| Heri es-Swani | |
|---|---|
| Native name Arabic: هري السواني | |
 Interior of the grain silos | |
| Type | granary, water supply structures |
| Location | Meknes, Morocco |
| Coordinates | 33°52′48.8″N 5°33′28.5″W / 33.880222°N 5.557917°W |
| Founder | Sultan Moulay Isma'il ibn Sharif |
| Built | between 1672 and 1727 |
| Architectural style(s) | Moroccan |
The Heri es-Swani or Heri es-Souani (Arabic: هري السواني, lit. 'silo of the norias'), sometimes also transliterated as Hury as-Swani[1][2] or Hri Swani,[3] is a historic monument in Meknes, Morocco. It was a massive structure that served as a granary or silo for the Imperial Kasbah built by Moulay Isma'il during his reign from 1672 to 1727. It was part of a larger compound of facilities which also included the attached House of the Ten Norias, which provided water for the palaces, and a large water basin nearby known as the Sahrij Swani or Agdal Basin.[4][3] The name "Heri es-Swani" often applies to both the House of the Ten Norias and the silos, which are connected to each other and visited as a single attraction by tourists today.[5] In popular usage the silos are often misidentified as the "Royal Stables", but those stables were in fact a different structure that existed further south.[6][7]
Historical background
Moulay Isma'il became sultan upon the death of his brother Moulay Rashid in 1672. Breaking with tradition, he chose to make Meknes as his capital. Here, he built a monumental imperial palace-city (kasbah) on the southwest side of the old city (the medina). It consisted of several distinct palace complexes and other facilities spread across a vast area enclosed by fortified walls.[8][1][2][6] Work on the vast palace complex began as soon as his accession to the throne in 1672.[9][6] In addition to its immense scale, the palace complex was also notable for its highly developed infrastructure. Its water supply was particularly sophisticated for the time, making use of an early version of indoor plumbing which distributed water to buildings throughout the Kasbah via canals and underground terracotta pipes. This water was drawn directly from the phreatic table in the House of the Ten Norias using a mechanical hydraulic system of chained buckets turned by a wheel.[4][6][10] This water supply and underground plumbing system is considered to be a century ahead of the infrastructure found in contemporary European palaces and constructions.[10][11][12]: 194
Following Moulay Isma'il's death the political situation in Morocco degenerated into relative anarchy. His sons fought each other for power and his former 'abid army became the dominant power in the state, effectively ruling behind the throne.[13][14] Meknes lost its status as capital and suffered damage in the 1755 earthquake.[1] The city was neglected and many parts of the enormous imperial kasbah fell into disrepair. Today, a part of the kasbah, the Dar al-Makhzen, is still used by the King of Morocco and is off-limits to the public.[1] Other sites, such as Moulay Isma'il's mausoleum and the Heri es-Swani, are open as religious sites or tourist attractions.[6]
Architecture
The main structure of the complex is divided into two components: the House of the Ten Norias and the Heri es-Swani itself. Outside, on the northwest side of the structure, is a large water basin known as the Sahrij Swani.
House of the Ten Norias
The "House of the Ten Norias",[6][15] also known as the Dar al-Ma ("House of Water"),[15]: 117 [16] stands on the northeast side of the Heri es-Swani silos. Visitors to the complex today enter through this building first. It is a massive structure consisting of a large central chamber surrounded by smaller rooms around which, in turn, was a large vaulted corridor which gave access to 15 domed chambers. These domed chambers each held a noria or mechanical hydraulic system which drew water from a deep well reaching down to the phreatic table, via a series of pails or buckets chained together and raised by a horse-drawn wheel. This structure in turn provided water for the royal city through a system of terracotta or clay channels.[6][17][5]
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Vaulted passage in the House of the Ten Norias
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Domed corner in the vaulted passages of the House of the Ten Norias
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Domed chamber with noria
The grain silos
The Heri as-Swani itself is a vast area of silos which are adjoined to the southwest side of the House of the Ten Norias.[2][1][18] This structure measures 182 by 104 meters and is divided by 22 rows of thick arches between which are corridors that were originally roofed by vaults.[6] The building is often mistakenly referred to as the "stables" or "royal stables" of Moulay Isma'il, but it was in fact an enormous grain storage warehouse which could stockpile supplies to withstand a long siege.[6][7] Grain was delivered to the building by mules who climbed onto a roof terrace and dropped the grain directly into holes that were pierced in the vaulted roofs. One interior corridor remained free of grain to allow for circulation inside the silos. Today, the vaulted roofs have collapsed and disappeared, leaving only the numerous rows of arches, which are considered one of the most impressive sights in the city.[6]
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Outer walls of the granary
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View of the rows of arches in the granary
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Formerly vaulted corridors between the arches of the granary
Sahrij Swani (water basin)
A third element of the complex is the vast water basin or artificial lake that stretches next to the main structure, the Sahrij Swani or Sahrij Souani ("Basin of the Norias"), also known as the Agdal Basin.[17][3][2][19] The nearly rectangular basin measures 148.75 by 319 meters and is 1.2 meters deep on average.[6] Although the basin was apparently also used for leisure by palace residents who bathed here or wandered around on small boats, its purpose appears to have been primarily utilitarian and integrated to the royal city's water supply.[2][17][6] It was supplied with water by the adjacent House of the Ten Norias on its southeast side.[6][17] In this regard it resembled the water basin in the Menara Gardens of Marrakesh.[17] Possibly because of its importance, it was enclosed by its own two-meter-thick defensive wall, of which only a small section remains to the southwest (separating it from the Beni Mohammed neighbourhood beyond).[6][17]
References
- ^ a b c d e Arnold, Felix (2017). Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History. Oxford University Press. pp. 309–312.
- ^ a b c d e Barrucand, Marianne (2019-11-18), Boucheron, Patrick; Chiffoleau, Jacques (eds.), "Les relations entre ville et ensemble palatial dans les " villes impériales " marocaines : Marrakech et Meknès", Les Palais dans la ville : Espaces urbains et lieux de la puissance publique dans la Méditerranée médiévale, Collection d’histoire et d’archéologie médiévales, Presses universitaires de Lyon, pp. 325–341, ISBN 978-2-7297-1086-6, retrieved 2020-06-07
- ^ a b c "Sahrij Swani (Basin of the Norias) - Discover Islamic Art - Virtual Museum". islamicart.museumwnf.org. Retrieved 2021-12-13.
- ^ a b "Qantara - Basin of the Norias". www.qantara-med.org. Retrieved 2020-06-07.
- ^ a b "Heri Es Souani | Meknes, Morocco Attractions". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 2020-08-04.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Touri, Abdelaziz; Benaboud, Mhammad; Boujibar El-Khatib, Naïma; Lakhdar, Kamal; Mezzine, Mohamed (2010). Le Maroc andalou : à la découverte d'un art de vivre (2 ed.). Ministère des Affaires Culturelles du Royaume du Maroc & Museum With No Frontiers. ISBN 978-3902782311.
- ^ a b Parker, Richard (1981). A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press.
- ^ Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (2009). "Meknès". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. pp. 475–476. ISBN 9780195309911.
- ^ Mezzine, Mohamed. "Palace of Mulay Isma'il". Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers.
- ^ a b Parker, Richard (1981). A practical guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco. Charlottesville, VA: The Baraka Press.
- ^ Peters, Lucas (2019). Moon Morocco (2nd ed.). Avalon Publishing.
- ^ The Rough Guide to Morocco (12th ed.). Rough Guides. 2019.
- ^ El Hamel, Chouki (2013). Black Morocco: A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam. Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Abun-Nasr, Jamil (1987). A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521337674.
- ^ a b Barrucand, Marianne (1980). L'architecture de la Qasba de Moulay Ismaïl à Meknès.
- ^ "Heri Souani and Dar Al Ma – PREFECTURAL COUNCIL OF TOURISM OF MEKNES" (in French). Retrieved 2021-12-13.
- ^ a b c d e f "Qantara - Basin of the Norias". www.qantara-med.org. Retrieved 2020-06-07.
- ^ "Qasaba of Mawlāy Ismā'īl". www.qantara-med.org. Retrieved 2020-06-07.
- ^ "Agdal Basin | Meknes, Morocco Attractions". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 2021-12-13.
This page was last edited on 2 December 2022, at 10:23