John Kidd (10 September 1775 – 7 September 1851) was an English physician, chemist and geologist who took a leading role in Oxford's "scientific awakening" in the early years of the nineteenth century.[1]
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What is Dark Matter and Dark Energy?
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What is DNA and How Does it Work?
Transcription
Matter as we know it: Atoms, stars and galaxies, planets and trees, rocks and us. This matter accounts for less than 5% of the known universe. About 25% is dark matter and 70% dark energy. Both of which are invisible. This is kind of strange, because it suggets, that everything, we experience is really only a tiny fraction of reality. But it gets worse, we really have no clue, what dark matter and energy are... or how they work. We are pretty sure, they exist. Then, so, what do we know? Dark matter is the stuff, that makes it possible for galaxies to exist. When we calculated, why the universe is structured the way it is, it quickly became clear that there's just not enough normal matter. The gravity of the visible matter is not strong enough to form galaxies and complex structures. The stars would more likely be scattered all over the place... ...and not form galaxies. So, we know there is something else inside and around them. Something, that doesn't emit or reflects light. Something dark. But beside, being able to calculate the existence of dark matter... ...we can see it. Kind of. Places with a high concentration of dark matter bend light passing nearby. So, we know there's something there, that interacts with gravity. Right know, we have more ideas about what dark energy is not, than what it is. We know dark matter is not just clouds of normal matter without stars, because it would emit particles we could detect. Dark matter is not anti-matter, because anti-matter produces unique gamma rays when it reacts with normal matter. Dark matter is also not made up of black holes. Very compact objects, that violently affect their surroundings, while dark matter seems to be scatted all over the place. Basically, we only know three thing for sure: 1. Something is out there. 2. It interacts with gravity. 3. There is a lot of it. Dark matter is probably made of a complicated exotic particle, that doesn't interact with the light and matter in the way we expect. But right now, we just don't know. Dark energy is even more strange and mysterious: We can't detect it; we can't measure it and we can't taste it. But we do see its' affects very clearly: In 1929, Edwin Hubble examined how the wavelength of light emitted by distant galaxies... shifts towards the red end to the electromagnetic spectrum, as it travels through space. He found that fainter, more distant galaxies, showed a large degree of redshift. Closer galaxies not so much. Hubble determinded that this was, because the universe itself is expanding. The redshift occurs, because the wavelengths of light are stretched as the universe expands. More recent discoveries have shown that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. Before that, it was thought that the pull of gravity would cause the expansion to either slow down or even restract and collapse it on itself at some point. Space doesn't changes its properties as it expands. There's just more of it. Youth space is constantly created everywhere. Galaxies are tight bound clusters of stuff, held together by gravity. So, we don't experience this expansion in our daily lives, but we see it everywhere around us. Wherever there is empty space in the universe, more is forming every second. So, dark energy seems to be some kind of energy intrinsic to empty space. Energy, that is stronger than anything else we know and that keeps getting stronger as time passes by. Empty space has more energy than everything else in the universe combined. We have multiple ideas about what dark energy might be. One idea is that dark energy is not a thing, but just a property of space. Empty space is not nothing; it has it own energy. It can generate more space and is quite active. So, as the universe expands, it could be that just a more a more space appears to fill the gaps and this leads to a faster expanding universe. This idea is close to an idea, that Einstein had in 1917 of a concept of a cosmological constand. A force, that counteracted the force of gravity. The only problem is, that when we tried to calculate the amount of this energy, the result was so wrong and weird that it only added to the confusion. Another idea is that empty space is acually full of temporary, virtual particles that spontaneously and continually form from nothing and then disappear into nothing again. The energy from those particles could be dark energy. Or maybe dark energy is an unknown kind of dynamic energy fluid or field, which permeates the entire universe. But somehow has the opposite effect on the universe than normal energy and matter. But if it exists, we don't know how and where or how we could detect it. So, there are still a lot of questions to answer. Our theories about dark matter and dark energy are still just that: theories. On the one hand, this is kind of frustrating; On the other hand, this is frontier science, making it very exciting. It shows us that no matter, how much we feel we are on top of things, we are still very much apes with smartphones on a tiny fragile island in space, looking into the sky, wondering how our universe works. There is so much left to learn and that is awesome! [This video is supported by the "Australian Academy of Science", which promotes and supports excellence in science. Learn more about this topic and others like it at "nova.org.au". It was a blast to work with them. So, go check out their side. Our videos are also made possible by your support on "patreon.com". If you want to support us and become a part of the 'Kurzgesagt'-bird-army, check out our patreom page!]
Biography
Kidd was born in Westminster, the son of a naval officer, and was educated at Christ Church, Oxford. He became reader in chemistry at Oxford in 1801, and in 1803 was elected the first Aldrichian Professor of Chemistry.[2] He then voluntarily gave courses of lectures on mineralogy and geology. These were delivered in the dark chambers under the Ashmolean Museum, where William Conybeare, William Buckland, Charles Daubeny and others gained their first lessons in geology. Kidd was a popular and instructive lecturer, and through his efforts the geological chair, first held by Buckland, was established.[3]
Kidd's two geological publications — his Outlines of Mineralogy (1809) and Geological Essay on the Imperfect Evidence in Support of a Theory of the Earth (1815) — have been described as providing "the seeds of an Oxford school of geology," characterized by a distinctive emphasis on diluvial theory.[4] In 1818 he became a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians; in 1822 Regius Professor of Medicine in succession to Sir Christopher Pegge; and in 1834 he was appointed keeper of the Radcliffe Library.
In March 1822 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.[5] In 1830 the president of the Royal Society appointed him as one of the eight authors of the Bridgewater Treatises "on the Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of God as Manifested in the Creation."[6][7] His treatise on the "Adaptation of External Nature to the Physical Condition of Man," which was published in 1833, offered "a popular rather than a scientific exposition of facts"[8] and set out to protect readers from materialism and the transmutation of species.[9] Kidd refused to "maintain an argument" about natural theology, addressing himself "exclusively to those who are believers."[10] He delivered the Harveian Oration before the Royal College of Physicians in 1836.
Publications
- Outlines of Mineralogy (1809)
- A Geological Essay on the Imperfect Evidence in Support of a Theory of the Earth (1815)
- On the Adaptation of External Nature to the Physical Condition of Man (1833). This was the second Bridgewater Treatise.
See also
References
- ^ Rupke, N. A. (1997). "Oxford's Scientific Awakening and the Role of Geology". In Brock, M. G.; Curthoys, M.C. (eds.). The History of the University of Oxford VI, Nineteenth-Century Oxford, Part 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 543–62. ISBN 978-0-19-951016-0.
- ^ The Aldrich chair of Chemistry was founded with an endowment given to the University in 1798 by George Aldrich. (Cf: Robert J P Williams, John S Rowlinson, Allan Chapman (edts.), Chemistry at Oxford: a history from 1600 to 2005, pp. 79-81, London: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2008 (ISBN 0854041397)).
- ^ Edmonds, J. M. (1979). "The Founding of the Oxford Readership in Geology, 1818". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 34 (1): 33–51. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1979.0003. ISSN 0035-9149. JSTOR 531512. S2CID 71771394.
- ^ "Kidd, John (1775–1851), physician". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/15511. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 19 September 2022. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ "Search Results". catalogues.royalsociety.org. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
- ^ Brock, W. H. (1966). "The Selection of the Authors of the Bridgewater Treatises". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 21 (2): 162–179. doi:10.1098/rsnr.1966.0016. ISSN 0035-9149. JSTOR 531066. S2CID 145411440.
- ^ "Authors of the Bridgewater Treatises (act. c. 1833–1836)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/96360. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 19 September 2022. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- ^ Kidd, John (1833). On the Adaptation of External Nature to the Physical Condition of Man: Principally with Reference to the Supply of His Wants, and the Exercise of His Intellectual Faculties. London: W. Pickering. pp. vii.
- ^ Topham, Jonathan R. (2022). Reading the Book of Nature: How Eight Best Sellers Reconnected Christianity and the Sciences on the Eve of the Victorian Age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-81576-3.
- ^ Kidd, John (1833). On the Adaptation of External Nature to the Physical Condition of Man: Principally with Reference to the Supply of His Wants, and the Exercise of His Intellectual Faculties. London: W. Pickering. pp. viii–ix.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Kidd, John". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 783.
- "JOHN Kidd (1775-1851)". British Medical Journal. 2 (4733): 734. September 1951. PMC 2069801. PMID 14869708.
External links
Works by or about John Kidd at Wikisource
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This page was last edited on 30 September 2022, at 18:34