Encelia farinosa

Brittlebush

Near Palm Springs, California
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Genus:	Encelia
Species:	E. farinosa
Binomial name
*Encelia farinosa* Torr. & A.Gray

Encelia farinosa (commonly known as brittlebush, brittlebrush, or incienso), is a common desert shrub of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. It has a variety of historical uses.

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Description

Brittlebush grows up to 30 to 150 centimetres (12 to 59 inches) tall,^[1] with fragrant leaves 3–10 cm (1+1⁄4–4 in) long, ovate to deltoid, and silvery tomentose.^[2] Arranged in loose panicles above the leafy stems, the capitula are 3–3.5 cm (1+1⁄4–1+1⁄2 in) in diameter. Each has 8–18 orange-yellow ray florets, 6–15 millimetres (1⁄4–9⁄16 in) in length,^[2] and yellow or purple-brown disc florets. The fruit measures 3–6 mm (1⁄8–1⁄4 in) and no pappus is visible.^[3] During dry seasons the plant goes drought deciduous, shedding all of its foliage, relying on the water stored in its thick stems.^[4]

Encelia californica is similar, but has only one flower head per stalk.^[2]

Chemistry

The leaves contain 3-Acetyl-6-methoxybenzaldehyde.^[5]

Taxonomy

Varieties

Two varieties of E. farinosa are recognized by Flora of North America.^[3]

Encelia farinosa var. farinosa – yellow disc florets
Encelia farinosa var. phenicodonta (Blake) I.M.Johnston – purple-brown disc florets

Varieties formerly included E. f. var. radians, now regarded as a separate species E. radians Brandegee.^[6]

Etymology

The common name "brittlebush" comes from the brittleness of its stems. Other names include hierba del vaso (Spanish) and cotx (Seri).^[7] Another Spanish name for it is incienso because the dried sap was burned by early Spanish missions in the New World as incense.

Distribution and habitat

Encelia farinosa is common in the southwestern United States (California, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada) and northern Mexico (Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, Sinaloa, and Hidalgo).^[3]^[8]^[9]

It can be found in a variety of habitats from dry, gravelly slopes to open, sandy washes^[2] up to 1,000 metres (3,300 feet) above sea level. It requires a very sunny position in a deep very well-drained soil, and minimal winter frost.^[4]

It does well in cultivation often being used for border, erosion control, ground cover and massing.^[10] Recently the plant has spread dramatically in areas not natural to its distribution in large part because Caltrans has begun to use it in hydroseeding.^{[citation needed]}

Uses

Brittlebush has a long history of uses by indigenous and pioneer peoples, including:

Glue: The resin collected from the base of the plant, yellowish to brown, can be heated and used as a glue. The O'odham and Seri use it for hafting, to hold points on arrows and harpoons.^[7]
Sealer: A different sort of resin collected from the upper stems is more gummy and generally a clear yellow. The Seri use this to seal pottery vessels.^[7]
Incense: Early Spanish friars learned that the resin made a highly fragrant incense, akin to frankincense in odor.^[11]
Gum: The Sells area Tohono O'odham children use upper stem resin as a passable chewing gum.^[12]
Toothbrush: Oldtime cowboys used brittlebush stem as a fine toothbrush.^[12]
Medicinal: Seri use brittlebush to treat toothache; the bark is removed, the branch heated in ashes, and then placed in the mouth to "harden" a loose tooth.^[7] The Cahuilla used brittlebush to treat toothaches as well,^[13] and used it as a chest pain reliever by heating the gum and applying it to the chest.^[13]^[14]
Waterproofing: It has been used to waterproof containers.^[10]
Varnish: It has been melted then used as a varnish.^[10]

References

^ Hogan, C. Michael (ed.) "Brittlebush – Encelia farinosa" at the Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Spellenberg, Richard (2001) [1979]. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region (rev ed.). Knopf. pp. 369–370. ISBN 978-0-375-40233-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Encelia farinosa in Flora of North America". Efloras.org. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
^ ^a ^b Gacsi/Morgan, April/Steve (January 1992). Deserts of the Southwest Self Guided Tour. Riverside, California: University of California, Riverside Botanic Gardens. p. 10.
^ Gray, Reed; Bonner, James (19 March 1948). "Structure Determination and Synthesis of a Plant Growth Inhibitor, 3-Acetyl-6-methoxybenzaldehyde, Found in the Leaves of Encelia Farinosa". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 70 (3): 1249–1253. doi:10.1021/ja01183a114. PMID 18909201.
^ Bohm, Bruce A. (2009). The Geography of Phytochemical Races. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 112. ISBN 9781402090523.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Felger, Richard Stephen; Moser, Mary Beck (1985). People of the Desert and Sea: Ethnobotany of the Seri Indians (2. print. ed.). Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0816508186.
^ "Photographic image of distribution map" (PNG). Bonap.net. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
^ "Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map". Bonap.net. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Encelia farinosa Brittle Bush, Brittlebush, Incienso PFAF Plant Database". www.pfaf.org. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
^ Dunmire, William W. (2004). Gardens of New Spain: How Mediterranean Plants and Foods Changed America. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70564-7.
^ ^a ^b Soule, Jacqueline A. (2012). Father Kinos's Herbs: Growing & Using Them Today. Tucson: Tierra del Sol Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-9758554-2-3.
^ ^a ^b "Plants of the Cahuilla Indians of the Colorado Desert and Surrounding Mountains". Enduring Knowledge Publications. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
^ James, Harry (1985). Temalpakh: Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Malki Museum Press. ISBN 978-0-9390-4606-5.