Jervaulx Abbey

Jervaulx
Monastery information
Jervaulx Abbey ruins
Location within North Yorkshire
Order	Savigniac, Cistercian
Established	1156
Disestablished	1537
Mother house	Byland Abbey
Dedicated to	St Mary
Diocese	York
Controlled churches	Aysgarth, Ainderby Steeple, East Witton, West Witton^[1]
People
Founder(s)	Akarius fitz Bardolph
Site
Location	East Witton, North Yorkshire, England
Coordinates	54°16′1″N 1°44′17″W / 54.26694°N 1.73806°W / 54.26694; -1.73806
Grid reference	SE173855
Visible remains	Substantial
Public access	Yes. Privately owned.

Jervaulx Abbey in East Witton in North Yorkshire, 14 mi (23 km) north-west of the city of Ripon, was one of the great Cistercian abbeys of Yorkshire, England, dedicated to St Mary in 1156. It is a Grade I listed building.^[2]

The place name Jervaulx is first attested in 1145, where it appears as Jorvalle. The name is French for 'the Ure valley' and is perhaps a translation of the English 'Ure-dale', also known as Yoredale.^[3] The valley is now called Wensleydale.

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History

Initially a Savigniac foundation out of Normandy, the abbey was later taken over by the Cistercian order from Burgundy and responsibility for it was taken by Byland Abbey. Founded in 1145 at Fors near Aysgarth, it was moved ten years later to a site a few miles away on the banks of the River Ure.^[4] In 1145, in the reign of King Stephen, Akarius Fitz Bardolph, who was Lord of Ravensworth, gave Peter de Quinciano, a monk from Savigny, land at Fors and Worton, in Wensleydale, to build a monastery of their order. The monastery there was successively called the Abbey of Fors, Jervaulx and Charity. Grange, 5 miles (8 km) west-north-west of Aysgarth, a hamlet in the township of Low Abbotside in the parish of Aysgarth, is the original site of Fors Abbey. After it was abandoned it was known by the name of Dale Grange and now by that of the Grange alone.^[5]

Serlo, then Abbot of Savigny, disapproved of the foundation, since it had been made without his knowledge and consent. He refused to supply it with monks from his abbey because of the great difficulties experienced by those he had previously sent to England. Therefore in a general chapter he proposed that it be transferred to the Abbey of Belland (Byland), which was closer and would be able to provide the assistance required by the new foundation. Monks were sent from Byland and after they had undergone great hardships because of the meagreness of their endowment and sterility of their lands Conan, son of Alan, 1st Earl of Richmond, greatly increased their revenues and in 1156 moved their monastery to its better location in East Witton.^[6] Here the monks erected a new church and monastery, which, like most of the Cistercian order, was dedicated to St Mary. At the height of its prosperity the abbey owned half of the valley and was renowned for breeding horses, a tradition that remains in Middleham to the present day. It was also the original home of Wensleydale cheese, originally made with ewes' milk.^[7] In 1279 Abbot Philip of Jervaulx was murdered by one of his monks.^[8] His successor, Abbot Thomas, was initially accused of the crime, but a jury later determined that he was not to blame, and another monk fled under outlawry.^[9]

According to John Speed, at the Dissolution it was valued at £455 10s. 5d.^[10] The last abbot, Adam Sedbergh, joined the Pilgrimage of Grace and was hanged at Tyburn in June 1537, when the monastic property was forfeited to the king.^[11]

Post Reformation

The pulpitum screen with part of the stalls can now be seen at St Andrew's Church, Aysgarth, and a window was reused at St Gregory's parish church in Bedale.^[13]

As the monasteries kept people employed and from starving, the regional disturbances were occasioned by desperation, and, as the monastic system was not diocesan or provincial to make a swift transition within the nationalized episcopal system, there was no immediate resolution to tenant sufferings. Jervaulx, Byland and other Cistercian houses were as much attached to Savigny and Citeaux Abbey in the Duchy of Burgundy as Richmondshire and the Honour of Richmond generally were to the Duchy of Brittany, both establishments based in France but cut off owing to the Hundred Years' War and especially after the loss of the Pale of Calais.

The standing remains of the abbey include part of the church and claustral buildings and a watermill.^[14] The lordship of East Witton, including the site of the abbey, was granted by Henry VIII to Matthew Stuart, 4th Earl of Lennox, and Margaret, his wife, the king's niece, and after passing through various hands the property came into the possession of the Bruce family, one of whom was created Earl of Ailesbury in 1805. The estate was purchased from the trustees of Ernest Brudenell-Bruce, 3rd Marquess of Ailesbury, in 1887 by S. Cunliffe Lister Esq. of Swinton Park for £310,000.^[15] It was purchased by Major and Mrs W. V. Burdon in 1971. Their youngest son, Ian, now runs the abbey, the ruins of which are open to the public.

Burials

Akarius Fitz Bardolph^[16]^[17]
Hugh Fitzhugh, 2nd Baron FitzHugh^[18]^[17]
Henry FitzHugh, 3rd Baron FitzHugh and wife Elizabeth de Gray FitzHugh^[18]^[17]

References

^ "GENUKI: East Witton Parish information from Bulmers' 1890". www.genuki.org.uk. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
^ Historic England. "Abbey Ruins (1130961)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
^ Ekwall, Eilert (1960). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-names (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 268, 488. ISBN 0-19-869103-3.
^ Jecock 1999, p. 7.
^ "The Dales :: Fors Abbey-Askrigg". www.thedales.org.uk. Archived from the original on 10 November 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
^ "GENUKI: Jervaulx Abbey History". www.genuki.org.uk. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
^ "A brief history of the rise and fall of Jervaulx Abbey". www.jervaulxabbey.com. Archived from the original on 11 March 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
^ "Cistercian Abbeys: Jervaulx". Cistercians.shef.ac.uk. Retrieved 19 December 2015.
^ "Isle of Albion: Jervaulx Abbey Picture Gallery". www.isleofalbion.co.uk. Retrieved 24 June 2009.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ Jecock 1999, p. 8.
^ "Houses of Cistercian monks - Jervaulx". British History Online. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
^ Hope, W. H. S. J.; Brakspear, H. (1911). "Jervaulx Abbey". Yorkshire Archaeological Journal. 21: 303–344.
^ Walker, Andy (31 July 2008). "Old church windows smashed by vandals". The Northern Echo. p. 31. ISSN 2043-0442.
^ Jecock 1999, p. 38.
^ "Yorkshire history Abbeys". www.yorkshirehistory.com. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
^ Burrow, E. J. (1938). Yorkshire's ruined abbeys. London: Burrow & Co. p. 45. OCLC 7319629.
^ ^a ^b ^c Christie, William Lorenzo (1951). Jervaulx Abbey, East Witton and neighbourhood, with some account of the monks (Cistercians). Ripon: Harrison. p. 29. OCLC 30194777.
^ ^a ^b Burrow, E. J. (1938). Yorkshire's ruined abbeys. London: Burrow & Co. p. 46. OCLC 7319629.