONALLY. AND SCIENCE NOW IS REALLY A BIG AND SCIENCE NOW IS REALLY A BIG INTERNATIONAL CONSORTIUM, I INTERNATIONAL CONSORTIUM, I WOULD SAY, OF SCIENTISTS IN WOULD SAY, OF SCIENTISTS IN DIFFERENT AREAS WHO WORK DIFFERENT AREAS WHO WORK TOGETHER OFTEN ON DIFFERENT, BUT TOGETHER OFTEN ON DIFFERENT, BUT RELATED ASPECTS TO MOVE THE RELATED ASPECTS TO MOVE THE FIELD FORWARD IN MORE EFFECTIVE FIELD FORWARD IN MORE EFFECTIVE WAYS THAN ANY OF US COULD DO WAYS THAN ANY OF US COULD DO INDIVIDUALLY. INDIVIDUALLY. >>PUBLICATIONS, YOU MENTIONED >>PUBLICATIONS, YOU MENTIONED PUBLICATIONS. PUBLICATIONS. HOW MANY CHAPTERS, PUBLICATIONS, HOW MANY CHAPTERS, PUBLICATIONS, HOW MANY HAVE YOU AUTHORED? HOW MANY HAVE YOU AUTHORED? >> MORE THAN 300. >> MORE THAN 300. >>AND THIS IS A CONCURRENT >>AND THIS IS A CONCURRENT ACTIVITY WITH YOUR RESEARCH OR ACTIVITY WITH YOUR RESEARCH OR IS IT ADJUNCT, A PRODUCT OF YOUR IS IT ADJUNCT, A PRODUCT OF YOUR RESEARCH? RESEARCH? >> I WOULD SAY IT IS A PRODUCT >> I WOULD SAY IT IS A PRODUCT AND IMPORTANT PRODUCT OF AND IMPORTANT PRODUCT OF RESEARCH BECAUSE IT BECOMES A RESEARCH BECAUSE IT BECOMES A PERMANENT RECORD FOR OF PERMANENT RECORD FOR OF INFORMATION FOR ANYONE THAT INFORMATION FOR ANYONE THAT WANTS TO KNOW ABOUT THAT TOPIC. WANTS TO KNOW ABOUT THAT TOPIC. >>WHERE IS THIS GOING TO BE IN >>WHERE IS THIS GOING TO BE IN THE NEXT FIVE, TEN, 20 YEARS, DO THE NEXT FIVE, TEN, 20 YEARS, DO YOU HAVE ANY IDEA? YOU HAVE ANY IDEA? >> WELL, I THINK IN ADDITION TO >> WELL, I THINK IN ADDITION TO PUBLICATIONS NOW, PEOPLE ALSO PUBLICATIONS NOW, PEOPLE ALSO ARE PUTTING INTO PUBLIC DATA ARE PUTTING INTO PUBLIC DATA BASES THE INFORMATION FROM THEIR BASES THE INFORMATION FROM THEIR EXPERIMENTS. EXPERIMENTS. IN OTHER WORDS, FROM ANALYSES OF IN OTHER WORDS, FROM ANALYSES OF VARIOUS BREAST CANCERS BEFORE VARIOUS BREAST CANCERS BEFORE TREATMENT, DURING TREATMENT, AND TREATMENT, DURING TREATMENT, AND AFTER OR WHEN RECURRENCE MIGHT AFTER OR WHEN RECURRENCE MIGHT OCCUR OR DOESN'T, PEOPLE ARE OCCUR OR DOESN'T, PEOPLE ARE ASSESSING THE PROPERTIES OF ASSESSING THE PROPERTIES OF THESE CANCER CELLS AND THAT DATA THESE CANCER CELLS AND THAT DATA IS NOW GOING INTO BIG DATA IS NOW GOING INTO BIG DATA BASES. BASES. SO THAT INFORMATION ON SO THAT INFORMATION ON CHARACTERISTICS OF TUMORS, FOR CHARACTERISTICS OF TUMORS, FOR EXAMPLE, THAT MIGHT SLOW EXAMPLE, THAT MIGHT SLOW REMISSION IN RESPONSE TO CERTAIN REMISSION IN RESPONSE TO CERTAIN TREATMENTS CAN BE LOOKED AT FROM TREATMENTS CAN BE LOOKED AT FROM DATA BASES THAT MIGHT COME FROM DATA BASES THAT MIGHT COME FROM UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AND MIGHT UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AND MIGHT COME FROM BRUSSELS, BELGIUM, AND COME FROM BRUSSELS, BELGIUM, AND PARIS, FRANCE, AND VARIOUS OTHER PARIS, FRANCE, AND VARIOUS OTHER PLACES, UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, PLACES, UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, AND ALL OF THAT THEN CAN BE AND ALL OF THAT THEN CAN BE INTEGRATED AND FURTHER MINED IN INTEGRATED AND FURTHER MINED IN A SENSE. A SENSE. PEOPLE USE DATA MINING AS AN PEOPLE USE DATA MINING AS AN EXPRESSION, SO THAT YOU CAN EXPRESSION, SO THAT YOU CAN REALLY MAKE THE MOST OF THE REALLY MAKE THE MOST OF THE INFORMATION. INFORMATION. SO IN OTHER WORDS, EACH PERSON SO IN OTHER WORDS, EACH PERSON MAYBE COLLECTING DATA ON 200 MAYBE COLLECTING DATA ON 200 SAMPLES, BUT WHEN YOU GET THIS SAMPLES, BUT WHEN YOU GET THIS FROM DIFFERENT RESEARCH FROM DIFFERENT RESEARCH INSTITUTES, YOU THEN GET MUCH INSTITUTES, YOU THEN GET MUCH LARGER DATA SETS AND LARGER DATA SETS AND COMMONALITIES CAN BECOME MUCH COMMONALITIES CAN BECOME MUCH MORE CLEARER. MORE CLEARER. >>REMAKE THE REAL WHEEL THIS. >>REMAKE THE REAL WHEEL THIS. >>YES. >>YES. >>YOU CAN START AT THE FIFTH >>YOU CAN START AT THE FIFTH FLOOR, RATHER THAN THE BASEMENT. FLOOR, RATHER THAN THE BASEMENT. >>YES EX EXACTLY. >>YES EX EXACTLY. >>A RELATIONSHIP, AS A >>A RELATIONSHIP, AS A COLLEAGUE, MALCOLM PIKE, A COLLEAGUE, MALCOLM PIKE, A STATISTICIAN, SO THAT USING STATISTICIAN, SO THAT USING NUMBERS, I THINK OF THE NUMBERS, I THINK OF THE APPLICATION OF ALGORITHMS, HOW APPLICATION OF ALGORITHMS, HOW WE BUY FOOD, EVERYTHING WE DO, WE BUY FOOD, EVERYTHING WE DO, THAT THE APPLICATION OF MALCOLM THAT THE APPLICATION OF MALCOLM PIKE'S DATA BASE AND STATISTICS PIKE'S DATA BASE AND STATISTICS WHEN BLENDING WITH YOUR RESULTS WHEN BLENDING WITH YOUR RESULTS TENDS TO MAKE BETTER PRODUCT TENDS TO MAKE BETTER PRODUCT PERHAPS. PERHAPS. >>YES, AIMING TOWARD THE >>YES, AIMING TOWARD THE OBJECTIVE OF SEEKING A CURE. OBJECTIVE OF SEEKING A CURE. >>YEAH. >>YEAH. RELATED TO THAT, I WOULD SAY, RELATED TO THAT, I WOULD SAY, ALSO, WILL THAT IT HAS BECOME ALSO, WILL THAT IT HAS BECOME CLEAR THAT WHEN THERE ARE SOME CLEAR THAT WHEN THERE ARE SOME DIFFERENCES IN BREAST CANCERS DIFFERENCES IN BREAST CANCERS FOR EXAMPLE, IN DIFFERENT FOR EXAMPLE, IN DIFFERENT POPULATIONS. POPULATIONS. SO THERE MAYBE DIFFERENCES, FOR SO THERE MAYBE DIFFERENCES, FOR EXAMPLE, IN SCANDINAVIAN, VERSUS EXAMPLE, IN SCANDINAVIAN, VERSUS ASIAN WOMEN, VERSUS YOU IS -- ASIAN WOMEN, VERSUS YOU IS -- VERSUS US WOMEN, BACKGROUND IS VERSUS US WOMEN, BACKGROUND IS DIFFERENT, AND GENETICS IS A KEY DIFFERENT, AND GENETICS IS A KEY FACTOR IN CANCER, CANCER RISK, FACTOR IN CANCER, CANCER RISK, YOU KNOW, SO THE PROPERTIES OF YOU KNOW, SO THE PROPERTIES OF THE CANCERS AND SO ON. THE CANCERS AND SO ON. SO I THINK THAT FROM SOME OF SO I THINK THAT FROM SOME OF THESE LARGE STUDIES, IT HAS THESE LARGE STUDIES, IT HAS BECOME CLEAR THAT THERE ARE SOME BECOME CLEAR THAT THERE ARE SOME DIFFERENCES IN CANCERS THAT DIFFERENCES IN CANCERS THAT MAYBE ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT MAYBE ASSOCIATED WITH DIFFERENT ETHNICITIES, DIFFERENT ETHNICITIES, DIFFERENT BACKGROUNDS. BACKGROUNDS. >>SO THE RESULTS THAT YOU >>SO THE RESULTS THAT YOU ACHIEVE, DEPENDING ON THE ACHIEVE, DEPENDING ON THE POPULATION YOU ARE DRAWING FROM, POPULATION YOU ARE DRAWING FROM, BEING QUITE DIFFERENT FROM THOSE BEING QUITE DIFFERENT FROM THOSE FOR PEOPLE LOCATED IN SOUTH FOR PEOPLE LOCATED IN SOUTH AFRICA OR DENMARK, OR ASIA? AFRICA OR DENMARK, OR ASIA? >> YES. >> YES. >>HOW DO YOU EVER COME TO FIGURE >>HOW DO YOU EVER COME TO FIGURE THIS OUT? THIS OUT? >> WELL, I THINK WHAT HAS COME >> WELL, I THINK WHAT HAS COME OUT FROM THESE ANALYSES IS THAT OUT FROM THESE ANALYSES IS THAT THERE ARE FAR MORE COMMONALITIES THERE ARE FAR MORE COMMONALITIES THAN DIFFERENCES. THAN DIFFERENCES. SO I THINK THAT THERE CERTAINLY SO I THINK THAT THERE CERTAINLY ARE SOME DIFFERENCES, BUT OVER ARE SOME DIFFERENCES, BUT OVER ALL REMARKABLE. ALL REMARKABLE. >>SOME CONSISTENCIES. >>SOME CONSISTENCIES. >>A LOT OF CONSISTENCIES EVEN >>A LOT OF CONSISTENCIES EVEN THOUGH I AM LOCATED THIS THOUGH I AM LOCATED THIS CHAMPAIGN-URBANA, I MAY RECEIVE CHAMPAIGN-URBANA, I MAY RECEIVE MATERIALS FROM PEOPLE IN MATERIALS FROM PEOPLE IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD FOR DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE WORLD FOR ANALYSIS OF CERTAIN ASPECTS THAT ANALYSIS OF CERTAIN ASPECTS THAT WE ARE SPECIALISTS ON. WE ARE SPECIALISTS ON. WHERE YOU ARE DOESN'T WHERE YOU ARE DOESN'T NECESSARILY COMPLETELY DEFINE NECESSARILY COMPLETELY DEFINE THE PATIENT POPULATION. THE PATIENT POPULATION. SO, FOR EXAMPLE, EVEN MD SO, FOR EXAMPLE, EVEN MD ANDERSON OR SLOAN KET ERRING R ANDERSON OR SLOAN KET ERRING R OR WHO KNOWS WHAT, DON'T JUST OR WHO KNOWS WHAT, DON'T JUST GET PEOPLE FROM NEW YORK CITY, GET PEOPLE FROM NEW YORK CITY, OR HOUSTON. OR HOUSTON. THERE ARE PEOPLE FROM ALL OVER THERE ARE PEOPLE FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD WHO GO TO THOSE THE WORLD WHO GO TO THOSE CENTERS. CENTERS. BUT I THINK THE ISSUE OF BUT I THINK THE ISSUE OF GENETICS OF THE INDIVIDUAL HAS A GENETICS OF THE INDIVIDUAL HAS A BIG IMPACT ON CANCER CERTAINLY. BIG IMPACT ON CANCER CERTAINLY. >>AS A LAY PERSON, CHALLENGE >>AS A LAY PERSON, CHALLENGE THIS IS MORE OF A QUESTION, IS THIS IS MORE OF A QUESTION, IS IT THE SUPREME CHALLENGE TO COME IT THE SUPREME CHALLENGE TO COME OUT WITH ONE SOLUTION OR OUT WITH ONE SOLUTION OR MULTIPLE SOLUTIONS, MULTIPLE MULTIPLE SOLUTIONS, MULTIPLE OPPORTUNITIES TO RETARD, OPPORTUNITIES TO RETARD, ELIMINATE BREAST CANCER, OR ELIMINATE BREAST CANCER, OR CANCER IN SMELL GENERAL. CANCER IN SMELL GENERAL. WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT THAT, HOW WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT THAT, HOW DO YOU FEEL ABOUT THAT? DO YOU FEEL ABOUT THAT? >> WELL, I FEEL THAT (LAUGHING) >> WELL, I FEEL THAT (LAUGHING) I THINK THE PROGRESS HAS BEEN I THINK THE PROGRESS HAS BEEN ENCOURAGING TO TELL YOU THE ENCOURAGING TO TELL YOU THE TRUTH IN THAT I THINK WE HAVE TRUTH IN THAT I THINK WE HAVE COME TO REALIZE THAT THERE ARE COME TO REALIZE THAT THERE ARE SUB-TYPES WITHIN ANY GIVEN KIND SUB-TYPES WITHIN ANY GIVEN KIND OF CANCER, WHETHER IT IS BREAST OF CANCER, WHETHER IT IS BREAST CANCER OR PROSTATE CANCER, AND CANCER OR PROSTATE CANCER, AND THAT BY LOOKING AT THE THAT BY LOOKING AT THE PROPERTIES OF THESE DIFFERENT PROPERTIES OF THESE DIFFERENT TUMORS, SO, FOR EXAMPLE, AMONG TUMORS, SO, FOR EXAMPLE, AMONG BREAST CANCERS, THERE ARE FIVE BREAST CANCERS, THERE ARE FIVE SORT OF MAJOR SUB-TYPES THAT SORT OF MAJOR SUB-TYPES THAT HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN LOOKING HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED IN LOOKING AT THE PROPERTIES OF CANCERS, AT THE PROPERTIES OF CANCERS, BREAST CANCERS AS A WHOLE. BREAST CANCERS AS A WHOLE. >>AND EACH ONE OF THESE, IN >>AND EACH ONE OF THESE, IN FACT, IS MOST EFFECTIVELY FACT, IS MOST EFFECTIVELY TREATED WITH A DIFFERENT AGENT. TREATED WITH A DIFFERENT AGENT. SO I THINK THAT WE CAN I THINK SO I THINK THAT WE CAN I THINK DO BETTER IN TREATMENT BY DO BETTER IN TREATMENT BY INDIVIDUALIZING THE APPROACH TO INDIVIDUALIZING THE APPROACH TO BREAST CANCER. BREAST CANCER. IN OTHER WORDS, A WOMAN IS SO IN OTHER WORDS, A WOMAN IS SO TYPICALLY FOR BREAST CANCER, THE TYPICALLY FOR BREAST CANCER, THE BIOPSY IS LOOKED AT HISTO BIOPSY IS LOOKED AT HISTO LOGICALLY, AND ALSO THERE ARE LOGICALLY, AND ALSO THERE ARE THREE MAJOR FACTORS THAT ARE THREE MAJOR FACTORS THAT ARE ASSESSED IN ALMOST EVERY TUMOR ASSESSED IN ALMOST EVERY TUMOR THAT IS TAKEN, AND THAT'S THE THAT IS TAKEN, AND THAT'S THE PRESENCE OF THREE RECEPTORS, PRESENCE OF THREE RECEPTORS, ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BECAUSE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BECAUSE ESTROGENS ARE SO IMPORTANT IN ESTROGENS ARE SO IMPORTANT IN BREAST CANCER, MAINTENANCE AND BREAST CANCER, MAINTENANCE AND PROLIFERATION AND SO ON, PROLIFERATION AND SO ON, PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR AND HER II PROGESTERONE RECEPTOR AND HER II RECEPTOR. RECEPTOR. TREATMENT FOR A TUMOR THAT IS TREATMENT FOR A TUMOR THAT IS ESTROGEN RECEPTOR POSITIVE MANY. ESTROGEN RECEPTOR POSITIVE MANY. MANY WOMEN KNOW THEY ARE E-R MANY WOMEN KNOW THEY ARE E-R POSITIVE. POSITIVE. THESE ARE TREATED IN GENERAL THESE ARE TREATED IN GENERAL WITH CERTAIN CLASSES OF AGENTS WITH CERTAIN CLASSES OF AGENTS KNOWN AS EITHER SERUMS OR ANTI KNOWN AS EITHER SERUMS OR ANTI ESTROGENS OR INHIBITORS. ESTROGENS OR INHIBITORS. PEOPLE THAT DON'T EXPRESS THIS PEOPLE THAT DON'T EXPRESS THIS PROTEIN WILL NOT BENEFIT FROM PROTEIN WILL NOT BENEFIT FROM TOMOXAFIN OR ANY OTHER AGENT TOMOXAFIN OR ANY OTHER AGENT LIKE THAT. LIKE THAT. >>ARE YOU TELLING ME EVERY >>ARE YOU TELLING ME EVERY INDIVIDUAL IS SO DIFFERENT THAT INDIVIDUAL IS SO DIFFERENT THAT APPLICATION "A" IS NOT AVAILABLE APPLICATION "A" IS NOT AVAILABLE TO B, AND ALL THE WAY DOWN THE TO B, AND ALL THE WAY DOWN THE ALPHABET. ALPHABET. >>YOU HAVE SORT OF FOUR OR FIVE >>YOU HAVE SORT OF FOUR OR FIVE MAJOR GROUPS. MAJOR GROUPS. >>AND THEN NOW, ANSWER THIS >>AND THEN NOW, ANSWER THIS QUESTION, FROM THE DATE YOU QUESTION, FROM THE DATE YOU FIRST BEGAN, YOU RECEIVED YOUR FIRST BEGAN, YOU RECEIVED YOUR THESIS. THESIS. YOU MOVED TO -- YOU STARTED IN YOU MOVED TO -- YOU STARTED IN ILLINOIS. ILLINOIS. >>UH-HUH. >>UH-HUH. >>IN YOUR CURRENT POSITION, IF >>IN YOUR CURRENT POSITION, IF YOU WILL, TO TODAY. YOU WILL, TO TODAY. WHAT HAS BEEN THE MAJOR WHAT HAS BEEN THE MAJOR ACHIEVEMENT FROM THE BEGINNING ACHIEVEMENT FROM THE BEGINNING TO TODAY? TO TODAY? YOUR AREA? YOUR AREA? >> IN MY AREA, WHAT I WOULD SAY >> IN MY AREA, WHAT I WOULD SAY IS THAT WE UNDERSTAND MUCH IS THAT WE UNDERSTAND MUCH BETTER HOW ESTROGEN RECEPTORS BETTER HOW ESTROGEN RECEPTORS ARE PROMOTING, PROLIFERATION AND ARE PROMOTING, PROLIFERATION AND AGGRESSIVENESS OF SOME BREAST AGGRESSIVENESS OF SOME BREAST CANCERS. CANCERS. WE UNDERSTAND HOW, AND WE HAVE WE UNDERSTAND HOW, AND WE HAVE MADE BETTER TAMOXAFIN, TO BLOCK MADE BETTER TAMOXAFIN, TO BLOCK TUMOR PROGRESSION. TUMOR PROGRESSION. WE UNDERSTAND MUCH BETTER HOW WE WE UNDERSTAND MUCH BETTER HOW WE CAN TREAT CANCERS THAT BECOME CAN TREAT CANCERS THAT BECOME RESISTANT TO TREATMENT NUMBER RESISTANT TO TREATMENT NUMBER ONE, FOR EXAMPLE, TAMOXOFIN SO ONE, FOR EXAMPLE, TAMOXOFIN SO THESE NOW CAN BE OFTEN TREATED THESE NOW CAN BE OFTEN TREATED WITH AROMATASE INHIBITOR OR WITH AROMATASE INHIBITOR OR CONACES. CONACES. >>WHAT IS THE ENHANCEMENT, THE >>WHAT IS THE ENHANCEMENT, THE MOVEMENT TOWARD A RESOLUTION? MOVEMENT TOWARD A RESOLUTION? ARE WE POINTING IN THE RIGHT ARE WE POINTING IN THE RIGHT DIRECTION? DIRECTION? >> YES, I THINK SO. >> YES, I THINK SO. I THINK THIS SORT OF OF PUTTING I THINK THIS SORT OF OF PUTTING PATIENTS IN CATEGORIES ALLOWS PATIENTS IN CATEGORIES ALLOWS FOR TREATMENT. FOR TREATMENT. >>ANALYSIS. >>ANALYSIS. YES. YES. >>30 YEARS FROM NOW, WHEN YOU >>30 YEARS FROM NOW, WHEN YOU ARE 45! ARE 45! (LAUGHING). (LAUGHING). >>WELL, I HOPE I AM STILL HERE. >>WELL, I HOPE I AM STILL HERE. LET'S PUT IT THAT WAY! LET'S PUT IT THAT WAY! (LAUGHING). (LAUGHING). >>WE ARE SITTING HERE, WHAT DO >>WE ARE SITTING HERE, WHAT DO YOU THINK WE WILL BE SAYING WHAT YOU THINK WE WILL BE SAYING WHAT OCCURRED FROM TODAY UNTIL 30 OCCURRED FROM TODAY UNTIL 30 YEARS FROM NOW, IN YOUR AREA, YEARS FROM NOW, IN YOUR AREA, WHAT SORT OF ADVANCEMENT DO YOU WHAT SORT OF ADVANCEMENT DO YOU HOPE FOR, I AM NOT SAYING HOPE FOR, I AM NOT SAYING PREDICT, BUT WHAT YOU DO HOPE PREDICT, BUT WHAT YOU DO HOPE FOR? FOR? >> I WOULD HOPE VERY MUCH THE >> I WOULD HOPE VERY MUCH THE TREATMENTS WE WOULD GIVE WOULD TREATMENTS WE WOULD GIVE WOULD BE LESS LIKELY TO INDUCE BE LESS LIKELY TO INDUCE RESISTENCE OR TO BRING ABOUT RESISTENCE OR TO BRING ABOUT RESISTENCE TO TREATMENT. RESISTENCE TO TREATMENT. I WOULD HOPE THAT PEOPLE, AS WE I WOULD HOPE THAT PEOPLE, AS WE ARE SEEING ALREADY NOW, WOULD ARE SEEING ALREADY NOW, WOULD LIVE VERY LONG AFTER A DIAGNOSIS LIVE VERY LONG AFTER A DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER. OF CANCER. IN FACT, THERE ARE PEOPLE, MANY IN FACT, THERE ARE PEOPLE, MANY PEOPLE THAT LIVE VERY, VERY LONG PEOPLE THAT LIVE VERY, VERY LONG AFTER BEING TOLD THEY HAVE AFTER BEING TOLD THEY HAVE BREAST CANCER. BREAST CANCER. >>MAY NOT BE DEADLY? >>MAY NOT BE DEADLY? >> YES. >> YES. IT IS MUCH -- IT IS A MUCH LESS IT IS MUCH -- IT IS A MUCH LESS DEADLY DISEASE NOW, BOTH BALLS DEADLY DISEASE NOW, BOTH BALLS OF EARLY DETECTION AND BETTER OF EARLY DETECTION AND BETTER TREATMENT. TREATMENT. I THINK, ALSO, WE KNOW THAT I THINK, ALSO, WE KNOW THAT WOMEN AT VERY HIGH RISK FOR THE WOMEN AT VERY HIGH RISK FOR THE DISEASE WHICH IS JUST A PORTION DISEASE WHICH IS JUST A PORTION OF BREAST CANCER PATIENTS, BUT OF BREAST CANCER PATIENTS, BUT ONES THAT MAY HAVE CERTAIN ONES THAT MAY HAVE CERTAIN MUTATIONS CAN BE EXAMINED, MUTATIONS CAN BE EXAMINED, LOOKED FOR EARLY ON, WELL BEFORE LOOKED FOR EARLY ON, WELL BEFORE THE PERSON HAS BREAST CANCER, THE PERSON HAS BREAST CANCER, THAT THERE ARE CERTAIN AGENTS THAT THERE ARE CERTAIN AGENTS LIKE TAMOXAFIN OR RELAXOFIN THAT LIKE TAMOXAFIN OR RELAXOFIN THAT CAN BE USED TO DELAY THE ONSET CAN BE USED TO DELAY THE ONSET 69 DISEASE. 69 DISEASE. I THINK PREVENTION IS JUST AS I THINK PREVENTION IS JUST AS IMPORTANT AS BETTER TREATMENT. IMPORTANT AS BETTER TREATMENT. >>THIS HAS BEEN HIGH PRESSURE >>THIS HAS BEEN HIGH PRESSURE AND PRIVILEGE. AND PRIVILEGE. >>THANKTHANK THIS HAS BEEN MY >>THANKTHANK THIS HAS BEEN MY PLEASURE AND PRIVILEGE. PLEASURE AND PRIVILEGE. THANK YOU VERY MUCH. THANK YOU VERY MUCH. >>

See also

References

This page was last edited on 8 February 2024, at 23:40
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