The Heinemann Gallery, a Munich art dealership founded in 1872, was Aryanized under the Nazis by Friedich Heinrich Zinckgraf.
The gallery before 1933
Originally located on Promenadeplatz in Munich, the gallery moved to Prinzregentenstraße, and from 1904 to Lenbachplatz.[1] The art dealership had branches in Frankfurt am Main, Nice and New York, with numerous exhibitions in 19th century and French painting in particular. From 1890 the three sons of the art dealer Heinemann took over the business: Hermann (1857–1920) managed the Munich parent company, the eldest brother Theodor (1855–1933) headed the New York branch, Theobald (1860–1929) the branch in Nice.[2]
The gallery during the Nazi period 1933-1945
After Theobald's death in 1929, the latter's widow, Franziska Heinemann (1882–1940), daughter of Joseph Schülein, took over the gallery together with her son Fritz (1905–1983) until it was expropriated by Nazis at the end of 1938.[3]
Aryanization by Zinckgraf
The final "Aryanization" took place at the end 1939. Fritz Heinemann had already emigrated to Switzerland in January 1938 and left the company as a partner. Friedrich Heinrich Zinckgraf (1878–1954), a non-Jewish employee of the gallery, took over at the end of 1939.[4][5]
Nazis imprison Franzicka Heinemann
After the pogroms on 9/10 November 1938 Franziska Heinemann was sent to the Stadelheim prison by the Gestapo. She was forced to cede her art possessions and sell all of her property to finance her emigration.[6] Zinckgraf offered little more than the purchase price for the painting collection, a value that was 60% below market prices. For the gallery house, he offered 20% below the unit value and thus a price well below the market price.
Hjalmar Schacht silent partner
With the help of a large loan of 275,000 Reichsmarks from his friend, the powerful financier Hjalmar Schacht, Zinckgraf was able to carry out this Aryanization at the end of 1939.[7]
Zinckgraf became the official owner of the Heinemann gallery,[8] with Hjalmar Schacht as silent partner (40% share of future profits).[9] Franziska Heinemann fled to New York where she died on November 17, 1940.
The Zinckgraf years
Zinckgraf operated under the Heinemann names until May 1941 when he changed the name of the Galerie Heinemann to Galerie Zinckgraf .[10][11]
After 1945
Franziska's son Fritz returned to Munich after 1945 and was again active as an art dealer. In 1972 he transferred the gallery's business documents to the German Art Archive in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum, Nuremberg. These were put online by the museum in 2010.[12]
Literature
- Birgit Jooss: Galerie Heinemann. Die wechselvolle Geschichte einer jüdischen Kunsthandlung zwischen 1872 und 1938. In: G. Ulrich Großmann (Hrsg.): Anzeiger des Germanischen Nationalmuseums. Nürnberg 2012, S. 69–84 (online).
- Birgit Jooss: Die Geschäftsunterlagen der Galerie Heinemann. Eine bedeutende Grundlage für die weiterführende Provenienzforschung. In: Provenienzforschung in deutschen Sammlungen. Einblicke in zehn Jahre Projektförderung. Hrsg. vom Deutschen Zentrum Kulturgutverluste (Provenire 1) Magdeburg, Berlin u. a. 2019, ISBN 978-3-11-061746-7, S. 265–272.
See also
References
- ^ "History of the gallery - Galerie Heinemann Online". heinemann.gnm.de. Retrieved 2021-04-13.
- ^ "History of the gallery - Galerie Heinemann Online". heinemann.gnm.de. Retrieved 2021-04-09.
- ^ "Dealer Records: Galerie Heinemann online". www.lootedart.com. Retrieved 2021-04-13.
In September 1938 Friedrich Heinrich Zinckgraf (1878-1954), a senior employee of the gallery, took over Fritz Heinemann's share in the gallery. After the pogrom on November 9/10, 1938, Franziska Heinemann's share was also "aryanized" by Zinckgraf. The Aryanization negotiations, however, took a good year at the Chamber of Industry and Commerce in Munich, because Zinckgraf was accused of "fictitious Aryanization" owing to his close contact to the Heinemann family. To finance the business, Zinckgraf finally received a loan from Reich Minister Hjalmar Schacht.He became the sole owner of the gallery with all its documents by the end of 1939. The business was valued at 220,000 Reichsmark, the stock at 200,000 Reichsmark. Zinckgraf changed the name of the Galerie Heinemann to Galerie Zinckgraf in May 1941 and continued to manage it in unmodified form even after the war (his licence was renewed in September 1946). He even retained the numbering system of the Galerie Heinemann.
- ^ "Galerie Heinernenn Die wechselvolle Geschichte einer jüdischen Kunsthandlung zwischen 1872 und 1938".
- ^ "Zinckgraf, Friedrich Heinrich | Proveana". www.proveana.de. Retrieved 2021-10-14.
- ^ r2WPadmin. "Hermann Schülein". Immigrant Entrepreneurship. Retrieved 2021-10-14.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Zinckgrafstraße in München Hadern". stadtgeschichte-muenchen.de. Retrieved 2021-10-14.
- ^ "History of the gallery - Galerie Heinemann Online". heinemann.gnm.de. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
- ^ Rother, Lynn. Kunst durch Kredit Die Berliner Museen und ihre Erwerbungen von der Dresdner Bank 1935. ISBN 978-3-11-049347-4. OCLC 1165453538.
- ^ "Galerie Heinemann". www.lootedart.com. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
- ^ "Lost Art Internet Database - Beteiligte Privatpersonen und Körperschaften am NS-Kulturgutraub - Zinckgraf, Friedrich Heinrich". www.lostart.de. Retrieved 2021-10-14.
- ^ "Dealer Records: Galerie Heinemann online". www.lootedart.com. Retrieved 2021-10-14.
External links
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This page was last edited on 27 September 2023, at 08:26