Most of the synthesized Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures in different geometric configurations such as nanowires, nanorods, nanobelts and nanosheets are usually in the wurtzite crystal structure. However, it was found from density functional theory calculations that for ultra-thin films of ZnO, the graphite-like structure was energetically more favourable as compared to the wurtzite structure.[1][2] The stability of this phase transformation of wurtzite lattice to graphite-like structure of the ZnO film is only limited to the thickness of about several Zn-O layers and was subsequently verified by experiment.[3] Similar phase transition was also observed in ZnO nanowire when it was subjected to uniaxial tensile loading.[4] However, with the use of the first-principles all electron full-potential method, it was observed that the wurtzite to graphite-like phase transformation for ultra-thin ZnO films will not occur in the presence of a significant amount of oxygen vacancies (Vo) at the Zn-terminated (0001) surface of the thin film.[5] The absence of the structural phase transformation was explained in terms of the Coulomb attraction at the surfaces.[5] The graphitic ZnO thin films are structurally similar to the multilayer of graphite and are expected to have interesting mechanical and electronic properties for potential nanoscale applications. In addition, density functional theory calculations and experimental observations also indicate that the concentration of the Vo is the highest near the surfaces as compared to the inner parts of the nanostructures.[6][7] This is due to the lower Vo defect formation energies in the interior of the nanostructures as compared to their surfaces.[6][7]
References
- ^ Claeyssens, F. C. (2005). "Growth of ZnO thin films - experiment and theory". Journal of Materials Chemistry. 15: 139–148. doi:10.1039/b414111c.
- ^ Freeman, C. L. (2006). "Graphitic nanofilms as precursors to wurtzite films: Theory". Physical Review Letters. 96 (6): 066102. Bibcode:2006PhRvL..96f6102F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.066102. PMID 16606013.
- ^ Tusche, C.; Meyerheim, H. L.; Kirschner, J. (2007). "Observation of depolarized ZnO(0001) monolayers: formation of unreconstructed planar sheets". Physical Review Letters. 99 (2): 026102. Bibcode:2007PhRvL..99b6102T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.026102. PMID 17678236.
- ^ Kulkarni, A. J.; Zhou, M.; Sarasamak, K.; Limpijumnong, S. (2006). "Novel phase transformation in ZnO nanowires under tensile loading". Physical Review Letters. 97 (10): 105502. Bibcode:2006PhRvL..97j5502K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.105502. PMID 17025826.
- ^ a b Wong, Kin Mun; Alay-e-Abbas, S. M.; Shaukat, A.; Fang, Yaoguo; Lei, Yong (2013). "First-principles investigation of the size-dependent structural stability and electronic properties of O-vacancies at the ZnO polar and non-polar surfaces". Journal of Applied Physics. 113 (1): 014304–014304–11. Bibcode:2013JAP...113a4304M. doi:10.1063/1.4772647.
- ^ a b Wong, Kin Mun; Alay-e-Abbas, S. M.; Fang, Yaoguo; Shaukat, A.; Lei, Yong (2013). "Spatial distribution of neutral oxygen vacancies on ZnO nanowire surfaces: An investigation combining confocal microscopy and first principles calculations". Journal of Applied Physics. 114 (3): 034901–034901–10. Bibcode:2013JAP...114c4901M. doi:10.1063/1.4813517.
- ^ a b Deng, Bei; Luisa da Rosa, Andreia; Frauenheim, Th.; Xiao, J.P.; Shi, X.Q.; Zhang, R.Q.; Van Hove, Michel A. (2014). "Oxygen vacancy diffusion in bare ZnO nanowires". Nanoscale. 6 (20): 11882–6. Bibcode:2014Nanos...611882D. doi:10.1039/c4nr03582h. PMID 25171601.
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