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Institute of Physics

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Institute of Physics
AbbreviationIOP
Formation14 February 1874; 150 years ago (1874-02-14)
HeadquartersLondon, N1
United Kingdom
Coordinates51°31′56″N 0°07′14″W / 51.53233°N 0.12059°W / 51.53233; -0.12059
Membership
23,000 (2019)[1]
President
Sheila Rowan CBE
Key people
Tom Grinyer (CEO)
Antonia Seymour (CEO IOP Publishing)[2]
Budget
£72 million[3]
Staff
556 (2018)[4]
Websitewww.iop.org

The Institute of Physics (IOP) is a UK-based learned society and professional body that works to advance physics education, research and application.[5]

It was founded in 1874 and has a worldwide membership of over 20,000.[6] The IOP is the Physical Society for the UK and Ireland and supports physics in education, research and industry.[7] In addition to this, the IOP provides services to its members including careers advice and professional development and grants the professional qualification of Chartered Physicist (CPhys), as well as Chartered Engineer (CEng) as a nominated body of the Engineering Council.[8] The IOP's publishing company, IOP Publishing, publishes 85 academic titles.[9]

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Transcription

Away out there in space there's huge clouds of dust and gas and if one of those clouds of dust and gas is massive enough, it's own gravity causes it to start to collapse so it folds in on itself towards the center of that cloud it gets denser and denser and hotter and hotter and eventually, the particles of that the gas and the dust are made of are brought so close together that they start to stick together they start to fuse that's the energy source of a star. The star switches on and begins to shine Inside every newborn star hydrogen atoms are fused together to make helium This process is called fusion, and it creates the energy of every star. What happens to a star during the rest of its life depends on how massive it is at its birth. A star like the sun is in a delicate balance between gravity which wants to make the star collapse in on itself and the pressure that pushes outward that comes from the energy produced in these fusion reactions at its core At some point in the future, the hydrogen runs out. At that point, the core of the star will start to collapse in on itself under its own weight it gets denser, it gets hotter until the point where you can actually start to use the helium atoms themselves as the fuel for the fusion pushing helium atoms together, making carbon and oxygen the next heavier elements on the periodic table As the star begins to fuse helium, it creates more energy and that causes the outer layers of the star to expand One day, our sun will grow so large it will swallow up the inner planets of the solar system out as far as the Earth! It will become a red giant. For the sun, this will be the beginning of the end What happens is that the outer layers of the star get farther and farther from the middle The force of gravity that they feel is getting weaker. And, actually, the star loses hold of its outer atmosphere. Its outer atmosphere drifts off out into space. It expands to become a planetary nebula. And they're some of the most beautiful objects in the universe. Once the outer layers have drifted away, all that is left of the star is its core A white dwarf star is the dead, remnant core of a star like the sun at the end of its life It's something that might weight as much as 1/2 the mass of the sun but it's only about the size of the Earth, so it's an incredibly dense object. It's dead, there's no nuclear fusion going on any more, it's incredibly hot but then over millions of years, it will gradually cool down to become a black dwarf Some stars, however, are much more massive than the sun and they lead very different lives. They are able to fuse heavier and heavier elements inside their core the star gets bigger and bigger some grow up to 1000 times the size of our sun until it has fused elements all the way up to iron and once we've formed an iron core, there's no more energy that can be got from fusion that core collapses the rest of the star starts to collapse in after it but then it bounces off. There's a huge shock wave And in just a second: BANG! The outer parts of the star are blasted off in to space in a huge super-nova explosion! These super-nova explosions are so powerful that when one of these stars explodes it can actually outshine the whole galaxy of which is part (a galaxy of maybe a 100,000 million stars). For these super giant stars all that is left is a super dense core known as a neutron star an object that can have a mass greater than our sun but be less than 20 kilometers across but for the most massive stars of all we think, that when the core collapses the gravity is so strong, it becomes a black hole from which not even light can escape so stars are actually the places in the universe where the elements are created after the Big Bang, our universe contained only hydrogen and helium. All the other, heavier elements were therefore fused inside stars. The amazing thing is that virtually everything you see around you was made inside a star billions of years ago before the sun and planets were formed and when that star died and blasted its guts out into space that formed the raw materials from which our sun the planet earth and indeed ourselves were made And, ultimately, that's one of the major reasons I think understanding stars is crucial, because its actually telling us where we came from Subtitles by the Amara.org community

History

Frederick Guthrie founded the Physical Society of London.
John Hall Gladstone, the first President of the Physical Society of London.
John Cockcroft, the first president of the merged societies.
Jocelyn Bell Burnell, the first female president of the IOP, donated £2.3 million to the IOP to establish the Bell Burnell Graduate Scholarship Fund

The Institute of Physics was formed in 1960 from the merger of the Physical Society, founded as the Physical Society of London in 1874, and the Institute of Physics, founded in 1918.[10][11]

The Physical Society of London had been officially formed on 14 February 1874 by Frederick Guthrie, following the canvassing of opinion of Fellows of the Royal Society by the physicist and parapsychologist Sir William Barrett at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in Bradford in 1873, with John Hall Gladstone as its first president.[10] From its beginning, the society held open meetings and demonstrations and published Proceedings of the Physical Society.[10] Meetings were held every two weeks, mainly at Imperial College London. The first Guthrie lecture, now known as the Faraday Medal and Prize, was delivered in 1914.

In the early part of the 20th century, the profession of "physicist" emerged, partly as a result of the increased demand for scientists during the First World War. In 1917, following discussions between William Eccles and William Duddell, the Council of the Physical Society, along with the Faraday Society, the Optical Society, and the Roentgen Society, started to explore ways of improving the professional status of physicists,[12] and in 1918, the Institute of Physics was created at a meeting of the four societies held at King's College London.[10] In 1919, Sir Richard Glazebrook was elected first president of the institute,[13] and the inaugural meeting of the Institute took place in 1921.[10] As with the Physical Society, dissemination of knowledge was fundamental to the institute, which began publication of the Journal of Scientific Instruments in 1922.[12] The annual Reports on Progress in Physics began in 1934[10] and is still published today. In 1952, the institute began the "Graduateship" course and examination, which ran until 1984 when the expansion of access to universities removed demand.[12]

In 1932, the Physical Society of London merged with the Optical Society to create the Physical Society. In 1960, the Physical Society and the Institute of Physics merged, creating a single organization with the name The Institute of Physics and the Physical Society, with John Cockcroft elected at its first president. The new society combined the learned society tradition of the Physical Society with the professional body tradition of the Institute of Physics.[12] Under the leadership of Thomas E. Nevin, an Irish branch of the Institute of Physics was formed in 1964.[14] Upon being granted a royal charter in 1970, the organization was renamed as the Institute of Physics.[15]

Membership

The IOP has 23,000 members[16] split across four grades of membership: Associate Member (AMInstP), Member (entitled to use the postnominals MInstP), Fellow (entitled to use the postnominals FInstP) and Honorary Fellow (entitled to use the postnominals Hon.FInstP). Undergraduates, apprentices and trainees can become Associate Members, and qualification for MInstP is normally by completion of an undergraduate degree that is "recognised" by the institute – this covers almost all UK physics degrees.[17] An MInstP can become an FInstP by making "an outstanding contribution to the profession."

These four grades of membership replaced the previous seven grades in January 2018; these changes introduced removed affiliate memberships for undergraduates (they are now Associate Members), removed the post-nominal letters AMInstP, and made Associate Members voting members.[18] In 2015, the membership of the Institute of Physics was 86% male at MInstP and 91% male at FInstP. 85% of Honorary Fellows were male.[19]

The institute grants academic dress to the various grades of membership.[20] Those who have passed the institute's graduateeship examination (offered 1952–1984) are entitled to a violet damask Oxford burgon-shaped hood. Corporate members (MInstP) are entitled to wear a hood of Toronto full shape in violet damask, lined in violet and faced on the cowl with 2"/5 cm[21] shot crimson silk.[20] The gown for members and those who have passed the graduateship examination is the same pattern as that used by the University of London for their Bachelor of Arts, but with the sleeves loped by violet cords and buttons, the Fellow's gown follows the pattern of the Doctor's robes of Oxford University in black with (according to Groves 2014) 4" cuffs in violet damask, or (according to the IOP website) 15 cm cuffs and 10 cm facings in violet taffeta, the cuffs slightly gathered with red cords and violet buttons. Fellows wear a doctor's bonnet in black velvet with red tassels, other grades wear a standard black mortarboard with black tassels.[22][23]

Professional qualifications

The institute grants the professional title of Chartered Physicist (CPhys) under its own charter, Chartered Engineer (CEng), Engineering Technician (EngTech), and Incorporated Engineer (IEng) as a nominated body of the Engineering Council, and Registered Scientist (RSci) and Registered Science Technician (RSciTech) as a licensed body of the Science Council.[24][25] Until 2001,[26] CPhys was granted automatically with MInstP, however since then it has become a separate qualification that is equal in stature to Chartered Engineer. People awarded CPhys since 2012 require re-validation every three years to retain the qualification. In order to gain the CPhys qualification, a physicist must be appropriately qualified (an accredited MSci or MPhys integrated master's degree is standard, although experience leading to an equivalent level can be counted), have had a minimum of two years of structured training and a minimum of two years responsible work experience, have demonstrated a commitment to continuing professional development, and have gained a number of competencies.[27][28] From 2020, all CPhys holders are required to be professionally active and to submit an annual continuing professional development record.[29]

Education

The IOP accredits undergraduate degrees (BSc/BA and MSci/MPhys) in physics in British and Irish universities.[17] At post-16 level, the IOP developed the 'Advancing Physics' A-level course, in conjunction with the OCR examining board, which is accredited by the Qualifications and Curriculum Authority. Advancing Physics was sold to Oxford University Press in January 2011.[30] The IOP also developed the Integrated Sciences degree, which is run at four universities in England.[31] The IOP provides an important educational service for secondary schools in the UK. This is the Lab in a Lorry, a mobile laboratory in a large articulated truck. This has three small laboratories where schoolchildren can try out various hands-on experiments, using physics equipment not usually available in the average school laboratory. Sponsorship is provided by EDF Energy and support from the British Science Association. IOP runs the Stimulating Physics Network, aimed at increasing the uptake of physics at A-level, and administers teacher-training scholarships funded by the Department for Education.[32][33]

In March 2019, the Institute of Physics launched the Bell Burnell Graduate Scholarship Fund with the goal of helping female and black students to become physics researchers. The program is funded by Jocelyn Bell Burnell and provides aid to low-income students as well as those who qualify for refugee status. Bell won the Special Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics in 2018 and donated the entire £2.3 million prize money to launch the fund.[34]

The institute is also interested in the ethical impact of physics, as is witnessed though the Physics and Ethics Education Project.[35]

Publishing

IOP Publishing is a wholly owned subsidiary of the IOP that publishes 85 academic titles.[9] Any profits generated by the publishing company are used to fund the charitable activities of the IOP. It won the Queen's Award for Export Achievement in 1990, 1995 and 2000 and publishes a large number of journals, websites and magazines, such as the Physics World membership magazine of the Institute of Physics, which was launched in 1988.

Governance

Paul Hardaker, CEO of the IOP.

An elected Council governs and controls the affairs of the institute.[36] The council meets four times a year and has up to 21 members, of whom 18 are elected by members of the institute.

The president is elected by the membership of the institute and serves a term of two years. The current president is Sheila Rowan (2021-2023).[37] The history of the institute, from its founding as the Physical Society of London through to today's institute, has meant that the name of the post held has varied.[10] The CEO since 2012 has been Paul Hardaker.[38]

Coat of arms

Blue Plaque commemorating the work of William Henry Bragg, featuring the IOP coat of arms

The IOP has its own coat of arms, granted in 1994. The arms feature a shield bearing a representation of an atom, and the organisation's motto "Intellegite et explicate" ("Understand and explain"). Presidents of the IOP wear a medal featuring the coat of arms at formal occasions.[10]

Awards

The institute awards numerous prizes to acknowledge contributions to physics research, education and application.[39]

Headquarters

The Institute of Physics building in Islington, London

Since its formation, the institute has had its headquarters in London. The early meetings of the Physical Society of London were hosted in South Kensington, until a permanent base was found in Burlington House in 1894. In 1927, the Institute of Physics acquired, rent-free, 1 Lowther Gardens; it was joined there by the Physical Society in 1939. During the Second World War, the institute moved temporarily to the University of Reading. After the war, the institute returned to London, first to 19 Albemarle Street, where it stayed for little over a year, before moving to 47 Belgrave Square in December 1946.[12] The Physical Society continued to be based in Lowther Gardens until 1960. The institute moved to 76 Portland Place in 1996.[12]

In 2013, the IOP bought a property in Kings Cross for use as its new headquarters.[40] This was the source of some controversy, as local residents objected to the design and size of the new building. After an initial approval in February 2015, it took almost ten months of additional negotiation before planning permission was ultimately granted by the Islington Council in December 2015.[41][42] The IOP moved into this new building 29 October 2018.[43]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Letter to the Prime Minister" (PDF). Institute of Physics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  2. ^ "Antonia Seymour, Chief Executive, IOP Publishing".
  3. ^ "Data for financial year ending 31 December 2018 – The Institute Of Physics". Chairty Commission. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  4. ^ "Annual Report of the IOP 2018 pp60" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  5. ^ "About us". Institute of Physics. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
  6. ^ "Letter to the Prime Minister" (PDF). Institute of Physics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  7. ^ Institute of Physics Policy Activities
  8. ^ Becoming Chartered by the Institute
  9. ^ a b "Our mission". IOP Publishing. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h Lewis, John J. (2003), The Physical Society and Institute of Physics 1874-2002, Institute of Physics Publishing, ISBN 0-7503-0879-6
  11. ^ Flowers, Brian (1974). "Message from the President: Past, present and future". Physics Bulletin. 25: 8. doi:10.1088/0031-9112/25/1/011.
  12. ^ a b c d e f "The History of the Institute". History. Institute of Physics and IOP Publishing. 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-25.
  13. ^ "Sir Richard Tetley Glazebrook". National Physical Laboratory. Archived from the original on 30 March 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  14. ^ About Us: Early History of IOP in Ireland Foundation of the Irish branch
  15. ^ "Institute of Physics Charter and Bylaws" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  16. ^ "Letter to the Prime Minister" (PDF). Institute of Physics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2019. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
  17. ^ a b "Register of Accredited Courses" (PDF). IOP. July 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  18. ^ "Summary of changes to the membership structure". Institute of Physics. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  19. ^ "What does a physicist look like?" (PDF). IOP. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  20. ^ a b "Misc robes". Archived from the original on 2013-05-28. Retrieved 2011-02-19.
  21. ^ Specifications on the IoP website are in cm; Burgon Society publications give specifications in inches
  22. ^ Nicholas Groves (2014). Shaw's Academical Dress of Great Britain and Ireland - Volume II: Non-degree-awarding Bodies. Burgon Society. p. 203. ISBN 978-099287400-1.
  23. ^ "Academic Dress". Institute of Physics. Retrieved 20 October 2016.[permanent dead link]
  24. ^ "IOP licensed to award professional registrations". Institute of Physics. 20 May 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
  25. ^ "Professional registration". Institute of Physics. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  26. ^ "Charter and Bylaws" (PDF). Institute of Physics. Bylaw 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  27. ^ "Charter and Bylaws" (PDF). Institute of Physics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  28. ^ "Chartered Physicist (CPhys)". Institute of Physics. Retrieved 29 December 2019.
  29. ^ "Guidance on maintaining your CPhys". Institute of Physics. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  30. ^ "Letter to Advancing Physics users". Archived from the original on 2011-08-11. Retrieved 2011-01-25.
  31. ^ "Integrated Sciences". Archived from the original on 2008-07-17. Retrieved 2008-09-03.
  32. ^ Stimulating Physics Network Archived 2015-02-16 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ^ "IOP Teacher Training Scholarships". Institute of Physics.
  34. ^ Ghosh, Pallab (19 March 2019). "Fund to boost female and black physicist numbers". BBC News. Archived from the original on 21 March 2019.
  35. ^ "PEEP Physics Ethics Education Project: Teaching controversial and social issues in science / Physics".
  36. ^ "IOP Governance". Institute of Physics. Retrieved 2019-12-27.
  37. ^ "IOP Council". IOP. Retrieved 2021-10-09.
  38. ^ "New Chief Executive for the Institute of Physics". Retrieved 19 December 2019.
  39. ^ "IOP awards". Institute of Physics. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
  40. ^ "A new home for physics community in King's Cross". Institute of PHysics. 10 October 2013. Archived from the original on 16 August 2014.
  41. ^ Brigstock-Barron, Rory (12 December 2014). "Row over plans for Institute of Physics building in King's Cross". Islington Gazette. Archived from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
  42. ^ "Residents take apart Institute of Physics case on eve of planning meeting". Kings Cross Local Environment. 2015-02-05. Archived from the original on 2022-04-07. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
  43. ^ "We moved to King's Cross on Monday 29 October". Institute of Physics. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018.

External links

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