Janet Morris

Transcription

>> PROFESSOR MIKE LIGHT. MIKE-- PROFESSOR LIGHT IS A FACULTY MEMBER HERE, TEACHES HISTORY IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT, AND IS ALSO OUR DEPARTMENT HEAD. HE GOT HIS ASSOCIATE'S DEGREE FROM BLACKHAWK COMMUNITY COLLEGE, HIS BACHELOR'S-- >> A COMMUNITY COLLEGE. >> YAY-- YAY FOR THEM. (audience laughing) HIS BACHELOR'S IN HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE FROM ILLINOIS STATE UNIVERSITY, AND HIS MASTER'S IN U.S. HISTORY FROM ILLINOIS STATE UNIVERSITY AS WELL, WHERE HE FOCUSED ON IMMIGRATION AND ETHNICITY. HE ALSO DID SUBSTANTIAL PhD WORK AT NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY WITH AN EMPHASIS ON IMMIGRATION, RACE, AND ETHNICITY. HE ALSO HAPPENS TO BE THE MASTERMIND BEHIND THIS CONFERENCE, SO WE SHOULD THANK HIM FOR THAT AND WELCOME HIM AS HE SPEAKS ON "GIVING UP THE GHOST-- "CONFRONTING AMERICAN CULTURAL GENOCIDE "IN THE POST-CIVIL WAR ERA." (applause) >> THANK YOU, DR. GLOEGE. HOW ARE YOU GUYS DOING TODAY? >> (all) GOOD. >> WARM. USUALLY THE MASTERMIND BEHIND THE EVENT DOESN'T GET ROPED INTO ACTUALLY PARTICIPATING IN THE EVENT, BUT I AM DOING DOUBLE DUTY TODAY, BUT I AM HAPPY TO DO SO. THE TOPIC WE ARE GOING TO TALK ABOUT THIS MORNING IS, I THINK, AN IMPORTANT ONE FOR A LOT OF REASONS. THERE IS NOT NEARLY ENOUGH TIME TO BE ABLE TO COVER THIS COMPLETELY, BUT TO GIVE YOU A LITTLE BIT OF CONTEXT, WE ARE TALKING ABOUT THE POST-CIVIL WAR ERA IN THE UNITED STATES, AND, IN PARTICULAR, I WANT TO FOCUS ON TWO EVENTS THIS MORNING. THE FIRST ONE IS THE TREATMENT OF NATIVE AMERICANS. ANY OF YOU THAT HAVE HAD A MODERN U.S. HISTORY COURSE, YOU KNOW THAT THOSE YEARS-- THE COUPLE DECADES AFTER THE END OF THE CIVIL WAR ARE PIVOTAL MOMENTS IN THE HISTORY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT AND THOSE LAST FEW REMAINING FREE NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBES IN THE WEST AND SOUTHWEST. SOME OF YOU PROBABLY KNOW A LOT ABOUT THAT. THAT MOMENT, THAT LENS, IS GOING TO LEAD US INTO A DISCUSSION ABOUT FOREIGN POLICY IN THE UNITED STATES AS WELL, BUT IN ORDER TO PLACE THIS IN SORT OF AN EVEN BIGGER CONTEXT, YOU HAVE TO UNDERSTAND THAT THE CIVIL WAR WAS A GALVANIZING MOMENT IN WHAT IT MEANT TO BE AN AMERICAN, IN TERMS OF DEFINING WHAT THAT MEANS. WHAT WAS THE CIVIL WAR FOUGHT OVER? JUST SHOUT IT OUT. WHY DID WE FIGHT THE CIVIL WAR? >> (indistinct speaking). >> ALL RIGHT. SOME WOULD SAY THAT IT WAS REALLY ABOUT PRESERVATION OF THE UNION, RIGHT? THAT WOULD HAVE BEEN LINCOLN'S ARGUMENT FROM THE WHITE HOUSE. >> SLAVERY. >> SLAVERY, RIGHT? I MEAN, ANY ARGUMENT THAT YOU MAKE ABOUT WHAT WAS A CAUSE OF THE CIVIL WAR IS TRACED BACK TO THE ISSUE OF SLAVERY. YOU WOULD THINK THAT IN THE YEARS AFTER THE CIVIL WAR, WITH EVERYTHING THAT HAD BEEN DONE, 600,000 AMERICANS KILLED AND WOUNDED IN THAT CONFLICT, THREE CIVIL WAR AMENDMENTS ADDED TO THE U.S. CONSTITUTION TO CHANGE THE WAY WE TALK ABOUT RACE AND THE STRUCTURE OF RACISM IN THE UNITED STATES, YOU WOULD THINK THINGS WOULD BE ON THE PATH TO GETTING BETTER. WHAT I AM GOING TO OFFER YOU UP TODAY-- YOU HAVE TO KEEP THIS IN MIND-- THAT THAT RECONSTRUCTION EFFORT ITSELF IS FAILING AT THE SAME TIME THAT THIS IS HAPPENING. SO ALTHOUGH WE ARE FOCUSING ON TWO SPECIFIC INSTANCES OF RACE AND ETHNICITY IN THE UNITED STATES-- FOREIGN POLICY AND NATIVE AMERICANS, THERE IS A WHOLE OTHER TOPIC OUT THERE, THE TREATMENT OF AFRICAN-AMERICANS IN THE YEARS DURING AND RIGHT AFTER RECONSTRUCTION. THAT IN AND OF ITSELF IS A COMPLICATED STORY. THE DEFINITION FOR GENOCIDE, JUST TAKING A BASIC OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY DEFINITION-- "THE DELIBERATE AND SYSTEMATIC EXTERMINATION "OF A NATIONAL, RACIAL, POLITICAL, OR CULTURAL GROUP." WHAT'S THE MOST FAMOUS EXAMPLE OF GENOCIDE THAT WE HAVE IN WORLD HISTORY? >> THE HOLOCAUST. >> THE HOLOCAUST, RIGHT? THE ATTEMPT BY NAZI GERMANY TO DELIBERATELY AND SYSTEMATICALLY EXTERMINATE JEWS. SOCIOLOGISTS AND HISTORIANS LIKE TO TALK ABOUT A TERM CALLED "ETHNOCIDE." I'M NOT REALLY A BIG FAN OF THAT, AS YOU CAN TELL FROM THE TITLE. I CHOSE NOT TO USE "ETHNOCIDE" IN MY TITLE. ETHNOCIDE IS THE INTENTIONAL AND SYSTEMATIC DESTRUCTION OF AN ETHNIC CULTURE. SO SOMETIMES, YOU WILL SEE THAT PHRASE AS WELL. DIFFERENT FROM GENOCIDE IN WHAT WAY? HOW WOULD ETHNOCIDE AND GENOCIDE BE DIFFERENT? >> (indistinct speaking). >> ALL RIGHT. THERE IS A FINE LINE THERE. YOU ARE NOT ACTUALLY KILLING THE PEOPLE THAT YOU ARE ENGAGED IN, THAT YOU HOPE TO CHANGE, BUT YOU ARE HOPING TO CHANGE EVERYTHING ABOUT THEM THAT MAKES THEM A DISTINCT PEOPLE. DOES THAT MAKE SENSE? OKAY. CULTURE. WHAT IS CULTURE? I WILL USE AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL DEFINITION. THERE ARE DIFFERENT WAYS TO DO THIS. BIOLOGISTS WOULD TELL YOU THERE IS A DIFFERENT DEFINITION FOR CULTURE THAN ANTHROPOLOGISTS WOULD, AND SOME HISTORIANS WOULD DO THE SAME AS WELL, BUT I LIKE THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL DEFINITION. "THE SUM TOTAL OF WAYS OF LIVING BUILT UP BY A GROUP OF HUMAN BEINGS "AND TRANSMITTED FROM ONE GENERATION TO ANOTHER." EVERYTHING ABOUT YOU THAT MAKES YOU WHO YOU ARE, THAT'S CULTURE. SO HOW DO WE GET TO CULTURAL GENOCIDE? WHAT WE ARE GOING TO BE TALKING ABOUT IS THE DELIBERATE ATTEMPT BY THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT TO DESTROY A WAY OF LIFE, NOT NECESSARILY TO ERADICATE AN ENTIRE PEOPLE BUT TO KILL THE WAY THEY LIVE. THAT'S CULTURAL GENOCIDE. OKAY? DOES THAT MAKE SENSE? ALL RIGHT. REALLY QUICKLY, SOME MAPS TO GIVE YOU SOME CONTEXT. NATIVE AMERICANS IN THE HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES HAD BEEN BEATEN, DEPRIVED OF THEIR LAND, PUSHED FROM ONE DESTINATION TO ANOTHER. AS AMERICANS MOVED WESTWARD ACROSS THE CONTINENT, THEY PUSHED NATIVE AMERICANS IN THEIR WAKE. AND ONE OF THE THINGS THAT YOU ARE PROBABLY FAMILIAR WITH IS AN EVENT CALLED "THE TRAIL OF TEARS" WHICH OCCURRED IN THE 1830s, AND THAT WAS THE FORCED REMOVAL OF MANY NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBES THAT LIVED IN THE SOUTHEAST AND IN WHAT WE WOULD CALL THE MIDWEST OR THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER VALLEY REGION TODAY, TO A SERIES OF RESERVATIONS IN THE WEST. THIS WOULD BE WHAT THEY REFERRED TO AS "INDIAN TERRITORY" IN THE 1850s AND 1860s, AND HERE YOU CAN SEE A MAP OF WHAT THAT WOULD LOOK LIKE. IF YOU CAN SEE DOWN HERE, THIS IS THE STATE OF TEXAS. I WILL GIVE YOU A BROADER VIEW. ARKANSAS, ALL THE WAY UP INTO IOWA. SO THIS IS A PRETTY SIGNIFICANT CHUNK OF LAND IN THE MIDDLE, IN THE INTERIOR OF THE UNITED STATES, THAT WAS DEDICATED AS RESERVATION SYSTEMS. SO THESE ARE NATIVE AMERICANS WHO LIVED EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI, FOR THE MOST PART, THAT HAD BEEN PUSHED FORCIBLY BY THE U.S. MILITARY INTO THE WEST, THEIR LAND TAKEN FROM THEM, SOLD TO WHITE SETTLERS, AND THEY WERE TOLD THEY WERE GOING TO LIVE HERE FOREVER, THAT THEY WERE GOING TO OCCUPY THIS SPACE FOREVER. BY THE TIME YOU GET TO THE CIVIL WAR, THIS IS THE EXPERIENCE OF MOST NATIVE AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES. THEY HAVE ALREADY EXPERIENCED SOME SORT OF FORMAL ENCOUNTER WITH THE UNITED STATES MILITARY OR WITH THE AMERICAN SETTLERS, AND THEY HAVE BEEN FORCED ONTO THESE PRISONS WITHOUT WALLS, THESE RESERVATIONS. WHAT YOU WILL SEE, AS TIME GOES ON, IS THESE ACTUALLY GO AWAY. HERE IS A BETTER SHOT OF INDIAN TERRITORY. YOU CAN SEE IT IN A MUCH BIGGER CONTEXT. AS SETTLEMENT BEGINS TO MOVE EVEN FURTHER WESTWARD, EVEN THOSE RESERVATIONS TERRITORIES WILL COME UNDER PRESSURE. THE GROUPS THAT WE ARE GOING TO TALK ABOUT TODAY-- IN PARTICULAR, ONE GROUP-- IS REALLY THE SIOUX NATION. THERE ARE VERY FEW, AS I MENTIONED AT THE START OF THIS, NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES WHO ARE INDEPENDENT AND FREE IN THE WAY WE WOULD THINK OF THEM IN THE 1870s AND '80s. THE SIOUX ARE ONE. THEY TENDED TO OCCUPY A TERRITORY-- THEY COME FROM MINNESOTA AND WISCONSIN ORIGINALLY AND HAD MOVED OUT ON THE PLAINS. THEY HAD ADOPTED A HORSE CULTURE. THEY HAD HUNTED THE BUFFALO. THEY ARE TYPICALLY WHAT PEOPLE THINK OF WHEN YOU THINK OF WHAT A NATIVE AMERICAN IS. IF A TEN-YEAR-OLD KID COMES UP TO YOU AND SAYS, "HEY, CAN YOU TELL ME WHAT AN INDIAN IS?" HOW WOULD YOU DESCRIBE INDIANS? HOW WOULD YOU TELL THEM WHAT THEY WERE? >> THEY LIVE IN TRIBES. >> THEY LIVE IN TRIBES. >> (indistinct speaking). >> THEY WERE REFERRED TO AS "RED SKINNED." WHAT ELSE? DON'T IMAGES COME TO MIND? WHAT DO THEY LIVE IN? >> (indistinct speaking). >> TEEPEES. HOW DO THEY DRESS? >> (indistinct speaking). >> FEATHERS, HEAD DRESSES, RIGHT, POW WOWS, HUNTING BUFFALO, RIDING HORSES. THOSE ARE ALL IMAGES THAT WE HAVE OF NATIVE AMERICANS. I THINK THE REASON THAT STICKS-- NATIVE AMERICANS ARE AS DIVERSE AS ANY GROUP OF PEOPLE IN THE HISTORY OF HUMAN BEINGS, YET THE REASON THOSE IMAGES STICK IN OUR MINDS IS BECAUSE THE PEOPLE WHO ACTUALLY WERE THE LAST REMAINING FREE AND STANDING NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBES ACTUALLY DID LIVE THAT WAY, BUT THEY WERE THE MINORITY. MOST OTHER NATIVE AMERICAN COMMUNITIES DID NOT LIVE THAT WAY. ACTUALLY, THE HUNTING OF THE BUFFALO AND THE MOBILITY OF HAVING A HORSE CULTURE IS PROBABLY ONE OF THE REASONS WHY THE SIOUX WERE ABLE TO SURVIVE AS LONG AS THEY DID. PART OF IT IS JUST DUMB LUCK, THE LOCATION IN WHICH THEY OCCUPIED, IN WHICH THEY BUILT THEIR CULTURE. ALL RIGHT. SO BASICALLY WE ARE GOING TO BE TALKING ABOUT THIS REGION OF THE UNITED STATES, THE UPPER GREAT PLAINS, AS THE DRAW FOR THE PEOPLE THAT WE ARE GOING TO BE FOCUSING ON TODAY. THIS IS WHERE THEY LIVED. OKAY, HERE YOU SEE ANOTHER VERSION. I AM NOT GOING TO SPEND TOO MUCH TIME ON THIS, BUT JUST TO SHOW YOU AT ONE POINT, THIS INDIAN TERRITORY WILL ACTUALLY BE COLLAPSED INTO MUCH SMALLER REGIONS. THE ENTIRE MODERN STATE OF OKLAHOMA AT ONE TIME WAS A NATIVE AMERICAN RESERVATION. YOU CAN SEE HOW IT WAS DIVIDED. IF YOU KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT NATIVE AMERICAN HISTORY PRIOR TO THE CIVIL WAR, YOU KNOW THAT THE CHEROKEE, THE CHOCTAW, THE CHICKASAW, ALL THOSE ARE SOUTHEASTERN AMERICAN NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBES LIVING NOW IN OKLAHOMA. ALL RIGHT, THIS MAP MAY BE DIFFICULT TO SEE, BUT I WANT TO POINT OUT A COUPLE THINGS TO YOU. WHEN YOU TALK ABOUT THE HISTORY OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT AND NATIVE AMERICANS IN THE POST-CIVIL WAR ERA, IT IS ONE OF VIOLENCE. THERE IS A TREMENDOUS AMOUNT OF VIOLENCE INVOLVED, AND WE COULD FOCUS ON ALL KINDS OF EVENTS THAT ARE REALLY VIOLENT IN NATURE, VIOLENT ENCOUNTERS. THE BATTLE OF THE LITTLE BIGHORN, CUSTER'S LAST STAND. THERE ARE SOME HORRIFIC MASSACRES NOT ONLY OF HUMAN LIFE BUT, LIKE AT WASHITA IN OKLAHOMA, THE MASSACRE OF THOUSANDS AND THOUSANDS OF NATIVE AMERICAN HORSES AND CATTLE BY THE U.S. GOVERNMENT. SO THERE IS A HUGE MILITARY CONFLICT THAT IS TAKING PLACE. THAT IS NOT GOING TO BE OUR FOCUS TODAY, NECESSARILY. PART OF THE REASON FOR THIS, I THINK, IS TIME, BUT THE OTHER PART IS THAT THERE IS A CERTAIN MUNDANE QUALITY. AND I DON'T MEAN TO SORT OF DISMISS THIS, BUT THERE IS SOMETHING THAT IS VERY TYPICAL ABOUT THE WAY HUMAN BEINGS INTERACT WITH EACH OTHER THAT LEADS THEM INTO CONFLICT OVER NATURAL RESOURCES, ESPECIALLY OVER LAND. WE HAVE HEARD THAT STORY IN MANY DIFFERENT CONTEXTS FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD, PEOPLE STRUGGLING FOR CONTROL OF RESOURCES AND LAND IN PARTICULAR. WHAT I THINK MAKES THIS PARTICULAR PERIOD DIFFERENT IS WHAT HAPPENS AFTER THE BATTLES ARE FOUGHT, AFTER THE WARS ARE OVER, ONCE THESE NATIVE AMERICANS ARE DEFEATED. THAT'S THE INTERESTING PART. THAT'S THE PART THAT IS THE MOST INFORMATIVE FOR US AS AMERICANS. SO THESE LITTLE BURSTS, THESE FIRE BURSTS YOU SEE, THESE ARE THE LAST MAJOR BATTLES BETWEEN THE U.S. MILITARY AND NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBES IN THE WEST IN THE YEARS AFTER THE CIVIL WAR. AND YOU CANS SEE WHERE THEY ARE LOCATED. SOME OF THESE ARE RESERVATION REVOLTS, IN PLACES LIKE OKLAHOMA. MOST OF THEM ARE IN THE LAST FEW POCKETS OF FREE-STANDING NATIVE AMERICAN CONTROLLED TERRITORY IN THE BORDERS OF THE UNITED STATES. WE TALKED ABOUT CULTURE AT THE BEGINNING. I GAVE YOU A DEFINITION OF CULTURE. I WANT TO GO THROUGH THIS JUST REALLY, REALLY QUICKLY TO SHOW YOU SOME OF THE DISTINCT DIFFERENCES THAT EXISTED BETWEEN NATIVE AMERICANS AND AMERICANS IN THE YEARS AFTER THE CIVIL WAR. THIS IS A DANGEROUS GAME TO PLAY WHEN YOU START MAKING ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT NATIVE AMERICANS AS AN ENTIRE GROUP. I JUST TOLD YOU A FEW MINUTES AGO THAT NATIVE AMERICANS ARE AS DIVERSE AS ANY HUMAN BEINGS ON THE PLANET. SO ONE TRIBE IS NOT THE SAME AS ANOTHER. THERE ARE ALWAYS GOING TO BE EXCEPTIONS TO THESE RULES, BUT IN GENERAL, THESE DO HOLD PRETTY WELL OVER TIME. THERE ARE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NATIVE AMERICANS AND AMERICANS IN TERMS OF FAITH, LAND, POLITICS, AND EVEN GENDER OR SEXUALITY ISSUES. SO I WILL TOUCH BRIEFLY ON EACH ONE OF THESE. FAITH, IN MY ESTIMATION, IS PROBABLY THE MOST IMPORTANT, BECAUSE FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS OF INTERACTION BETWEEN EUROPEANS AND NATIVE AMERICANS, FAITH WAS THE LENS THROUGH WHICH THEY VIEWED NATIVE AMERICANS ORIGINALLY. IT WASN'T RACE. IT WAS FAITH DIFFERENCES. NATIVE AMERICANS PRACTICE A FORM OF RELIGIOUS WORSHIP THAT WE WOULD REFER TO, AT LEAST MOST OF THEM DO, AS POLYTHEISM. DO YOU GUYS KNOW WHAT THAT MEANS? WHAT IS POLYTHEISM? >> (indistinct speaking). >> BELIEF IN MULTIPLE GODS, A BELIEF IN MANY GODS, AS OPPOSED TO THE PROTESTANT CHRISTIAN VERSION OF MONOTHEISM THAT WAS POPULAR IN THE UNITED STATES AND COMMON IN THE UNITED STATES IN THE 1880s AND 1890s. NOW, IT'S NOT TO SAY THERE AREN'T OTHER AMERICANS WHO ARE JEWISH OR CATHOLIC-- THEY ARE, AND THEIR NUMBERS ARE GROWING, LARGE NUMBERS OF CHINESE IMMIGRANTS BY THAT TIME, IN THE WEST COAST IN PARTICULAR. BUT BY AND LARGE, AMERICA WAS A PROTESTANT CHRISTIAN NATION FOCUSED ON MONOTHEISM. THERE IS SOMETHING INTERESTING ABOUT MONOTHEISTIC FAITHS IN THAT THEY TEND TO PREY UPON POLYTHEISTIC FAITHS. MONOTHEISTIC FAITHS ARE, I SOMETIMES SAY IN MY CLASSES, INHERENTLY IMPERIALISTIC. IN OTHER WORDS, THEY DESIRE TO CHANGE, TRANSFORM, AND CONTROL PEOPLE WHO THINK DIFFERENTLY THAN THEY DO. WHY DO YOU THINK THAT IS? POLYTHEISTIC FAITHS, ON THE OTHER HAND, ARE NOT USUALLY LIKE THAT. IT'S LINKED TO THIS. >> IT THREATENS THEIR ONE GOD. >> WELL, I THINK YOU COULD SAY THAT, THAT ANYBODY WHO THINKS DIFFERENTLY THAN YOU DO IS A THREAT TO YOUR ABILITY TO BELIEVE IN WHAT YOU BELIEVE IN. I THINK THERE'S SOME TRUTH TO THAT. BUT IT'S SOMETHING THAT IS MORE BASIC. NATIVE AMERICANS BELIEVE IN MANY GODS. WHAT TYPE OF GODS DO THEY BELIEVE IN? WHAT SORT OF SPIRITUAL VALUE DO THEY SEE? GO AHEAD. >> (indistinct speaking). >> YEAH. I MEAN, FOR A NATIVE AMERICAN, THEY SEE RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE EVERYWHERE THEY GO, EVERY DAY OF THEIR LIVES BECAUSE IT IS ROOTED IN THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IN WHICH THEY LIVE, RIGHT? SO COULD YOU FULLY EXPECT A NATIVE AMERICAN WHO LIVED IN WHAT WOULD BE THE DAKOTAS IN THE 1880s TO MEET A NATIVE AMERICAN FROM FLORIDA AND SAY TO THEM, "LISTEN, I THINK YOU SHOULD ADOPT MY FAITH." WHY WOULDN'T THAT WORK? >> (indistinct speaking). >> WOULDN'T YOU THINK IT WOULD BE THE SAME? >> NO, IT WOULDN'T BE THE SAME. I MEAN, IT'S LIKE BASED ON THE NATURAL WORLD AROUND YOU. SO SOMEONE IN THE DAKOTAS, THEY WOULD SEE THE MOUNTAINS AROUND THEM OR MAYBE THE ANIMALS AROUND THEM OR WHATEVER. SO SOMEONE IN FLORIDA WOULDN'T HAVE THE SAME FAITH BECAUSE THEY DON'T SEE THE SAME MOUNTAINS OR SAME ANIMALS OR WHATEVER. >> OKAY, VERY GOOD. I MEAN, THE FIRST RESPONSE IS A GOOD ONE, RIGHT? THIS NOTION THEY ARE ALL GOING TO SEE SIGNIFICANCE IN THE NATURAL WORLD IN WHICH THEY LIVE, SO THERE WOULDN'T BE ANY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THOSE GROUPS. I THINK IT'S A LITTLE DEEPER THAN THAT. WE KNOW THAT THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT IN MICHIGAN, FOR EXAMPLE, IS VERY DIFFERENT FROM THE ENVIRONMENT IN FLORIDA. HOW MANY OF YOU WISH YOU WERE IN FLORIDA RIGHT NOW? ALL RIGHT, SO THERE YOU GET MY PICTURE. SO THE ENVIRONMENT, THE RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE THAT THEY ARE GOING TO SEE, THOSE NATIVE AMERICANS IN FLORIDA, IS GOING TO BE DIFFERENT THAN THAT IN THE GREAT LAKES. IN OTHER WORDS, POLYTHEISTIC FAITHS ARE NOT VERY TRANSPORTABLE. THEY CAN'T MOVE VERY EASILY FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER. MONOTHEISTIC FAITHS, HOWEVER, ARE ALMOST SORT OF SEVERED FROM THE NATURAL WORLD IN A WEIRD KIND OF WAY. I KNOW THAT MODERN CHRISTIANS LIKE TO THINK THAT THEY ARE GREEN, THAT GOD CREATED NATURE, THAT WE SHOULD PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT, BUT THAT WOULD BE A FOREIGN CONCEPT TO MANY AMERICANS AROUND THE TURN OF THE CENTURY. SO THIS NOTION OF MONOTHEISM, THIS FACT THAT IT'S SORT OF SEPARATED FROM THE NATURAL WORLD, MEANS THAT ANYBODY CAN BECOME A CHRISTIAN. I MEAN, ISN'T THAT TRUE EVEN TODAY? WHO CAN BECOME MUSLIM? WHO CAN BECOME A CHRISTIAN? ANYONE, RIGHT? SO THERE IS NO RESTRICTIONS ON THEIR DESIRE TO CONTROL AND CONQUER AND FORCE THEM TO CONFORM, MAYBE IN THE WAY THAT PROFESSOR ST. CLAIR SAID, TO HELP SORT OF JUSTIFY THEIR OWN BELIEFS. SO FAITH IS ONE. LAND OWNERSHIP. A LOT OF YOU PROBABLY HAVE HEARD THE NOTION-- IT'S A MYTH-- THAT NATIVE AMERICANS DIDN'T OWN LAND. NATIVE AMERICANS ARE FIERCELY POSSESSIVE OF THE LAND THAT THEY OCCUPY. THEY DO NOT, HOWEVER, OWN IT AND CONTROL IT IN THE WAY THAT WE WOULD THINK OF TODAY OR IN THE WAY THAT MADE SENSE TO AMERICANS IN THE LATE 1880s AND 1890s. THEIR OWNERSHIP IS A COMMUNAL OWNERSHIP. THE EARTH IS A SPIRITUAL ENVIRONMENT. IT'S WHAT GIVES THEM SUSTENANCE. IT'S WHAT GIVES THEM LIFE. SO THAT COMMUNAL OWNERSHIP IS SOMETHING THEY WOULD FIGHT FOR. WOULD THEY FIGHT TO PROTECT THEIR HUNTING GROUNDS? WOULD THEY FIGHT TO PROTECT THEIR FARM LAND? ABSOLUTELY THEY WOULD. BUT THEY WOULD DO IT AS A GROUP. THERE IS NO INDIVIDUAL CAPITALISTIC NOTION OF PRIVATE OWNERSHIP. POLITICS. YOU KNOW, IT'S VERY DIFFICULT TO SORT OF CATEGORIZE WHAT SORT OF POLITICAL SYSTEM-- AND MAYBE THERE IS SOME POLITICAL SCIENTISTS IN THE GROUP THAT CAN ACTUALLY DO THIS, BUT WHAT IS IT THAT NATIVE AMERICANS PRACTICED? MOST OF US BELIEVE THAT NATIVE AMERICANS FOLLOWED GREAT MEN, RIGHT, THE CHIEFS. CHIEFS EXISTED IN NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES, BUT THEY ARE USUALLY NOT ORDER-GIVERS IN THE WAY WE WOULD THINK OF IN WESTERN SOCIETY. THEY ARE NOT PEOPLE WHO CAN TELL YOU WHAT TO DO. WHAT ROLE DO YOU THINK A CHIEF PLAYED IF THEY WERE NOT AN ORDER-GIVER? >> WISE MAN. >> A WISE MAN. SOMEBODY-- THERE IS PROBABLY SOMEONE IN YOUR LIFE, MAYBE A GRANDPARENT, MAYBE AN OLDER FRIEND, SOMEONE YOU KNOW, WHO YOU WOULD APPROACH TO SEEK ADVICE ABOUT THINGS THAT WERE BOTHERING YOU, OBSTACLES YOU FACED, AND YOU MIGHT DO EXACTLY WHAT THAT PERSON COUNSELED YOU TO DO, BUT THEY HAVEN'T GIVEN YOU AN ORDER, HAVE THEY? YOU JUST RESPECT THEM SO MUCH THAT YOU ARE WILLING TO FOLLOW THEIR ADVICE, YOU ARE WILLING TO MOVE FORWARD. THAT IS THE ROLE THAT MOST OF THESE CHIEFS PLAYED. YOU HAVE TO THROW ALL THAT CRAP OUT IF YOU HAVE EVER SEEN JOHN WAYNE MOVIES. ALL THAT STUFF, YOU'VE GOT TO JETTISON AS SORT OF MYTH. THERE AREN'T THESE MAJOR ORDER-GIVERS. NOW, SOME NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBES THAT REALLY ADVANCED AND BUILT THESE LARGE EMPIRES, LIKE THE INCA, THE AZTEC, THE MISSISSIPPIAN-- THOSE PEOPLE DID HAVE A MUCH MORE STRATIFIED, HIERARCHICAL, AUTHORITARIAN POLITICAL STRUCTURE THAN MOST OTHER NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBES, BUT THE VAST MAJORITY OF THEM HAVE A COMMUNAL SYSTEM OF GOVERNANCE. THERE COULD BE DIFFERENCES. IN SOME COMMUNITIES, WOMEN ARE ABLE TO SIT ON TRIBAL COUNCILS. IN SOME, MEN AND WOMEN HAVE SEPARATE TRIBAL COUNCILS AND THEY HAVE TO COME TO AGREEMENT. IN OTHERS, IT'S ONLY THE MEN WHO MAKE DECISIONS IN THE TRIBAL COUNCIL. BUT IT'S USUALLY A COMMUNAL DECISION, JUST LIKE LAND OWNERSHIP IS COMMUNAL. IF THERE REALLY IS NO ABILITY OF ONE PERSON TO TELL ANOTHER PERSON WHAT TO DO, THAT SEEMS, TO ME, TO BE THE ULTIMATE EXAMPLE OF POLITICAL FREEDOM. I MEAN, WE MIGHT CATEGORIZE THAT AS ANARCHY. I DON'T THINK THAT'S APPROPRIATE BECAUSE THERE IS A POLITICAL DECISION-MAKING PROCESS IN PLACE, BUT IF YOU-- FOR EXAMPLE, IF THE TRIBE DECIDES TO GO TO WAR AND YOU DON'T WANT TO PARTICIPATE IN THAT EFFORT, YOU CAN ACTUALLY STEP AWAY AND THERE ARE VERY FEW RAMIFICATIONS. YOU DO NOT HAVE TO BE A PART OF IT. NOW, THE CHANCES OF YOU DOING THAT WHEN YOU SEE YOUR COUSINS AND BROTHERS AND FATHERS GOING OFF TO BATTLE IS PROBABLY PRETTY SMALL, BECAUSE YOU ARE GOING TO PROBABLY STEP UP AND HELP SUPPORT THOSE INDIVIDUALS. BUT THE RIGHT OF REFUSAL ACTUALLY EXISTS. IN THE UNITED STATES, AND I AM NOT GOING TO SPEND ANY TIME ON THIS BECAUSE YOU ALL KNOW THIS BECAUSE YOU LIVE HERE, WE HAVE A REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY, AND THAT SYSTEM DOES NOT ALLOW FOR THAT KIND OF INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM, THAT INDIVIDUAL POLITICAL CONTROL. WE ELECT PEOPLE TO MAKE DECISIONS FOR US, AND WHEN THEY MAKE THOSE DECISIONS, WHAT'S YOUR JOB? >> FOLLOW IT. >> FOLLOW IT. YOU FOLLOW THE RULES. SO ALL OF THESE THINGS YOU CAN SEE ARE TOUCH POINTS FOR CONTROL. THEY ARE TOUCH POINTS FOR CONFLICT. SAME THING WITH SEXUALITY. IF YOU WANT TO LOOK AT GENDER IN PARTICULAR, ONE OF THE THINGS THAT IS INTERESTING ABOUT NATIVE AMERICANS IS YOU FIND FAR MORE EVIDENCE ABOUT A MATRILINEAL DESCENT PATTERN. THAT'S A REALLY FANCY TERM. "MATRI" COMES FROM "MATRIARCH," THE FEMALE HEAD OF THE HOUSEHOLD, "LINEAL" MEANING "LINEAGE," HOW YOU TRACE YOUR FAMILY TREE. IN OTHER WORDS, IF YOU WERE-- ONE NATIVE AMERICAN INTRODUCES THEMSELVES TO ANOTHER, THEY ARE PROBABLY GOING TO GIVE YOU THEIR CLAN NAME AS WELL AS ONE OF THEIR GIVEN NAMES. THAT CLAN NAME IS ALMOST ALWAYS LINKED TO THE FEMALES IN THEIR LIVES. IT'S A FEMALE-SPECIFIC TERM. THAT'S HOW YOU IDENTIFY. "I BELONG TO HER CLAN. "I BELONG TO THIS FEMALE CLAN." THAT'S MATRILINEAL. OF COURSE, IN THE UNITED STATES, AS AN INHERITOR OF A EUROPEAN CULTURAL TRADITION, IT'S PATRILINEAL. IT'S BASED ON THE DESCENT OF FATHER TO SON. THAT'S HOW YOU TRACE YOUR NAME. REALLY, ONE OF THESE MAKES BIOLOGICAL SENSE. THE OTHER DOES NOT. IT'S NOT SURPRISING TO ME THAT NATIVE AMERICANS GRAVITATED TOWARD MATRILINEAL DESCENT PATTERNS, BECAUSE IT ACTUALLY MAKES PERFECT BIOLOGICAL SENSE. THIS ONE DOESN'T. WHY? >> BECAUSE IF IT'S PATRILINEAL YOU HAVE TO BE ABLE TO... (indistinct speaking). >> YEAH. >> WHICH MEANS YOU HAVE TO HAVE BASICALLY (indistinct speaking). >> VERY GOOD-- I DON'T KNOW IF YOU HEARD WHAT HE SAID, BUT HE SAID IF YOU ARE HAVING A PATRILINEAL DESCENT SYSTEM, YOU COULD REALLY NEVER BE SURE WHO THE FATHER IS, RIGHT? SO MEN HAVE TO GO TO GREAT LENGTHS, ESPECIALLY IF THEY ARE GOING TO LINK POLITICAL CONTROL AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS TO THE TRANSMISSION OF THAT FAMILY NAME FROM FATHER TO SON, YOU HAVE TO REALLY BE SURE THAT THAT CHILD IS YOUR CHILD. EVERYONE KNOWS WHO THE MOTHER IS, RIGHT? BIOLOGY AND NATURE TAKES CARE OF THAT. BUT NOT MANY PEOPLE KNOW WHO THE FATHER MIGHT BE. SO THIS IS A VERY DIFFICULT SITUATION. IT ACTUALLY CREATES A UNIQUE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN THAT IS DISTINCT AND DIFFERENT FROM WHAT NATIVE AMERICANS PRACTICE. SO FROM AN AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE, NATIVE AMERICANS IN THIS ERA WOULD HAVE SEEMED SORT OF IMMORAL IN THEIR CHARACTER. THEY WERE MUCH MORE FREE WITH THEIR SEXUALITY, MUCH MORE OPEN. WOMEN HAD MUCH MORE POWER WITHIN MARITAL RELATIONSHIPS. THEY COULD ASK FOR DIVORCES. THEY COULD EASILY DIVORCE. PREMARITAL SEX WASN'T AS BIG AN ISSUE AS IT WOULD BE IN A PATRILINEAL SOCIETY, BECAUSE THERE IS NONE OF THAT KIND OF CONTROL AND DOMINATION THAT COMES WITH THAT INTERACTION. ALL RIGHT. I TOLD YOU THERE ARE SOME GREAT EXAMPLES YOU COULD TALK ABOUT THAT FOCUS ON THE VIOLENCE THAT EXISTED BETWEEN THESE TWO GROUPS OF PEOPLE, AND HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES THAT IF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN-- I AM NOT GOING TO TALK ABOUT THEM TODAY, BUT I DID WANT TO INSPIRE YOU TO GO OUT AND TAKE A LOOK AT THESE THINGS. THE THREE BEST EXAMPLES OF THE KINDS OF VIOLENT INTERACTIONS THAT EXISTED BETWEEN THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT AND NATIVE AMERICANS DURING THIS TIME PERIOD ARE THE LITTLE BIGHORN, SAND CREEK, AND THEN MOUNTAIN MEADOWS MASSACRE. ALL OF THEM SORT OF ENCAPSULATE THE-- FIRST OF ALL, THE OVERWHELMING POWER THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT HAD OVER NATIVE AMERICANS BUT ALSO THE HUGE MISUNDERSTANDINGS THAT EXISTED BETWEEN THESE TWO GROUPS OF PEOPLE. ALL THREE OF THESE EVENTS DEMONSTRATE THAT CULTURAL CLASH THAT WE ARE GOING TO BE FOCUSING ON TODAY. IF WE ARE GOING TO MOVE AWAY FROM THE EXAMPLES OF VIOLENCE AND TALK ABOUT CULTURAL IMPERIALISM OR CULTURAL GENOCIDE, WHICH IS THE FOCUS FOR TODAY, I AM GOING TO FOCUS ON SOME OTHER THINGS THAT HAVE LESS TO DO WITH MILITARY ENDEAVORS. LIKE I SAID BEFORE, THIS IS WHAT HAPPENS AFTER NATIVE AMERICANS ARE DEFEATED. WE COULD SPEND A LOT OF TIME TALKING ABOUT THE NOTION OF TREATIES THEMSELVES, THE FACT THAT NATIVE AMERICANS ARE FORCED TO WORK WITHIN A FOREIGN POLICY STRUCTURE IN THE UNITED STATES THAT TREATS THEM AS INDEPENDENT TRIBES WITH DECISION MAKERS IN A WESTERN EUROPEAN STYLE. IN OTHER WORDS, IF A NATIVE AMERICAN TRIBE IS DEFEATED AND THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT WANTS THEIR LAND, ONE OF THE THINGS THEY USUALLY DO IS THEY FORCE THEM TO SIGN A TREATY. TREATIES ARE, BY AND LARGE, COMPLICATED MEASURES FOR NATIVE AMERICANS BECAUSE NO ONE PERSON CAN CEDE ANOTHER'S AUTHORITY. WE ALREADY TALKED ABOUT THAT. SO EVEN IF YOU GET FIVE OR SIX MAJOR CHIEFS TO SIGN A TREATY, THAT CAN CAUSE HUGE DIVISIONS WITHIN THE NATIVE AMERICAN COMMUNITY AND CAN CAUSE FURTHER RESISTANCE AGAINST THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT. BECAUSE UNLESS YOU GET EVERY SINGLE MAN, WOMAN, AND CHILD TO INK THAT DOCUMENT, IT ISN'T LEGITIMATE IN THE MINDS OF NATIVE AMERICANS. SO THIS CAUSES A HUGE CATASTROPHE. YOU WOULD THINK AFTER HUNDREDS OF YEARS OF TREATY-MAKING WITH NATIVE AMERICANS THAT THE U.S. GOVERNMENT WOULD FIGURE IT OUT. I WOULD POSE TO YOU THEY PROBABLY DID UNDERSTAND THIS A LITTLE BIT BETTER THAN THE HISTORIES ACTUALLY LET ON, AND IT WORKS TO THEIR ADVANTAGE. IF NATIVE AMERICANS CONTINUE TO VIOLATE TREATIES, IT LOOKS LIKE ONE LONG BROKEN PROMISE THAT NATIVE AMERICANS HAVE MADE TO AMERICANS. SO IT NEVER LOOKS LIKE IT'S OUR FAULT THAT WE HAVE TO GO AND BEAT THEM DOWN ONCE AGAIN. SO THE TREATY SYSTEM IS ONE ASPECT OF THIS SORT OF CULTURAL IMPERIALISM. YOU ARE NOT RECOGNIZING THE FACT THAT NATIVE AMERICANS MAKE DECISIONS IN DISTINCTLY DIFFERENT WAYS. YOU ARE FORCING THEM TO CONFORM TO A FOREIGN POLICY SYSTEM THAT WE WOULD USE IF WE HAD FOUGHT A WAR WITH FRANCE OR WITH ENGLAND. OKAY? WOVOKA AND THE GHOST DANCE. WE WILL TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT WOUNDED KNEE AND THE DAWES ACT, AND THEN THE BOARDING SCHOOL MOVEMENT. WE WILL MOVE THROUGH THESE VERY QUICKLY. A LOT HAS BEEN MADE ABOUT NATIVE AMERICAN REACTIONS TO THE DESTRUCTION OF THE BUFFALO IN THIS TIME PERIOD AS SORT OF AN EXAMPLE OF CULTURAL GENOCIDE. I WILL JUST TELL YOU THIS, I HAVE A SON IN FOURTH GRADE, AND HE LEARNED VERY RECENTLY THAT THE BUFFALO WERE DELIBERATELY KILLED BY WHITES TO DESTROY NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURE, AND IT SEEMS LIKE THAT WOULD BE SOMETHING THAT WOULD FIT IN WITH WHAT I AM TALKING ABOUT TODAY, BUT I AM ACTUALLY GOING TO CAUTION YOU AWAY FROM THAT NOTION A LITTLE BIT. I'M NOT GOING TO SAY TOO MUCH ABOUT IT, BUT THERE IS A MASSIVE SLAUGHTER OF BUFFALOS IN THE LATE 1800s BECAUSE THE PRICE FOR THEIR HIDES IS SO HIGH. YOU CAN MAKE A HUGE AMOUNT OF MONEY, THE EQUIVALENT OF THREE AND FOUR TIMES THE AVERAGE SALARY IN JUST A COUPLE DAYS OF HUNTING BUFFALO ON THE GREAT PLAINS. SO THE INCENTIVE FOR AMERICAN HUNTERS MOVING OUT INTO THE WEST TO SLAUGHTER THE BUFFALO IS PRETTY TREMENDOUS. BUT WHAT MOST ANTHROPOLOGISTS AND HISTORIANS BELIEVE TODAY IS THAT THE VAST MAJORITY OF THOSE BUFFALO DIED FROM DISEASES SPREAD FROM CATTLE DRIVES MOVING THROUGH REGIONS THAT THE BUFFALO OCCUPIED. LARGE NUMBERS OF BUFFALO ARE BEING KILLED BY AMERICAN HUNTERS BUT NOT ENOUGH TO BE ABLE TO DECIMATE AND NEARLY EXTERMINATE AN ENTIRE SPECIES. IT IS REALLY THE DISEASES THAT DO THAT. IF YOU KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT EARLY NATIVE AMERICAN/EUROPEAN INTERACTIONS, THAT CULTURAL EXCHANGE, THAT COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE THAT OCCURS, THE DISEASE FACTOR PLAYS A HUGE ROLE IN THE DESTRUCTION OF NATIVE AMERICANS. I MEAN, MORE NATIVE AMERICANS DIE FROM DISEASE THAN FROM ALL OF THE MILITARY ENCOUNTERS WITH EUROPEANS PUT TOGETHER. SO THE BUFFALO ARE SUFFERING THE SAME FATE. THEY ARE BEING EXPOSED TO BOVINE DISEASES THAT THEY NEVER HAVE HAD EXPOSURE TO BEFORE. YEAH. >> WHAT IS HE STANDING ON? >> HE'S STANDING ON A PILE OF SKULLS. THOSE ARE BUFFALO SKULLS. THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION. THESE ARE ALL THE HIDES STACKED UP, READY TO BE MOVED OUT. FRESHLY KILLED BUFFALO-- YOU CAN SEE WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THEY SKIN THE BUFFALO. THE HIDE IS REMOVED, PILED UP ON THE SIDE. THE HEADS ARE USUALLY REMOVED AS TROPHIES, AND THAT'S IT. THE REST OF THE MEAT LIES THERE. YOU CAN SEE FOR NATIVE AMERICANS WHO RELY ON THE BUFFALO FOR EVERYTHING-- YOU GUYS HAVE PROBABLY HEARD THOSE STORIES THAT NATIVE AMERICANS CAN USE EVERY PART OF THE BUFFALO-- THIS WAS A HORRENDOUS WASTE, A TREMENDOUS DESTRUCTION OF WHAT SUSTAINED THEIR CULTURE. SO IT'S EASY-- IT'S TEMPTING, I THINK, TO SAY THAT THIS IS ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF THE DESTRUCTION OF NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURE. THERE IS A GREAT JOHN WAYNE FILM CALLED "THE SEARCHERS." IF YOU GUYS EVER GET A CHANCE TO SEE THIS MOVIE-- I DON'T KNOW HOW MANY OF YOU ARE INTERESTED IN JOHN WAYNE MOVIES ANYMORE, BUT THERE IS A SCENE WHERE HE IS SHOOTING AT BUFFALO JUST INDISCRIMINATELY, AND HE IS SCREAMING THAT THIS WILL BE ONE LESS BUFFALO TO FEED THE BELLIES OF THE RED DEVILS. AND YOU CAN SEE THE ANGER. HE PRACTICALLY HAS STEAM COMING OUT OF HIS EARS. THIS CHARACTER HERE IS WOVOKA. HE IS A NATIVE AMERICAN RELIGIOUS LEADER OF MAJOR SIGNIFICANCE IN THE YEARS AFTER THE CIVIL WAR. THE REASON IS HE IS A PROPONENT OF A RELIGIOUS CEREMONY THAT WAS REFERRED TO BY THE PLAINS INDIANS AS THE "GHOST DANCE," HENCE PART OF THE TITLE FOR THE DISCUSSION TODAY. HERE YOU SEE THE ONLY PHOTOGRAPH THAT WE ACTUALLY HAVE-- ONE OF THE FEW PHOTOGRAPHS WE ACTUALLY HAVE, OF AN ACTUAL GHOST DANCE TAKING PLACE ON A RESERVATION IN THE DAKOTAS. THIS IS AN ARTIST'S RENDERING OF THE GHOST DANCE. NOW, WHAT MAKES THE GHOST DANCE SO INTERESTING IS THAT YOU THINK ABOUT THIS IN THE UNITED STATES, WE ARE SUPPOSED TO BE A COUNTRY THAT RESPECTS RELIGIOUS DIFFERENCES, RIGHT? I MEAN, WE HAVE A HALLMARK OF OUR CONSTITUTIONAL PHILOSOPHY IS RELIGIOUS FREEDOM, THE ABILITY TO PRACTICE YOUR OWN RELIGION. NATIVE AMERICANS ON RESERVATIONS ADOPTED THIS GHOST DANCE AT A TREMENDOUS RATE AFTER THE CIVIL WAR BECAUSE THE GHOST DANCE PREACHED A COUPLE THINGS. SOME OF THEM SEEM VERY FANCIFUL TO US TODAY, BUT I AM GOING TO ASK YOU TO THINK ABOUT IT IN THE CONTEXT OF WHAT THESE NATIVE AMERICANS ARE FACING. FOR EXAMPLE, NATIVE AMERICANS BELIEVED THAT IF YOU DANCED THIS DANCE, ALMOST LIKE IF YOU PRAYED HARD ENOUGH, THAT THE SPIRITS OF THE DECEASED NATIVE AMERICANS, THOSE THAT HAD GONE BEFORE YOU, WOULD EMPOWER YOU TO MAKE YOU IMPERVIOUS TO AMERICAN BULLETS. YOU COULD STOP A BULLET. WE KNOW THAT'S NOT GOING TO WORK VERY WELL, RIGHT? NO MATTER HOW HARD YOU PRAY, YOU ARE NOT GOING TO STOP THAT BULLET. MORE IMPORTANTLY, THE HARDER YOU DANCE, THE MORE LIKELY IT IS THAT THE BUFFALO AND THOSE NATIVE AMERICANS WHO HAVE DIED BEFORE WILL COME TO YOUR AID, THAT YOU CAN BRING THEM BACK, THEY CAN PHYSICALLY MANIFEST THEMSELVES IF YOU DANCE HARD ENOUGH AND IF YOU PRAY HARD ENOUGH. THAT'S PRETTY POWERFUL. REALLY, IF YOU WANT TO THINK ABOUT IT, I WILL PLAY SORT OF ARMCHAIR PSYCHOLOGIST, IT'S A LAMENT FOR DAYS GONE BY, RIGHT? I MEAN, WE CAN LOOK AT IT SCIENTIFICALLY AND SAY, "THEY CAN DANCE AS LONG AS THEY WANT, "BUT THEY ARE NOT GOING TO BRING BACK THE SPIRITS "OF THEIR ANCESTORS, THE BUFFALO IS NOT COMING BACK, "THEY ARE NOT GOING TO BE ABLE TO STOP BULLETS." BUT IT'S A CRY. IT'S AN EMOTIONAL OUTPOURING WHERE THEY ARE TRYING TO RESURRECT A WORLD THAT HAS DIED, THEIR WORLD THAT HAS DISAPPEARED. IT'S A PRETTY POWERFUL THING WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT IT THAT WAY. IT'S HEARTBREAKING. ON THESE RESERVATIONS, THEY ARE LIKE PRISONS WITHOUT WALLS, THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IS IN CONTROL. THE GOVERNMENT BECOMES WORRIED ABOUT THIS, MOSTLY BECAUSE THEY DON'T UNDERSTAND IT. THESE PEOPLE, THE NATIVE AMERICANS, WILL DANCE THESE GHOST DANCE FOR DAYS AT A TIME. INDIVIDUALS WILL DANCE THEMSELVES INTO COMA. YOU WILL READ ACCOUNTS FROM SOLDIERS GUARDING THESE RESERVATIONS, AND THEY WILL SAY, "THE NATIVE AMERICANS DANCED "UNTIL THEY DROPPED DEAD." WELL, THEY DIDN'T REALLY DIE. THEY JUST PASSED OUT. THEY DON'T EAT, THEY DON'T DRINK. THEY DANCE AND DANCE FOR DAYS AND DAYS AND DAYS. AND THE PASSIONS THAT IT STOKES UP NOT ONLY IN THE DANCERS BUT ALSO THE PEOPLE WATCHING IS WHAT WORRIES AMERICAN OFFICIALS. THEY BELIEVE THIS IS A SPARK PLUG FOR REVOLTS ON THESE RESERVATIONS. SO THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT WANTS TO SHUT THIS DOWN. THEY WANT TO STOP THE GHOST DANCE FROM OCCURRING. THEY ARE THREATENED BY IT, EVEN THOUGH I THINK WE COULD LOOK AT IT ON THE SURFACE IN RETROSPECT AND SAY, "THERE IS NOT MUCH THREATENING ABOUT IT." THIS IS WHAT LEADS TO THE FAMOUS ENCOUNTER THAT WE REFER TO AS "WOUNDED KNEE" TODAY, WHICH OCCURRED IN DECEMBER OF 1890. A GROUP OF SIOUX HAD BEEN ENGAGED IN A GHOST DANCE FOR A NUMBER OF DAYS. THERE IS A VIOLENT INTERACTION BETWEEN THE AMERICAN MILITARY OFFICIALS THAT ARE GUARDING THE SIOUX RESERVATION AND THE SIOUX THEMSELVES, AND THERE IS A MASSACRE THAT TAKES PLACE. HUNDREDS OF NATIVE AMERICAN MEN, WOMEN, AND CHILDREN ARE SHOT INDISCRIMINATELY. THERE ARE ACCOUNTS OF THE SHOOTING GOING ON FOR HOURS AND HOURS AND THAT AMERICAN SOLDIERS ARE ENCOURAGING YOUNG CHILDREN TO COME OUT OF HIDING AFTER THE SHOOTING HAS DIED DOWN FOR A WHILE ONLY TO SHOOT THEM ON SITE THE MINUTE THEY SEE THEM. MOTHERS BEING SHOT CLUTCHING THEIR BABIES, REALLY DRAMATIC ACCOUNTS. HERE, YOU SEE SOME OF THE BODIES FROZEN IN THE DAKOTA SNOW, IN THE DAKOTA WINTER. THEY HAD TO WAIT MANY, MANY WEEKS BEFORE THEY COULD ACTUALLY DIG A TRENCH TO BURY THE BODIES BECAUSE IT WAS TOO COLD. SO HERE, YOU SEE THE BODIES BEING THROWN INTO THE GRAVES. THERE IS ACTUALLY A LITTLE NATIVE AMERICAN BABY WHO THEY DISCOVERED MANY, MANY DAYS AFTER THE EVENT HAD OCCURRED, STILL ALIVE, CLUTCHED TO HER MOTHER'S BREAST, ADOPTED BY AN AMERICAN MILITARY SOLDIER WHO FELT HORRIBLE. EVENTUALLY, THAT SOLDIER COMMITTED SUICIDE, AND THEN LATER ON, THAT NATIVE AMERICAN GIRL, WHEN SHE WAS A TEENAGER, COMMITTED SUICIDE. SO THESE PEOPLE-- MANY OF THEM ON THE AMERICAN SIDE AND NATIVE AMERICAN SIDE NEVER ESCAPED THE VIOLENCE THAT EXISTED AT THAT MOMENT. HERE, YOU SEE ANOTHER BODY SORT OF FROZEN IN RIGOR MORTIS AS A RESULT OF THE WOUNDED KNEE MASSACRE. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF CULTURAL IMPERIALISM. WHAT IS IT THAT-- WHAT IS THE ACTUAL THREAT THAT NATIVE AMERICANS POSED TO THOSE AMERICAN SOLDIERS ON THAT RESERVATION? FROM A MILITARY PERSPECTIVE, FROM AN ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE, IT'S VERY SMALL. THE RISKS TO THE AMERICAN GOVERNMENT FOR ALLOWING THE GHOST DANCE TO CONTINUE IS VERY SMALL. THEY HAVE ALREADY DEFEATED THESE PEOPLE. THESE PEOPLE ARE ALREADY UNDER CONTROL. IF YOU WANT TO THINK ABOUT IT, THEY ARE ALREADY IN A CAGE, A CAGE THAT DOESN'T HAVE PHYSICAL BARS BUT A CAGE NONETHELESS. IF YOU ARE GOING TO DESTROY THESE RELIGIOUS OUTCRIES FOR A GROUP OF PEOPLE THAT YOU HAVE ALREADY CONTROLLED AND DOMINATED, YOU ARE DESTROYING THEIR CULTURE. THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF CULTURAL GENOCIDE. YOU ARE TAKING AWAY THEIR ABILITY TO BE WHO THEY ARE. YOU COULD EVEN MAKE A DEEPER ARGUMENT, RIGHT, THAT THE VERY REMOVAL OF THESE NATIVE AMERICANS FROM THEIR NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND FORCING THEM ONTO A RESERVATION SEPARATES THEM FROM THEIR RELIGION. YOU CAN SEE WHY SOMETHING LIKE THE GHOST DANCE WOULD OCCUR IF A PEOPLE ARE CONNECTED SO MUCH TO A PARTICULAR PLACE, YOU REMOVE THEM FROM THAT PLACE, YOU ARE ENGAGING IN CULTURAL WARFARE AGAINST THOSE INDIVIDUALS. THEIR RELIGION IS GONE. AND THIS IS WHEN WE ARE SUPPOSED TO BE IMPROVING, RIGHT? POST-CIVIL WAR AMERICA, WE ARE GETTING BETTER, THOSE POST-CIVIL WAR AMENDMENTS. SOMETIMES HISTORY DOESN'T WORK LIKE THAT. IT DOESN'T WORK IN A PROGRESSIVE LINEAR FASHION. ALL RIGHT, ON THE HEELS OF THIS EVENT, THERE IS ANOTHER PRESSURE BEING APPLIED TO NATIVE AMERICANS ON RESERVATIONS, AND THIS IS THE PASSAGE OF FEDERAL LAW THAT IS REFERRED TO AS "THE DAWES ACT." IT WAS PASSED IN 1887. WHAT THE DAWES ACT IS AN ATTEMPT TO DO IS TO TAKE RESERVATION LAND THAT ISN'T BEING USED PROPERLY BY NATIVE AMERICANS IN THE MINDS OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT AND TO OPEN IT UP FOR SALE TO WHITE SETTLERS. SO A GROUP OF PEOPLE ALREADY ON A RESERVATION, WHAT THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IS GOING TO DO IS THEY ARE GOING TO ENGAGE IN SORT OF A PROGRAMMATIC EVALUATION OF THE RESERVATION ITSELF AND TRY TO FIGURE OUT WHICH LAND ON THE RESERVATION IS BEING USED PROPERLY BY THE NATIVE AMERICANS. IF THEY FIND THERE IS SOME LAND NOT BEING USED FOR PRODUCTIVE PURPOSES, AND OF COURSE WHO IS GOING TO DECIDE WHAT IS PRODUCTIVE? IT'S GOING TO BE FROM THE AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE-- THEN THEY WILL DIVIDE THAT LAND UP AND SELL IT TO WHITE SETTLERS AT THE HIGHEST BIDDER. HERE, YOU SEE A GREAT EXAMPLE OF THAT. I OFTEN TELL STUDENTS IN MY CLASSES NATIVE AMERICANS HAVE NEVER BEEN GIVEN ANYTHING. I LOVE THIS DISCUSSION BECAUSE SO MANY PEOPLE WANT TO SAY THAT NATIVE AMERICANS HAVE ALL THESE GREAT ADVANTAGES TO BEING NATIVE AMERICAN TODAY IN THE UNITED STATES. THEY GET ALL THIS SCHOLARSHIP MONEY, THERE IS ALL THIS RESPECT, THEY ARE IN MUSEUMS, THE WHOLE NINE YARDS. I HAVE HEARD STUDENTS SAY ALL KINDS OF THINGS. THE REALITY IS THEY HAVE ONLY HAD THINGS TAKEN FROM THEM. THEY HAVE NEVER HAD ANYTHING GIVEN TO THEM. THIS IS ANOTHER EXAMPLE. THEY ARE ALREADY DEFEATED. THEY ARE ALREADY ON A RESERVATION. THE RESERVATION IS SUPPOSED TO BE THEIRS FOREVER. SOMETIMES, THERE IS EVEN AN APOLOGY THAT IS SAID-- "WE DIDN'T MEAN TO DO THIS TO YOU, BUT YOU FORCED US INTO IT, "SO WE ARE GOING TO GIVE YOU THIS LAND FOR YOU "AND YOUR CHILDREN AND YOUR GRANDCHILDREN "AND YOUR GREAT GRANDCHILDREN AS FAR AS WE CAN SEE." THEN, EVENTUALLY, THEY COME BACK AND SAY, "WELL, WE HAVE RECONSIDERED," AND THEY DIVIDE THESE RESERVATIONS UP YET AGAIN, TAKING MORE AND MORE LAND. SO THAT DESTRUCTION THAT YOU SAW OF INDIAN TERRITORY WHERE IT STARTS TO SHRINK DOWN TO THE SIZE OF JUST OKLAHOMA, EVENTUALLY THAT WILL GO AWAY. I MEAN, OKLAHOMA IS NOT JUST ONE GIANT RESERVATION ANYMORE, IS IT? SO YOU SEE THIS PROCESS IN ACTION. HERE, YOU SEE A BILL OF SALE ANNOUNCING THE SALE OF INDIAN LAND, RESERVATION LAND IN THE WEST. SO THESE WOULD BE PUBLISHED OUT EAST FOR SETTLERS TO MOVE OUT TO THE WEST. HERE, YOU SEE AN ACTUAL PLOTTING OUT OF THE-- WHAT THE DAWES ACT DID TO THESE NATIVE AMERICAN RESERVATIONS. YOU CAN SEE ALL THESE EMPTY SLOTS HERE. THESE ARE THE SPACES THAT WOULD BE OPENED UP AND SOLD FOR WHITE SETTLEMENT. WHAT THEY DECIDED TO DO, THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT UNDER THE DAWES ACT, IS TO TAKE NATIVE AMERICAN MALE HEADS OF HOUSEHOLDS-- A VERY AMERICAN CONCEPT-- AND GIVE THEM EACH THEIR OWN PLOT OF GROUND, THEIR OWN PIECE OF LAND. AND WHAT THEY SAID IS THAT THE EXPECTATION IS THAT THEN THESE NATIVE AMERICANS WOULD FARM THAT PIECE OF LAND JUST LIKE A WHITE FARMER WOULD, AND AT THE END OF A CERTAIN NUMBER OF YEARS, AND THOSE YEARS-- THE RULES CHANGE OVER TIME, THEY WOULD BECOME AMERICAN CITIZENS, IF THEY WERE PRODUCTIVE, GOOD FARMERS, AND THEY DIDN'T UPSET THE BALANCE, THEN THEY WOULD BECOME AMERICAN CITIZENS, SOMETHING THAT NATIVE AMERICANS NEVER WANTED. NOW, I MENTIONED WE WOULD GO BACK AND LINK THIS TO AFRICAN-AMERICANS. THINK ABOUT THE IRONY HERE. AFRICAN-AMERICANS WANTED TO BE CITIZENS, WERE PROMISED CITIZENSHIP UNDER THE CIVIL WAR AMENDMENTS AT THE END OF THE CIVIL WAR, AND YET THEY NEVER GOT THEIR OWN PIECE OF GROUND. THEY NEVER GOT THEIR 40 ACRES AND A MULE. NATIVE AMERICANS DON'T WANT CITIZENSHIP, DON'T WANT TO BE FARMERS, YET THEY ARE GIVEN-- REALLY FORCED BOTH BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. THEY ARE FORCED INTO CITIZENSHIP AND FORCED INTO LAND OWNERSHIP. WHY IS THIS A DESTRUCTION OF THEIR CULTURE? DO YOU REMEMBER WHAT WE TALKED ABOUT IN THAT CHART? HOW DO THEY VIEW LAND OWNERSHIP? >> (indistinct speaking). >> YEAH. AND THEY ARE NOT GOING TO KNOW HOW TO FUNCTION. NATIVE AMERICANS KNEW HOW TO FARM. NATIVE AMERICANS KNOW HOW TO HUNT. THEY KNOW HOW TO LIVE OFF THE LAND. ONE OF THE THINGS THEY DON'T KNOW HOW TO DO IS HOW TO DO THAT AS INDIVIDUAL FAMILY UNITS AS OPPOSED TO COMMUNAL GROUPS. IF YOU TAKE OUT HUGE CHUNKS OF LAND IN THE MIDDLE OF THE RESERVATION, YOU ARE TAKING OUT OPPORTUNITIES FOR THEM TO SEW SEEDS, TO PLANT CROPS, TO HUNT GAME, AND YOU ARE FORCING THEM TO SURVIVE ON VERY SMALL PLOTS OF GROUND ON AN INDIVIDUAL FAMILY BASIS. THIS IS AN ATTEMPT TO DESTROY THEIR CULTURE. WHAT YOU ARE TRYING TO DO IS TO TURN THEM INTO WHITE AMERICAN-STYLE FARMERS RATHER THAN NATIVE AMERICANS, AND THIS IS HORRIBLY PROBLEMATIC. FIRST OF ALL, THE NATIVE AMERICAN MEN WHO ARE GIVEN TITLE TO THE LAND, WHO ARE EXPECTED TO FARM, IN MOST NATIVE AMERICAN COMMUNITIES, THEY ARE NOT THE FARMERS. THE ONES WHO TEND TO THE CROPS AND DO THE FARMING ARE THE WOMEN. WOMEN DON'T HAVE CONTROL OF THE LAND. SO MEN WILL BE SITTING ON THEIR PORCHES DOING NOTHING WHILE THE WOMEN ARE OUT TRYING TO MAKE THESE PLOTS OF LAND WORK. AGENTS OF THE BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS WILL DRIVE BY AND SAY, "WHAT IS GOING ON HERE? "THESE MEN ARE LAZY. "THEY NEED TO BE TAUGHT PROPERLY," AND THEN MAYBE THEIR LAND IS STRIPPED FROM THEM AS A RESULT BECAUSE THEY ARE NOT USING THE LAND PROPERLY, THEY ARE NOT BEHAVING LIKE WHITE AMERICANS. WHICH LAND DO YOU THINK WOULD BE SOLD TO WHITE SETTLERS AS A RESULT OF THE DAWES ACT? IF YOU THINK ABOUT THESE RESERVATIONS, ARE THEY GOING TO BE ON PRIME LAND ANYWAY, LAND WITH LOTS OF MINERAL RESOURCES AND GOOD FARM LAND? WHERE ARE THE RESERVATIONS GOING TO BE LOCATED? I MEAN, NOTHING AGAINST OKLAHOMA, BUT HAVE YOU GUYS EVER BEEN THERE? (audience chuckling) >> (indistinct speaking). >> YEAH, IT'S GOING TO BE ON THE MOST MARGINALIZED LAND, THE LEAST AMOUNT OF RESOURCES, THE HARDEST TO FARM. ANYTHING THAT IS OF ANY VALUE ON THESE RESERVATIONS, DO YOU THINK NATIVE AMERICANS ARE GOING TO END UP WITH THAT UNDER THEIR CONTROL? LET'S SAY THERE ARE MINERAL RESOURCES DISCOVERED ON A RESERVATION. DO YOU THINK IT'S GOING TO END UP UNDER THE CONTROL OF ONE OF THESE FAMILIES OR DO YOU THINK IT'S GOING TO END UP OPENING UP TO WHITE SETTLERS? THE ANSWER IS PRETTY OBVIOUS, RIGHT? WHITES ARE GOING TO GET THE BEST LAND ON THESE WHAT ARE ALREADY MARGINAL RESERVATION LAND PROPERTIES. THE END RESULT HERE IS THAT YOU ARE SETTING UP NATIVE AMERICANS FOR FAILURE. FIRST OF ALL, IT IS COMPLETELY FOREIGN TO THEM, CULTURALLY TO TRY TO SUCCEED ACCORDING TO WHITE STANDARDS, BUT THEN TO MAKE THEM SUCCEED ACCORDING TO WHITE STANDARDS ON LAND THAT MANY WHITES WOULDN'T BE ABLE TO SUCCEED ON IS REALLY PROBLEMATIC. SO REALLY, YOU ARE PUTTING NATIVE AMERICANS IN A POSITION OF SORT OF LIVING OFF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, RELYING ON THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND THE BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS FOR HANDOUTS, FOOD, DRINK, YOU NAME IT, BECAUSE THEY CAN'T PRODUCE IT ON THEIR OWN. THE DAWES ACT IS PARTICULARLY DRAMATIC. ON TOP OF THAT-- REMEMBER, THESE ARE ALREADY A PEOPLE WHO ARE DEFEATED. SO YOU HAVE CHANGED THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN ON THE RESERVATION. YOU HAVE TAKEN AWAY THE BEST LAND. YOU ARE TRYING TO FORCE THEM TO BECOME WHITE AMERICAN FARMERS. YOU ARE DENYING THEM RELIGIOUS OPPORTUNITIES. AT THE SAME TIME, THEY WORK ON-- THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT WORKS ON TRANSFORMING THE YOUNGER GENERATION. THEY KNOW THE FUTURE OF NATIVE AMERICAN/AMERICAN RELATIONSHIPS RESTS WITH TEACHING YOUNG NATIVE AMERICAN CHILDREN HOW TO BE GOOD AMERICAN CITIZENS. THIS COMES FROM A REALLY OLD NOTION CREATED BY THOMAS JEFFERSON WHEN HE WROTE "NOTES ON THE STATE OF VIRGINIA." HE MAKES ALL THESE COMPARISONS BETWEEN WHITES, NATIVE AMERICANS, AND BLACKS. ONE OF THE THINGS JEFFERSON COMES UP WITH IS THAT BLACKS ARE IRREDEEMABLE. THE ONLY WAY THAT THEY SHOULD BE ALLOWED TO LIVE IN THE UNITED STATES IS UNDER THE INSTITUTION OF SLAVERY BECAUSE THEY CAN'T BE CONTROLLED, THEY CAN'T THINK LOGICALLY, THEY ARE NOT HUMAN BEINGS. NATIVE AMERICANS, ON THE OTHER HAND, IN JEFFERSON'S ESTIMATION, ARE REALLY JUST SORT OF MISGUIDED HUMAN BEINGS. THEY ARE HUMAN BEINGS WHO HAVE NOT BEEN EXPOSED TO THE PROPER CIVILIZING TENDENCIES. THEY CAN BE SAVED. SO BASED OFF THIS PHILOSOPHY THAT JEFFERSON HELPED CREATE, PEOPLE TALKED ALL THE TIME ABOUT "SAVE THE MAN, KILL THE INDIAN." KILL EVERYTHING ABOUT HIM THAT IS INDIAN, TAKE THAT AWAY FROM HIM, AND THEN WHAT YOU HAVE LEFT OVER IS A PERSON WHO CAN BE REDEEMED, A PERSON WHO CAN BE A CITIZEN. AFRICAN-AMERICANS, IN JEFFERSON'S ESTIMATION, CAN'T DO THAT. SO HERE, YOU SEE A PICTURE OF THE CARLISLE INDIAN SCHOOL. THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT CAME UP WITH THIS REALLY INSIDIOUS SORT OF PLAN, BUT IT WAS REALLY EFFECTIVE-- TO TAKE NATIVE AMERICAN CHILDREN FROM THE RESERVATIONS, MOVE THEM TO BOARDING SKILLS WHERE THEY WOULD LIVE YEAR-ROUND. MOST OF THESE KIDS ARE IN BOARDING SCHOOLS FOR MORE THAN TEN YEARS AT A TIME BEFORE THEY ARE RELEASED AND THEY CAN GO BACK AND SEE THEIR PARENTS AND THEIR FAMILY AND FRIENDS AGAIN, AND DURING THAT ENTIRE TIME, EVERYTHING THAT IS NATIVE ABOUT THEM IS TAUGHT OUT OF THEM. IT'S SYSTEMATICALLY-- IN SOME CASES, BEATEN OUT OF THEM. CARLISLE HAS A PRISON. IT HAS A JAILHOUSE FOR NATIVE AMERICAN CHILDREN WHO REFUSE TO CONFORM, WHO WON'T GO ALONG WITH THE PROGRAM. SO HERE, YOU SEE ALL THESE NATIVE AMERICAN CHILDREN, MANY OF THEM FROM VERY FAR OUT WEST, HERE IN PENNSYLVANIA AT THIS CARLISLE BOARDING SCHOOL BEING BRAINWASHED INTO BECOMING AMERICAN CITIZENS RATHER THAN BEING NATIVE AMERICAN. THAT MEANT EVERYTHING. THEY COULDN'T EAT NATIVE AMERICAN FOOD, THEY COULDN'T SPEAK THEIR LANGUAGE, THEY COULDN'T WEAR THEIR HAIR LONG, THEY COULDN'T WEAR NATIVE AMERICAN CLOTHING, THEY COULDN'T PRACTICE THEIR RELIGIOUS PRACTICES. ALL OF THAT STUFF IS OUTLAWED AND BANNED, AND THEY ARE TAUGHT HOW TO BE GOOD LITTLE AMERICANS. THE BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, WHICH IS THE AGENCY CHARGED WITH OVERSEEING RESERVATIONS AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NATIVE AMERICANS ON RESERVATIONS AND THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, HAS TO GO BEFORE CONGRESS AND APPLY FOR FUNDING EVERY YEAR, AND ONE OF THE THINGS THEY TRY TO DO IS THEY TRY TO SHOW HOW EFFECTIVE THESE BOARDING SCHOOL INSTITUTIONS ARE, THAT THEY SHOULD CONTINUE TO BE FUNDED, THEY SHOULD CONTINUE TO BE A PART OF THE BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS' DUTIES. SO THEY WILL ROUTINELY TAKE THESE BEFORE AND AFTER SHOTS OF NATIVE AMERICANS BROUGHT IN FRESH FROM THE RESERVATIONS AND TO DEMONSTRATE TO CONGRESSMEN OUT EAST WHAT A GREAT THING THE BOARDING SCHOOLS ARE DOING. SO HERE YOU SEE A BEFORE AND AN AFTER OF THE SAME GROUP, THE IDEA BEING "THESE FOLKS ARE A LOT BETTER." I MEAN, IF YOU LOOKED AT THIS AND YOU DIDN'T KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURE AND YOU DIDN'T REALIZE THESE PEOPLE HAD JUST BEEN PUT THROUGH THE WRINGER, FORCED MANY OF THEM ONTO RESERVATIONS JUST RECENTLY, MANY OF THEM LOST PARENTS, THEY HAVE SEEN HORRIBLE ACTS OF VIOLENCE, IT LOOKS LIKE THEY ARE UNCIVILIZED, SAVAGE, POOR, HUNGRY. HERE, HOWEVER, THEY LOOK CLEAN, THEY LOOK PROPER. THE BOYS HAVE THEIR HAIR CUT SHORT. THE GIRLS HAVE THEIR HAIR PULLED BACK. IT'S VERY INTERESTING HOW THIS WOULD WORK. SO IF YOU DIDN'T KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURE YOU WOULD DEFINITELY THINK THAT THIS WAS AN IMPROVEMENT. THAT'S THE WAY THAT THESE BOARDING SCHOOLS OPERATED. YOU CAN SEE THIS IN MANY, MANY DIFFERENT KINDS OF WAYS. SO I HAVE A LOT OF IMAGES FROM BOARDING SCHOOLS THAT I WANT YOU TO SEE. I LOVE THIS ONE IN PARTICULAR BECAUSE WHAT DO YOU SEE HAPPENING IN THE IMAGE ITSELF? REMEMBER, WE TALKED ABOUT GENDER RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN NATIVE AMERICANS. WHAT ARE THEY TEACHING THEM HERE? >> (indistinct speaking). >> WELL, IT COULD BE RELIGIOUS, ALTHOUGH THEY ARE ACTUALLY DOING ARITHMETIC, I THINK. THEY ARE COUNTING OUT ON THEIR FINGERS. THEY ARE DOING SOME SIMPLE ARITHMETIC. >> (indistinct speaking). >> YEAH, THEY ARE DRAWING A DISTINCTION BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN. IN THIS CASE, THEY ARE IN THE SAME CLASSROOM, WHICH WASN'T ALWAYS TYPICAL, BUT THEY ARE MAKING A DISTINCTION. GIRLS ON ONE SIDE, BOYS ON THE OTHER, AND BOYS WILL BE GIVEN A MUCH DIFFERENT EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITY AT THESE BOARDING SCHOOLS THAN GIRLS WILL. GIRLS WILL BE TAUGHT HOW TO BE PROPER AMERICAN FEMALES, WHICH MEANS BEING SUBSERVIENT IN THAT PATRILINEAL SYSTEM THAT EXISTED IN THE UNITED STATES, SOMETHING THAT WOULD BE FOREIGN TO THEM. AND I LOVE THE IMAGES OF GEORGE WASHINGTON IN THE BACKGROUND AND THE BUNTING WITH THE AMERICAN FLAG. THOSE SORTS OF IMAGES-- THE AMERICAN FLAG, PRESIDENTS-- ALL THOSE THINGS WOULD HAVE BEEN VIEWED BY THESE NATIVE AMERICAN CHILDREN AND THEIR FAMILIES AS BEING THE ENEMY JUST A FEW WEEKS PRIOR TO THAT. NOW, THEY ARE BEING TAUGHT THIS IS HOW THEY SHOULD BEHAVE. HERE, YOU SEE A TYPICAL NATIVE AMERICAN WEDDING DRESS, AND NOW, THE IDEA IS THAT, OF COURSE, THESE NATIVE AMERICANS ARE BEHAVING PROPERLY, ACTUALLY GETTING MARRIED IN A PROPER FASHION. THEY ARE LOSING THEIR BARBARIAN QUALITIES. SOMEBODY MENTIONED THE RELIGIOUS ASPECT. HERE, YOU SEE NATIVE AMERICAN BOYS PRAYING WITH A MINISTER BEFORE BED ON THE BOARDING SCHOOL PROPERTY. GIRLS BEING TAUGHT HOW TO BAKE. THERE ARE THOUSANDS OF THESE IMAGES FROM THE BOARDING SCHOOLS. BOYS BEING TAUGHT HOW TO FARM PROPERLY. MALE PURSUITS LIKE LOGGING, HOW TO SURVIVE IN INDUSTRIAL AMERICAN, HOW TO BE AMERICAN CITIZENS. ALL RIGHT, THESE TWO IMAGES I HAVE-- THE NEXT TWO-- I WANT A LITTLE BIT OF HELP FROM YOU. THESE ARE BOTH FROM A FAMOUS NATIVE AMERICAN ARTIST NAMED WOHAW. AND WOHAW-- HIS MOST MEMORABLE WORKS WERE THESE SIMPLE SKETCHES THAT SPOKE TO THIS NOTION OF CULTURAL GENOCIDE. WHAT DO YOU THINK HE IS TRYING TO SAY IN THIS SIMPLE SKETCH? CAN YOU TELL? >> (indistinct speaking). >> OKAY. SHE SAID THAT YOU ARE KILLING THE INDIANS. HOW DO YOU SEE THAT THERE, THOUGH? THERE IS NOT VIOLENCE IN THIS IMAGE, IS THERE? >> (indistinct speaking). >> OH, IT LOOKS LIKE-- WELL, I THINK THAT'S JUST A FACTOR OF THE CRAPPY COPY I HAVE MADE. I DON'T THINK THERE IS A NOOSE HANGING THERE. THERE IS A NATIVE AMERICAN ON THE SIDE, AND THEN THERE IS A WHITE FEMALE TEACHER IN THE CENTER, RIGHT? ALL THESE ARE NATIVE AMERICAN BOYS. THERE IS DEFINITELY SOMETHING HAPPENING HERE. WHAT DO YOU THINK IS GOING ON? >> THEY ALL HAVE THEIR BACK TURNED TO THE INDIAN WARRIOR. >> YEAH, THESE KIDS ARE COMPLETELY OBLIVIOUS TO THE FACT THAT THIS IS PART OF THEIR PAST. I THINK YOU COULD EVEN MAKE THE ASSUMPTION THIS IS SORT OF A SPECTRAL FIGURE, RIGHT? I MEAN, IT'S NOT EVEN FULLY DRAWN. IT'S ALMOST LIKE IT'S NOT THERE. EVERYTHING ELSE IN THE IMAGE IS REALLY DARK. THIS IS A DELIBERATE ATTEMPT BY THE ARTIST TO SAY THAT THIS IS SORT OF AN ETHEREAL IMAGE, IT'S NOT QUITE THERE. THE TEACHER KNOWS IT'S THERE, THOUGH, DOESN'T SHE? WHAT IS SHE DOING? >> (indistinct speaking). >> SHE'S GOT THAT WRITTEN WORD. YOU KNOW, NATIVE AMERICANS BEING FAMOUS FOR NOT HAVING A WRITTEN LANGUAGE, WHICH IS SOMETIMES OVERBLOWN BECAUSE SOME ACTUALLY DID. SHE'S HOLDING THAT BOOK UP AS A WEAPON TOWARD THAT NATIVE AMERICAN IMAGE OFF TO THE SIDE AS IF SHE NOW HAS THE POWER, SHE HAS THE CONTROL. IT'S PRETTY POIGNANT IMAGE WHEN YOU START TO THINK ABOUT IT. THESE KIDS ALL LOOK THE SAME. THIS IS PROBABLY HIS MOST FAMOUS SKETCH. THIS ONE IS A LITTLE, MAYBE, HARDER TO FIGURE OUT. WHAT DO YOU SEE TAKING PLACE HERE? DON'T EVERYBODY JUMP UP AT ONCE. YES, WAY IN THE BACK. >> IS IT KIND OF FROM THE STORY OF WHITE BUFFALO WOMAN, WITH THE WHITE BUFFALO ON THE SIDE-- THE OTHER BUFFALO? >> IT'S VERY SIMILAR, ALTHOUGH THIS ISN'T A BUFFALO. ALTHOUGH I CAN SEE WHY YOU WOULD THINK THAT. WHAT IS THIS SUPPOSED TO BE? >> (indistinct speaking). >> THIS IS WHAT? >> CATTLE. >> IT'S A COW. THIS IS A BUFFALO. WHAT DO YOU SEE AT HIS FEET? WHAT IS THIS? CAN YOU TELL WHAT THAT IS? IT'S A TEEPEE. >> REALLY? >> REALLY. AND WHAT IS THIS DOWN HERE? >> (indistinct speaking). >> YEAH, IT'S A FARM HOUSE, AND YOU CAN ALMOST SEE THE ROWS OF CROPS PLANTED THERE. I WOULD INVITE YOU ALL UP, BUT IT MIGHT LOOK FUNNY ON CAMERA TO GET CLOSE AND ACTUALLY SEE IT. THERE IS A GROVE OF TREES DOWN HERE. WHAT IS HE HOLDING IN EACH HAND? >> (indistinct speaking). >> YEAH, A LOT OF PEOPLE WANT TO SAY "TOMAHAWKS" OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT, BUT THEY ARE PEACE PIPES. HE SORT OF IS TRYING TO DO WHAT? HE HAS TWO WORLDS THAT HE IS STRADDLING. >> (indistinct speaking). >> HE IS TRYING TO MAKE PEACE WITH THESE TWO HALVES OF WHO HE IS SUPPOSED TO BE. HE IS BEING PULLED IN ONE DIRECTION, BUT HE KNOWS HE IS ALSO THIS, AND HE IS TRYING TO MAKE PEACE WITH BOTH SIDES. THAT IS A PRETTY POWERFUL IMAGE. WHAT I THINK IS REALLY IMPORTANT, THOUGH, IS IF YOU LOOK AT A LOT OF ART, THE GAZE OF THE MAIN FIGURE IN THE PRINT IS ALWAYS REALLY IMPORTANT. WHERE IS HIS GAZE? WHO IS WINNING? >> THE AMERICAN SIDE. >> THE AMERICAN SIDE. HE IS DEFINITELY PULLED PHYSICALLY, HIS HEAD, IN THAT DIRECTION. HE IS NOT COMPLETELY NEUTRAL IN THIS. HE IS BEING PULLED IN ONE WAY. SO THAT'S A PRETTY POWERFUL ARTISTIC EXPRESSION OF THIS LOSS OF CULTURE THAT NATIVE AMERICANS FEEL REALLY DEEPLY. HOW MANY OF YOU HAVE EVER SEEN THIS BEFORE? ANYBODY? FANTASTIC. ALL RIGHT. NOW, I'M GOING TO SHIFT GEARS A LITTLE BIT, AND I WANT TO MAKE SURE THAT WE HAVE SOME TIME FOR QUESTIONS, SO I AM GOING TO TRY TO DO THIS AS SMOOTHLY AND QUICKLY AS WE CAN. REMEMBER WE TALKED ABOUT THE FACT THIS DOESN'T TAKE PLACE IN A VACUUM. WHAT IS HAPPENING TO NATIVE AMERICANS DOESN'T TAKE PLACE SORT OF SEPARATE FROM EVERYTHING ELSE THAT IS GOING ON IN THE UNITED STATES. AT THE SAME TIME THAT NATIVE AMERICANS ARE EXPERIENCING ALL THESE CULTURAL PRESSURES, THE UNITED STATES IS DELIBERATELY MOVING OUT INTO THE INTERNATIONAL ARENA. SO THAT'S GOING TO BE OUR NEXT FOCUS. NOW, I HAVE GIVEN YOU A HANDOUT. I AM GOING TO TALK ABOUT THIS A LITTLE BIT. I'M NOT GOING TO NECESSARILY READ THROUGH IT, BUT I WANT TO TELL YOU WHAT THIS IS SO YOU CAN TAKE IT WITH YOU. IF YOU ARE INTERESTED, YOU CAN TAKE THE TIME TO READ IT. THERE ARE TWO LETTERS IN HERE. THESE LETTERS ARE LETTERS WRITTEN BY MEN WHO CONTROL THE BOARDING SCHOOL MOVEMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. THE FIRST ONE IS FROM THOMAS MORGAN. I THINK THAT'S THE FIRST ONE ON YOUR SHEET THERE. HE IS THE COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. HE IS THE GUY THAT IS IN CONTROL OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. HE IS BASICALLY WRITING THIS LETTER TO ALL THE PEOPLE WHO ARE PRINCIPALS, IF YOU WILL, OF THE BOARDING SCHOOLS ACROSS THE COUNTRY, NATIVE AMERICAN BOARDING SCHOOLS. AND HE IS TELLING THEM WHAT THE BOARDING SCHOOL MISSION IS SUPPOSED TO BE, WHAT IS IT THAT THE BOARDING SCHOOL HOPES TO ACCOMPLISH. I WOULD LIKE YOU SOMETIME TO TAKE SOME TIME AND READ THROUGH THAT, AND YOU CAN GET A SENSE FOR HOW THESE PEOPLE FEEL ABOUT NATIVE AMERICAN CULTURES. THE SECOND IS FROM THE GUY WHO RUNS THE CARLISLE BOARDING SCHOOL IN PENNSYLVANIA, WHICH WAS THE LARGEST OF THESE NATIVE AMERICAN BOARDING SCHOOLS, AND HIS OWN INTERPRETATION OF WHAT IT MEANS. AND WHAT IS REALLY INTERESTING ABOUT HIS ACCOUNT IS HE CONSTANTLY COMPARES THE EXPERIENCES OF NATIVE AMERICANS ON THE RESERVATION TO WHAT AFRICAN-AMERICANS HAVE HAD TO ENDURE. SO THERE IS A LOT OF CONNECTIONS THERE. IT WOULD BE KIND OF COOL IF WE HAD THE TIME TO READ THROUGH IT, BUT I THINK WE WILL WAIT. ALL RIGHT. IN TERMS OF FOREIGN POLICY DURING THIS TIME PERIOD, THE UNITED STATES HAS ENGAGED IN AN EFFORT TO COMPETE WITH MANY OTHER WORLD LEADERS, MANY OTHER NATIONS ACROSS THE GLOBE, MOSTLY EUROPEAN NATIONS, WHO ARE TRYING TO CARVE OUT ECONOMIC FORTUNES OVERSEAS AT THE EXPENSE OF OTHER PEOPLE. THIS IS THE PERIOD OF IMPERIALISM. IT'S THE HEIGHT OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE. THE UNITED STATES IS TRYING TO COMPETE IN THE SAME MANNER. FOR AMERICANS, THE NUMBER ONE GOAL, AT LEAST FROM AN ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE, FROM A POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE IN WASHINGTON D.C., IN THE LATE 1800s, EARLY 1900s, IS ACCESS TO THE CHINESE MARKET. SOME PEOPLE MIGHT SAY THAT REALLY HASN'T EVER CHANGED. BUT WE DESIRED ACCESS TO CHINESE RAW MATERIALS, RESOURCES, AND THE ABILITY TO SELL OUR PRODUCTS TO THOSE LARGE NUMBERS OF PEOPLE. IN ORDER TO DO THAT, PRIOR TO THE ADVENT OF MODERN TRANSPORTATION, MOST OF THE SHIPS ARE COAL-POWERED SHIPS. THEY ARE STEAM-DRIVEN SHIPS. YOU HAD TO BUILD NAVAL BASES OR COALING STATIONS ALL THE WAY ACROSS THE PACIFIC TO BE ABLE TO GET TO THE CHINESE MARKET. SO THE UNITED STATES IS ACTIVELY ENGAGED IN A POLICY THAT WAS CREATED BY MILITARY LEADERS AND ECONOMISTS AND GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS TO GIVE US A FOOTHOLD, AN ACCESS TO THESE CHINESE MARKETS OVERSEAS. SO WE ARE TAKING ISLAND NATIONS. THIS IS VERY MUCH THE STORY OF HAWAII. HAWAII IS SO IMPORTANT BECAUSE OF ITS ACCESS POINT, ITS HALFWAY POINT BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND THE ASIAN MARKET. SO IT'S A PERFECT COALING STATION. IN THIS PROCESS, THE PHILIPPINES-- WE WILL ACQUIRE THE PHILIPPINES AS WELL, AND THAT'S GOING TO BE A MAJOR FOCUS FOR US. THE REASON WE WANTED THE PHILIPPINES IS BECAUSE IT BRINGS US DIRECTLY INTO CONTACT WITH THESE ASIAN MARKETS OVERSEAS. INTERNATIONALLY, THE UNITED STATES-- AND I THINK YOU WILL SEE A LOT OF SIMILARITIES TO THE WAY NATIVE AMERICANS ARE TREATED. THEY ARE DEFINING OUR INTERNATIONAL ENCOUNTERS WITH PEOPLE WHO ARE NON-WHITE, NON-CHRISTIAN, NON-PATRILINEAL, ALL THOSE THINGS WE TALKED ABOUT WITH NATIVE AMERICANS. WE ARE DEFINING OUR EXPERIENCES WITH THOSE PEOPLE OVERSEAS IN ALMOST EXACTLY THE SAME WAY THAT WE DEFINED OUR EXPERIENCES WITH NATIVE AMERICANS. THERE IS NO DIFFERENCE. SO HERE YOU WILL SEE-- HOW MANY OF YOU HAVE EVER HEARD OF KIPLING'S FAMOUS POEM "THE WHITE MAN'S BURDEN"? EVEN IF YOU NEVER READ IT, A LOT OF YOU HAVE PROBABLY HEARD OF IT. DO YOU KNOW WHAT THAT CONCEPT MEANS, "THE WHITE MAN'S BURDEN"? >> (indistinct speaking). IT'S LOOKING AT-- TALKING ABOUT PEOPLE IN THE PHILIPPINES, IT'S LOOKING AT PEOPLE IN THE PHILIPPINES AND THEY ARE LESS CIVILIZED THAN WHITES SO WE HAVE LIKE A MORAL OBLIGATION, SORT OF, TO TAKE CARE OF THEM. >> THAT'S VERY GOOD. SO HE SAID IT'S-- THE POEM ITSELF IS A JUSTIFICATION FOR AMERICAN IMPERIALISM, AMERICA TAKING CONTROL OF NON-WHITE NATIONS ACROSS THE GLOBE. BUT THE IDEA UNDERLYING THE WHITE MAN'S BURDEN IS THAT WHITE CIVILIZED SOCIETY, WHETHER IN THIS IMAGE IS BRITISH OR AMERICAN, HAS AN OBLIGATION TO SORT OF UPLIFT, CONTROL, AND CIVILIZE THESE NON-WHITE CULTURES ACROSS THE GLOBE. SO HERE YOU SEE A GREAT EXAMPLE OF ENGLAND AND THE UNITED STATES CARRYING THEIR BURDEN. THIS IS A HEAVY BURDEN. YOU KNOW, "WE DON'T WANT TO DO THIS, BUT WE HAVE TO GO OUT "AND TEACH THESE PEOPLE HOW TO LIVE PROPERLY." CARRYING THESE BASKETS LADEN WITH NON-WHITES FROM THEIR IMPERIAL POSSESSIONS TO TEACH THEM HOW TO LIVE PROPERLY. AT THE TOP, OF COURSE, CIVILIZATION. THAT'S THE GOAL. SO THEY ARE CARRYING THEM UP THE PATH TOWARD CIVILIZATION. SO IN A STRANGE SORT OF WAY IT'S JUST LIKE WHAT WE ARE TELLING NATIVE AMERICANS-- "EVEN THOUGH YOU MAY BE DEFEATED AND WE REALLY WANT TO DEFEAT YOU "FOR YOUR LAND OR FOR ECONOMIC POWER OR ECONOMIC RESOURCES, "WE ALSO HAVE AN OBLIGATION TO CONTROL YOUR CULTURE, "TO CHANGE WHO YOU ARE, TO CHANGE THE WAY YOU THINK." SO MANY PEOPLE OVERSEAS WILL EXPERIENCE THE SAME SORT OF PRESSURES THAT NATIVE AMERICANS DID. AS A MATTER OF FACT, WHEN PEOPLE DREW IMAGES OF FILIPINOS THEY OFTEN DREW THEM OR DEPICTED THEM AS NATIVE AMERICANS BECAUSE THEY HAD NEVER REALLY SEEN FILIPINOS IN THE UNITED STATES BEFORE. >> WHAT IS THE ARMBAND ON UNCLE SAM'S ARM? >> YOU KNOW, THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION. I AM NOT REALLY SURE WHAT THAT REFERS TO. HE ASKED ABOUT WHAT THAT ARMBAND IS ON UNCLE SAM'S ARM. I DON'T KNOW. I WOULD HAVE TO CHECK IT OUT. HERE, YOU SEE A FAMOUS IMAGE FROM "THE JOURNAL," A DETROIT PUBLICATION, OF AN AMERICAN SOLDIER-- A LOT OF PEOPLE BELIEVE THAT IT'S SUPPOSED TO BE AN IMAGE OF TEDDY ROOSEVELT-- CARRYING THIS FILIPINO SAVAGE UP THE HILL TOWARD A SCHOOLHOUSE. SO THE WHOLE NOTION OF BOARDING SCHOOLS WILL BE TRANSPORTED FROM THE AMERICAN WEST WITH NATIVE AMERICANS OVER TO THE PHILIPPINES TO TRY TO TEACH YOUNG FILIPINO CHILDREN HOW TO BECOME PROPER AMERICAN COLONISTS WITHIN THE AMERICAN IMPERIAL SYSTEM. SO THE IMAGERY IS VERY, VERY SIMILAR. YOU CAN SEE THE LINKS VERY CLEARLY. LOTS OF THESE DIFFERENT KINDS OF THINGS. HERE, YOU SEE UNCLE SAM SUPPORTED BY THE ARMY AND THE NAVY DOING HIS BEST TO UPLIFT AND HOLD UP THESE SAVAGE PEOPLE FROM ACROSS THE GLOBE. I DON'T KNOW IF YOU CAN READ IT BUT PUERTO RICO, THE PHILIPPINES, THEY ARE ALL REPRESENTED. ANOTHER CLASSIC IMAGE. IN THIS CASE, IT'S THE SAVAGES CARRYING THE WHITES ACROSS THE GLOBE, NOT THE OTHER WAY AROUND. THIS ONE I LIKE IN PARTICULAR BECAUSE IT SORT OF EVOKES THOSE SAME IMAGES AS THE BOARDING SCHOOL MOVEMENT. UNCLE SAM LECTURING TO CUBANS, PUERTO RICANS, FILIPINOS, YOU NAME IT. ALL THE GOOD WHITE CHILDREN WHO RESIDE IN THE UNITED STATES ARE ALL PRIM AND PROPER IN THE BACKGROUND. NATIVE AMERICANS AND THE CHINESE ARE OFF TO THE SIDE. THE CHINESE ARE NOT EVEN ALLOWED IN THE SCHOOL. BUT THE NATIVE AMERICAN'S OFF TO THE SIDE, AND HIS BOOK IS COMPLETELY UPSIDE DOWN, SO I AM NOT SURE WHAT THE AUTHOR IS TELLING YOU ABOUT THAT. BLACKS ONLY ALLOWED TO CLEAN UP THE CLASSROOM. BUT THESE INDIVIDUALS ARE SUPPOSED TO BE THE ONES WHO ARE CIVILIZED BY THIS AMERICAN EXPERIENCE. ALL RIGHT, REALLY QUICKLY-- THE UNITED STATES SEES AN OPPORTUNITY TO GET INVOLVED IN THE ASIAN MARKET AND THE CHINESE MARKET IN TWO EVENTS. ONE IS THE BOXER REBELLION THAT OCCURS IN 1900 IN CHINA. CHINA HAD BEEN CARVED UP BY EUROPEAN IMPERIAL POWERS FOR A LONG TIME. THERE IS A GROUP OF CHINESE REVOLUTIONARIES WHO STAGED A REVOLT AGAINST OUTSIDE INFLUENCE. THEY KILL MISSIONARIES. THEY KILL EUROPEAN POLITICAL OFFICIALS IN AN ATTEMPT TO CREATE AN INDEPENDENT CHINA. THEY WERE CALLED "THE BOXERS." THE UNITED STATES IS ABLE TO PARTICIPATE IN THE SUPPRESSION OF THE BOXER REBELLION, WHICH GIVES THEM A STAKE IN CHINA FOR THE FIRST TIME. WITHOUT THE USE OF AMERICAN MILITARY FORCE TO HELP SUPPRESS WHAT WAS HAPPENING IN CHINA, AMERICA WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN ABLE TO ENTER THAT MARKET. THAT RESULTS IN 30 YEARS OF U.S. MILITARY OCCUPATION OF PORTIONS OF CHINA ITSELF. SO HERE, YOU SEE SOME IMAGERY FROM THE BOXER-- THE SUPPRESSION OF THE BOXER REBELLION IN CHINA. IT WAS A COMBINED INTERNATIONAL EFFORT, THE UNITED STATES WORKING WITH OTHER IMPERIAL POWERS, LIKE FRANCE AND ENGLAND, TO SUPPRESS THE DESIRE OF THE CHINESE TO BECOME INDEPENDENT. IT DOESN'T SOUND LIKE WHAT WE PREACH AS AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY. I WANT TO SHOW YOU SOME OF THE ARGUMENTS FOR AMERICAN EMPIRE DURING THIS TIME PERIOD. THIS IS U.S. SENATOR HENRY CABOT LODGE. I WILL READ THROUGH THIS WITH YOU. "IN THE INTEREST OF OUR COMMERCE, WE SHOULD BUILD "THE NICARAGUA CANAL." WE DIDN'T END UP BUILDING A CANAL IN NICARAGUA. WE BUILT IT IN PANAMA. "AND FOR THE PROTECTION OF THAT CANAL AND FOR THE SAKE "OF OUR COMMERCIAL SUPREMACY IN THE PACIFIC, "WE SHOULD CONTROL THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS AND SAMOA, "AND WHEN THE NICARAGUAN CANAL IS BUILT, "THE ISLAND OF CUBA WILL BECOME A NECESSITY. "THE GREAT NATIONS ARE RAPIDLY ABSORBING "FOR THEIR FUTURE EXPANSION "AND THEIR PRESENT DEFENSE ALL THE WASTE PLACES "OF THE EARTH." HOW WOULD YOU HAVE LIKED TO HAVE LIVED IN ONE OF THOSE PLACES AND HAVE IT REFERRED TO BY A U.S. SENATOR AS A "WASTE PLACE"? VERY SIMILAR TO THE SORT OF IDEOLOGY THEY WOULD HAVE USED TO DESCRIBE WHERE RESERVATIONS WERE PLACED AND HOW TO DEAL WITH NATIVE AMERICANS. "IT IS A MOVEMENT WHICH MAKES FOR CIVILIZATION "AND THE ADVANCEMENT OF THE RACE. "AS ONE OF THE GREAT NATIONS OF THE WORLD, THE UNITED STATES "MUST NOT FALL OUT OF THE LINE OF MARCH." THIS HAS TAKEN PLACE ALL OVER. ANOTHER U.S. SENATOR, ALBERT BEVERIDGE. "AMERICAN FACTORIES ARE MAKING MORE "THAN THE AMERICAN PEOPLE CAN USE. "AMERICAN SOIL IS PRODUCING MORE THAN THEY CAN CONSUME. "FATE HAS WRITTEN OUR POLICY FOR US. "THE TRADE OF THE WORLD MUST AND SHALL BE OURS." JOHN BURGESS, ONE OF THE FOREMOST POLITICAL SCIENTISTS OF THE DAY, IN 1897 WRITES, "THE TEUTONIC AND ANGLO-SAXON RACES "ARE PARTICULARLY ENDOWED WITH THE CAPACITY "FOR ESTABLISHING NATIONAL STATES. "THEY ARE ENTRUSTED WITH THE MISSION OF CONDUCTING "THE POLITICAL CIVILIZATION OF THE MODERN WORLD." HAVE WE CHANGED? IS THAT A PHRASE YOU COULD HEAR IN THE UNITED STATES TODAY? WITH REFERENCE TO WHAT PART OF THE WORLD? >> MIDDLE EAST. >> ABSOLUTELY. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF STATE ISSUES THESE POSITION PAPERS THAT HELP FRAME WHAT FOREIGN POLICY GOALS THE UNITED STATES IS ENGAGED IN. THIS ONE WAS ISSUED IN 1898. "IT SEEMS TO BE CONCEDED THAT EVERY YEAR "WE SHALL BE CONFRONTED WITH AN INCREASING SURPLUS "OF MANUFACTURED GOODS FOR SALE IN FOREIGN MARKETS. "IF AMERICAN WORKERS ARE TO BE KEPT EMPLOYED THE YEAR ROUND, "THE ENLARGEMENT OF FOREIGN CONSUMPTION OF THE PRODUCTS "OF OUR MILLS AND WORKSHOPS HAS THEREFORE BECOME A SERIOUS PROBLEM "OF STATESMANSHIP AS WELL AS COMMERCE." HERE, YOU SEE THE NOTION THAT THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND THE U.S. MILITARY WOULD BE ENGAGED IN PROMOTING AMERICAN ECONOMIC POLICY, SOMETHING THAT AMERICANS TRY TO SEPARATE TODAY, THAT OUR MILITARY GOALS ARE NOT NECESSARILY THE SAME AS OUR ECONOMIC GOALS. WE DON'T LIKE THAT LINKAGE. YET, HERE YOU SEE THE STATE DEPARTMENT SAYING, DEFINITELY IN 1898, WE SEE THESE AS THE SAME THING, ON THE SAME PAGE. I MENTIONED THERE WERE TWO EVENTS THAT THE UNITED STATES SEES AS AN OPPORTUNITY TO GET INVOLVED IN ASIAN AFFAIRS AND THE ASIAN MARKET, IN THE CHINESE MARKET. THE FIRST IS THAT BOXER REBELLION. THE SECOND IS THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR. THE UNITED STATES WENT TO WAR WITH SPAIN IN THE LATE 1890s OVER A CONFUSING INCIDENT, THE DESTRUCTION OF THE U.S.S. MAINE IN THE HAVANA HARBOR IN CUBA. SPAIN, AT ONE POINT, WAS THE WORLD'S LARGEST IMPERIAL NATION. IT HAD THE LARGEST HOLDINGS OF ANY OTHER NATION IN THE WORLD, THE BIGGEST EMPIRE. BY THE TIME YOU GET TO THE 1890s, SPAIN'S EMPIRE IS A SHELL OF WHAT IT USED TO BE. IT IS HOLDING ONTO A FEW POSSESSION IN THE CARIBBEAN, CUBA BEING THE MOST IMPORTANT, AND A FEW POSSESSIONS IN ASIA, THE PHILIPPINES BEING THE MOST IMPORTANT. THE UNITED STATES GOES TO WAR WITH SPAIN ON THE PRETEXT OF HELPING CUBANS ESTABLISH INDEPENDENCE, BUT ONE OF THE MAIN GOALS OF THAT CONFLICT WAS TO ACQUIRE THE PHILIPPINES AS A STAGING GROUND FOR ACCESS TO THESE ASIAN MARKETS. MOST AMERICANS WERE REALLY WRAPPED UP IN THE WAY THE SPANISH WERE TREATING THE CUBANS DURING THIS TIME PERIOD LEADING UP TO THIS SPANISH AMERICAN WAR, AND THERE IS A LOT OF PUBLIC SENTIMENT IN FAVOR OF HELPING CUBA ESTABLISH ITS INDEPENDENCE. MOST AMERICANS WOULD PROBABLY NOT HAVE BEEN ABLE TO FIND THE PHILIPPINES ON A MAP IF YOU PUT A GUN TO THEIR HEAD. I'M NOT SURE, IF HAD SHOWN YOU EARLIER, IF YOU COULD HAVE ALL DONE THAT. BUT THE PHILIPPINES BECOME PART OF OUR IMPERIAL POSSESSIONS AS A RESULT OF THIS. THE TREATMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES IS VERY DIFFERENT FROM WHAT HAPPENS IN CUBA. IN CUBA, THEY ARE GIVEN NOMINAL POLITICAL INDEPENDENCE. IN THE PHILIPPINES, TOTAL AMERICAN CONTROL IS INSTITUTED. THIS IS WHAT THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES SAYS ABOUT WHY THE PHILIPPINES IS BECOMING PART OF AMERICA'S EMERGING EMPIRE, WHY WE ARE NOT GIVING THEM INDEPENDENCE LIKE WE GAVE TO THE CUBANS AT THE END OF THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR. I LOVE THIS QUOTE. IT'S REALLY LONG, BUT WE WILL GO THROUGH IT QUICKLY. HE'S TALKING TO A GROUP OF REPORTERS AT THE WHITE HOUSE WHO ARE THERE COVERING A MEETING OF RELIGIOUS LEADERS WITH THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. SO THERE IS SOME RELIGIOUS OVERTONES IN HERE THAT ARE PROBABLY MORE FOR POLITICAL SAKE THAN THEY ARE SORT OF EXPRESSIONS OF ANY SORT OF RELIGIOUS SENTIMENT ON THE PART OF PRESIDENT McKINLEY. HE SAYS TO THESE REPORTS, "BEFORE YOU GO, I WOULD LIKE "TO SAY JUST A WORD ABOUT THE PHILIPPINE BUSINESS. "THE TRUTH IS I DIDN'T WANT THE PHILIPPINES. "WHEN THEY CAME TO US AS A GIFT FROM THE GODS, "I DID NOT KNOW WHAT TO DO WITH THEM. "I SOUGHT COUNSEL FROM ALL SIDES BUT GOT LITTLE HELP. "I THOUGHT AT FIRST WE WOULD ONLY TAKE MANILA," ONE OF THE LARGEST OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLAND CHAINS, "THEN LUZON, THEN OTHER ISLANDS. "I WALKED THE FLOOR OF THE WHITE HOUSE NIGHT AFTER NIGHT "UNTIL MIDNIGHT AND AM NOT ASHAMED TO TELL YOU GENTLEMEN "THAT I WENT DOWN ON MY KNEES AND PRAYED ALMIGHTY GOD "FOR LIGHT AND GUIDANCE MORE THAN ONE NIGHT, "AND THEN ONE NIGHT, LATE, IT CAME TO ME THIS WAY-- "I DON'T KNOW HOW IT WAS, BUT IT CAME TO ME "THAT WE COULDN'T GIVE THEM BACK TO SPAIN. "THAT WOULD BE COWARDLY AND DISHONORABLE. "THAT WE COULDN'T TURN THEM OVER TO OUR COMMERCIAL RIVALS "IN THE ORIENT. "THAT WOULD BE BAD BUSINESS. "WE CAN'T LEAVE THEM TO THEMSELVES. "I MEAN, THEY ARE NOT FIT FOR SELF-GOVERNMENT." THEY ARE UNCIVILIZED. THEY ARE BARBARIANS. "THAT THERE WAS NOTHING LEFT FOR US TO DO BUT TO TAKE THEM ALL "AND TO EDUCATE, UPLIFT, CIVILIZE, AND CHRISTIANIZE THEM "AND, BY GOD'S GRACE, DO THE VERY BEST WE COULD BY THEM "AS OUR FOLLOW MEN FOR WHOM CHRIST ALSO DIED. "AND THEN I WENT TO BED AND SLEPT SOUNDLY." IT'S A GREAT QUOTE FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES WHO IS BASICALLY SAYING-- WHO TOLD HIM THIS WAS THE COURSE OF ACTION WE SHOULD TAKE? WHAT IS HE INFERRING? >> (indistinct speaking). >> GOD DREW HIM TO THIS CONCLUSION. AT THE VERY LEAST, I THINK THAT IS WHAT HE IS INSINUATING, THAT WE HAD TO TREAT FILIPINOS IN MUCH THE SAME WAY THAT WE HAD TREATED NATIVE AMERICANS. NOW, YOU HAVE TO BE ABLE TO LOOK THROUGH ALL THIS TO SEE WHAT THE ULTIMATE GOAL WAS. HOW DID WE DO THAT? THE FILIPINO PEOPLE FOUGHT BACK AGAINST THE UNITED STATES. THERE WAS A LONG REBELLION IN WHICH FAR MORE AMERICAN SOLDIERS DIED RESISTING-- OR TRYING TO PUT DOWN THIS FILIPINO RESISTANCE THAN DIED IN THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR ITSELF. THESE ARE SOME OF THE CASUALTIES. THERE ARE SOME FILIPINO HISTORIANS THAT ESTIMATE THAT UPWARDS OF HALF A MILLION FILIPINOS WERE MURDERED BY THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT IN MASS RAIDS AGAINST VILLAGES THAT ARE REMINISCENT OF A MUCH LATER POLICY THAT WE USED IN VIETNAM OF SEARCH AND DESTROY. VILLAGE PACIFICATION. WE DESTROYED ENTIRE VILLAGES AT A TIME. HERE, YOU SEE FILIPINO DEAD IN A TRENCH. WE MOVE FROM ISLAND TO ISLAND IN THIS DIFFICULT JUNGLE ENVIRONMENT, TRYING TO SUPPRESS THIS FILIPINO REBELLION, AND EVENTUALLY, AFTER TEN YEARS, WE WERE SUCCESSFUL. THIS IS WHAT YOU ARE LEFT WITH AT THE END. OKAY? YOU CAN SEE THE SPANISH OPPRESSION OF THE PHILIPPINES, AND NOW AMERICAN OCCUPATION HAS TURNED THEM INTO UPSTANDING CITIZENS. YOU CAN SEE THIS WITH HAWAII, PUERTO RICO, CUBA. THIS IS SUPPOSED TO BE THE END RESULT OF OUR INTERACTIONS WITH THESE ASIAN AND CARIBBEAN NATIONS, IS THAT WE ARE GOING TO TURN THEM INTO FINE, UPSTANDING CAPITALIST CHRISTIANS. THAT'S OUR GOAL. I WILL FINISH UP WITH JUST SAYING THAT IT'S NOT MUCH DIFFERENT THAN SOME OF THE THINGS THAT YOU MIGHT SEE TODAY. OKAY? ALL RIGHT. I WILL TAKE SOME QUESTIONS, IF YOU HAVE ANY. IF YOU HAVE A QUESTION, TRY TO SPEAK INTO THE MICROPHONE SO WE CAN ALL HEAR IT AND IT CAN GET ON CAMERA. >> I WANTED TO KNOW, WHAT WAS THE OUTCOME OF THOSE SCHOOLS? LIKE WHEN THE KIDS WENT BACK TO THEIR MOMS, WAS THERE REBELLION TO THEM AND THINGS LIKE THAT? >> THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION. THIS WHOLE IDEA OF WHAT WOULD HAPPEN TO THESE KIDS-- THEY REALLY ARE LOST GENERATIONS BECAUSE THEY DON'T FIT ANYWHERE. SO YOU WOULD THINK THAT YOUR NORMAL INCLINATION, AS A CHILD THAT HAS GONE THROUGH THESE BOARDING SCHOOLS-- A LOT OF THESE KIDS WOULD WRITE ABOUT THEIR EXPERIENCES-- WOULD BE TO GO BACK HOME AND SEE YOUR PARENTS, RIGHT? BUT IF YOU HAVE BEEN GONE FOR FIVE OR SIX YEARS AND YOU GO BACK TO YOUR PARENTS AND YOU DON'T SPEAK THEIR LANGUAGE AND YOU DON'T EAT THEIR FOOD AND YOU WALK, TALK, AND LOOK LIKE THE ENEMY WHO TOOK YOUR CHILD TO BEGIN WITH, THE RELATIONSHIP YOU WILL HAVE WITH YOUR PARENTS IS GOING TO BE MUCH DIFFERENT. IT'S GOING TO BE VERY STRAINED. THERE IS A LOT OF REJECTION ON THE PART OF NATIVE AMERICAN COMMUNITIES. THEY DON'T WANT THESE KIDS TO COME BACK, NOT LOOKING LIKE THAT, BECAUSE FROM THEIR PERSPECTIVE, IT'S A REMINDER OF EVERYTHING THAT HAS BEEN TORN FROM THEM. TO THEM, THAT PERSON THAT WAS THEIR CHILD HAS DIED A LONG TIME AGO. THIS IS A CHILD OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. IF YOU FLIP THAT AROUND, WHERE DO THEY GO IN THE UNITED STATES? THEY ARE CONSTANTLY GOING TO BE JUDGED NOT ACCORDING TO THE WAY THEY DRESS AND TALK AND HOW THEY EAT AND THE FACT THEY MIGHT BE CHRISTIAN NOW, BUT HOW ARE THEY GOING TO BE JUDGED? >> BY THEIR SKIN. >> BY THE COLOR OF THEIR SKIN, AND THEY ARE GOING TO BE DISCRIMINATED AGAINST THAT WAY. SO THEY ARE REALLY LOST. IT'S SORT OF LIKE A LOST GENERATION. IT'S A GREAT QUESTION. THERE ARE SOME GOOD SOURCES I HAVE, IF YOU ARE INTERESTED, I COULD SHARE WITH YOU WHERE THESE KIDS THAT HAVE GONE THROUGH THE BOARDING SCHOOLS WRITE PRETTY EXTENSIVELY ABOUT WHAT HAPPENED TO THEM NOT ONLY AT THE SCHOOLS BUT ALSO WHEN THEY TRY TO GO HOME. IT'S PRETTY POWERFUL STUFF. ANYTHING ELSE? I DIDN'T MEAN TO BRING YOU DOWN. (audience chuckling) I THOUGHT FOR SURE I WOULD GET A QUESTION. >> I WILL ASK ONE. >> OKAY, GO AHEAD, DR. GLOEGE. >> THIS IS VERY TIED IN WITH ECONOMIC IMPERIALISM AS WELL, OBVIOUSLY, BUT I AM WONDERING IF THERE WAS A WELL-DEFINED RESISTANCE MOVEMENT. WHEN THEY WENT TO GO AND ASK FOR FUNDS EVERY YEAR, WAS THERE ANY PUSH BACK AT ALL? >> NOT AS MUCH WITH THE NATIVE AMERICAN ISSUE, BUT THERE IS A REALLY VOCAL RESISTANCE GROUP TOWARD AMERICAN IMPERIALISM OVERSEAS, ESPECIALLY WITH THE TREATMENT OF THE FILIPINOS. THAT IS WHAT SORT OF GALVANIZED THIS RESISTANCE TO THIS. INTERESTINGLY, IT'S JUST NOT PRESENT UNLESS YOU ARE LOOKING AT NATIVE AMERICANS WHO ARE TRYING TO RESIST THE EFFORTS OF THE BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. THERE ISN'T A HOMEGROWN WHITE RESISTANCE MOVEMENT TO IT THAT IS NOTABLE. BUT THERE ARE PEOPLE WHO ARE WRITING PRETTY STRONG WORDS IN OPPOSITION TO THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT'S POLICIES IN PLACES LIKE THE PHILIPPINES. THAT'S A VERY HOT TOPIC. EVEN IN CONGRESS, THERE ARE MEMBERS IN CONGRESS WHO ARE OPPOSED TO THE TREATMENT OF THE FILIPINOS AT THE END OF THE SPANISH AMERICAN WAR. YES, SIR. >> (indistinct speaking). >> THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION. DOES ANYBODY KNOW? I'M NOT SURE OFF THE TOP OF MY HEAD-- I KNOW WHEN WE GRANTED THE FILIPINOS THEIR INDEPENDENCE. WE WILL REVOKE MY TEACHING LICENSE TOMORROW. (audience chuckling) IF WE ARE IN CLASS, I JUST SAY, "WELL, LET'S LOOK IT UP." WE WILL LOOK IT UP. HOW ABOUT ONE I CAN ANSWER? I CAN'T FINISH ON ONE THAT I DIDN'T KNOW THE ANSWER TO. (audience laughing) YEAH, GO AHEAD, KEITH, DOWN HERE. >> DO YOU THINK THIS HAS ANYTHING TO DO WITH WHAT IS NOW CONSERVATISM, LIKE ALL THE-- LIKE WHAT PRESIDENT McKINLEY WAS DOING? >> DO-- I AM NOT SURE I UNDERSTAND WHAT YOU ARE TRYING TO GET ME TO SAY. (audience laughing) >> LIKE TODAY. >> LIKE DO I THINK THERE ARE ELEMENTS OF THE MODERN CONSERVATIVE MOVEMENT AND MODERN AMERICAN POLITICS THAT WOULD FEEL SIMILAR TO THIS? >> YEAH, EXACTLY. >> YEAH. ABSOLUTELY, I THINK THERE ARE-- I THINK I SAID IT. THIS IS THE REASON I ENDED ON THIS. THERE ARE SIMILARITIES TO WHAT WE ARE GOING THROUGH TODAY. IF YOU THINK ABOUT THE HUBRIS INVOLVED WITH THE WHITE MAN'S BURDEN, THIS NOTION THAT YOU ARE GOING TO TEACH PEOPLE HOW TO BEHAVE PROPERLY, THINK ABOUT WHAT WE ARE TRYING TO DO IN THE MIDDLE EAST. WE ARE TRYING TO, YOU KNOW, INSTITUTE DEMOCRATIC STATES, CREATE DEMOCRATIC STATES, AND WE ARE A NATION THAT HAS, BY AND LARGE, MOST OF US ANYWAY, REJECTED DEMOCRACY. I MEAN, HOW MANY OF YOU KNOW PEOPLE WHO JUST DON'T VOTE, HAVE NEVER VOTED, AND HAVE NO INTEREST IN VOTING? I DON'T WANT YOU TO SELL ANYBODY OUT RIGHT NOW. I AM NOT GOING TO ASK YOU FOR ANY KIND OF SELF-DISCLOSURE, BUT A LOT OF AMERICANS DON'T EVEN PARTICIPATE IN OUR DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES, AND WE ARE GOING TO TELL OTHERS HOW TO BE GOOD DEMOCRATIC STATES. >> (indistinct speaking). >> OKAY. >> DO YOU HAVE AN ESTIMATION OF HOW MANY NATIVE AMERICANS PARTICIPATED IN THE DAWES ACT, HOW MANY PEOPLE WENT TO SIGN-- >> HOW MANY RESERVATIONS WERE UNDER THE DAWES ACT? THAT IS A NUMBER THAT I KNOW IS PUBLISHED. THERE HAS ACTUALLY BEEN A REALLY GOOD STUDY DONE ON THE SCOPE OF THE DAWES ACT, THE IMPACT IT HAD ON SPECIFIC RESERVATIONS. THE DAWES ACT IS MOST PRONOUNCED IN THOSE NEWER RESERVATIONS FOR THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS TRIBES. THAT IS WHERE IT IS EXERCISED THE MOST, USED THE MOST. SO I DON'T HAVE A NUMBER OFF THE TOP OF MY HEAD, BUT I KNOW THAT THAT IS OUT THERE. WE CAN FIND OUT. >> I HAVE A QUESTION. I HAVE BEEN READING "CADILLAC DESERT" AND I AM ALSO UNDERSTANDING THE CONCEPT OF WHY McKINLEY-- McKINLEY WAS ACTUALLY BEHIND ALL THIS ACCLIMATION OF WATER OUT WEST, AS WELL. I FEEL LIKE THERE IS A CONNECTION, OBVIOUSLY, TO THIS PUSH FOR OUT WEST AND THIS ACCLIMATION OF WATER AND TO THE WAY THEY TREATED THE NATIVE AMERICANS. WHY DO YOU THINK MANIFEST DESTINY WAS SUCH A BIG PULL? I MEAN, WHY DID WE PUSH SO HARD FOR IT? I MEAN, I UNDERSTAND SOME OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTS OF THE ECONOMY AND THE WAY EACH DIFFERENT SOCIETY VIEWED OWNERSHIP AND LAND AND HOW LAND WAS LIMITED OR WEALTH WAS LIMITED, BUT WHY STILL THE PUSH FOR MANIFEST DESTINY? WHY STILL THE PUSH THAT WE CAN WASTE LANDS OUT EAST FOR LANDS OUT WEST? WE CAN PILE IN BILLIONS OF DOLLARS OF TAX DOLLARS TO JUST MAKE A FEW PEOPLE RICH. WHY? >> WELL, MANIFEST DESTINY IS BIGGER THAN WHAT HAPPENED TO THE NATIVE AMERICANS. I MEAN, WE FIGHT A WAR WITH MEXICO OVER MANIFEST DESTINY. THAT IS THE NOTION THAT THE UNITED STATES WAS SOMEHOW DESTINED BY GOD TO SPREAD WESTWARD ACROSS THE CONTINENT. EVEN WHEN YOU TALK-- AT THE TIME, WHEN MANIFEST DESTINY WAS POPULAR, IT WOULDN'T HAVE BEEN JUST A WESTWARD MOVEMENT. IT WOULD HAVE BEEN NORTH AND SOUTH AS WELL, INTO MEXICO, INTO CANADA. AND I THINK PART OF THAT IS JUST THE-- IT'S LIKE ON DIFFERENT LEVELS. WE COULD TALK ABOUT IT FROM AN ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE. ARE THERE GOING TO BE CONFLICTS OVER RESOURCES? ABSOLUTELY. DO I THINK THAT'S THE MAJOR MOTIVATING FACTOR HERE IN BOTH INSTANCES, WHETHER IT'S THE PHILIPPINES AND THE BOXERS AND THE NATIVE AMERICAS? I THINK IT IS ECONOMIC COMPETITION THAT IS AT THE HEART OF IT. THIS OTHER STUFF IS A JUSTIFICATION FOR IT. "PART OF THE REASON WE TOOK YOUR LAND AND DID THIS TO YOU "IS BECAUSE YOU ARE NOT USING IT PROPERLY TO BEGIN WITH. "YOU ARE NOT CAPABLE OF MAKING THIS A PRODUCTIVE ENVIRONMENT. "ONLY WE CAN DO THAT. "SO WE TAKE IT FROM YOU, "AND THEN WE SHOW YOU HOW TO BE PROPER CITIZENS." SO I THINK THAT IS ALL WRAPPED UP IN IT. SO IT COULD BE ECONOMIC, BUT ALSO SOME OF IT IS TRYING TO BE A MAJOR NATION. THERE IS THIS NOTION THAT THE UNITED STATES IS A MAJOR PLAYER IN THE 1800s OR SHOULD BE AND SHOULD BE MOVING IN THAT DIRECTION, AND WE SHOULD BE COMPETING WITH BRITAIN, AND WE SHOULD BE COMPETING WITH FRANCE AND GERMANY AND ALL THESE OTHER STATES THAT ARE BUILDING OVERSEAS EMPIRES. SO THERE IS A LOT OF FACTORS AT WORK, BUT I DEFINITELY THINK THAT IT IS MOSTLY ECONOMICS AT PLAY HERE, THAT IT'S COMPETITION FOR RESOURCES AND MARKETS. >> WHAT WAS THE END ECONOMIC IMPACT OF LIKE US TAKING OVER THE PHILIPPINES? DO YOU CONTRIBUTE OUR RELATIONSHIP WITH CHINA TODAY AND ALL THE TRADE GOING BACK AND FORTH BETWEEN OUR TWO NATIONS-- DOES THAT GO BACK TO THE PHILIPPINES? >> I THINK IT DOES-- YEAH, ABSOLUTELY. THAT'S WHY I SAID A LOT OF PEOPLE WOULD SAY THAT REALLY HASN'T CHANGED, THAT FASCINATION WITH THE CHINESE MARKET. IF YOU WANT LIKE A MUCH MORE MODERN IMPACT OF OUR OCCUPATION OF THE PHILIPPINES, IT WOULD BE THE ATTACK AT PEARL HARBOR. I MEAN, WHEN JAPAN IS TRYING TO SECURE THOSE ASIAN MARKETS FOR THEMSELVES BEFORE THE OUTBREAK OF WORLD WAR II, BEFORE WE GET INVOLVED, THEY SEE THE UNITED STATES AS A MAJOR COMPETITOR FOR CHINESE MARKETS AND JUST FOR MILITARY CONTROL OF THAT REGION IN GENERAL, THE FACT WE HAVE BASES IN THE PHILIPPINES. SO THE REASON PEARL HARBOR IS ATTACKED IS REALLY TO CUT OFF ANY ATTEMPT TO RESUPPLY, RE-OUTFIT, AND MAINTAIN BASES IN THE PHILIPPINES THAT ARE MUCH CLOSER TO CHINA, WHICH IS WHAT JAPAN IS INTERESTED IN. SO I THINK OUR OCCUPATION-- OUR PRESENCE IN ASIA, YOU CAN MEASURE THE IMPORTANCE OF THAT BY HOW OTHER ASIANS VIEWED IT, IN PARTICULAR THE JAPANESE. WHAT ELSE? OKAY. I WILL THANK YOU FOR COMING, I GUESS. >> THANK YOU, PROFESSOR LIGHT. LET'S GIVE HIM A HAND. (applause)