GABAB receptors (GABABR) are G-protein coupled receptors for gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), therefore making them metabotropic receptors, that are linked via G-proteins to potassium channels.[1] The changing potassium concentrations hyperpolarize the cell at the end of an action potential. The reversal potential of the GABAB-mediated IPSP (inhibitory postsynaptic potential) is −100 mV, which is much more hyperpolarized than the GABAA IPSP. GABAB receptors are found in the central nervous system and the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system.[2]
The receptors were first named in 1981 when their distribution in the CNS was determined, which was determined by Norman Bowery and his team using radioactively labelled baclofen.[3]
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Transcription
Functions
GABABRs stimulate the opening of K+ channels, specifically GIRKs, which brings the neuron closer to the equilibrium potential of K+. This reduces the frequency of action potentials which reduces neurotransmitter release.[citation needed] Thus GABAB receptors are inhibitory receptors.
GABAB receptors also reduces the activity of adenylyl cyclase and Ca2+ channels by using G-proteins with Gi/G0 α subunits.[4]
GABAB receptors are involved in behavioral actions of ethanol,[5][6] gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB),[7] and possibly in pain.[8] Recent research suggests that these receptors may play an important developmental role.[9]
Structure
GABAB Receptors are similar in structure to and in the same receptor family with metabotropic glutamate receptors.[10] There are two subunits of the receptor, GABAB1 and GABAB2,[11] and these appear to assemble as obligate heterodimers in neuronal membranes by linking up by their intracellular C termini.[10] In the mammalian brain, two predominant, differentially expressed isoforms of the GABAB1 are transcribed from the Gabbr1 gene, GABAB(1a) and GABAB(1b), which are conserved in different species including humans.[12] This might potentially offer more complexity in terms of the function due to different composition of the receptor.[12] Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the full length GABAB receptor in different conformational states from inactive apo to fully active have been obtained. Unlike Class A and B GPCRs, phospholipids bind within the transmembrane bundles and allosteric modulators bind at the interface of GABAB1 and GABAB2 subunits.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19]
Ligands
Agonists
- GABA
- Baclofen is a GABA analogue which acts as a selective agonist of GABAB receptors, and is used as a muscle relaxant. However, it can aggravate absence seizures, and so is not used in epilepsy.
- gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB)
- Phenibut
- 4-Fluorophenibut
- Isovaline
- 3-Aminopropylphosphinic acid
- Lesogaberan
- SKF-97541: 3-Aminopropyl(methyl)phosphinic acid, 10× more potent than baclofen as GABAB agonist, but also GABAA-ρ antagonist
- Taurine
- CGP-44532
Positive Allosteric Modulators
Antagonists
- Homotaurine[24]
- Ginsenosides[25]
- 2-OH-saclofen
- Saclofen
- Phaclofen
- SCH-50911
- 2-Phenethylamine
- CGP-35348
- CGP-52432: 3-([(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)methyl]amino]propyl) diethoxymethyl)phosphinic acid, CAS# 139667-74-6
- CGP-55845: (2S)-3-([(1S)-1-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)ethyl]amino-2-hydroxypropyl)(phenylmethyl)phosphinic acid, CAS# 149184-22-5
- SGS-742[26][27]
See also
References
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- ^ Hyland NP, Cryan JF (2010). "A Gut Feeling about GABA: Focus on GABA(B) Receptors". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 1: 124. doi:10.3389/fphar.2010.00124. PMC 3153004. PMID 21833169.
- ^ Hill DR, Bowery NG (March 1981). "3H-baclofen and 3H-GABA bind to bicuculline-insensitive GABA B sites in rat brain". Nature. 290 (5802): 149–52. Bibcode:1981Natur.290..149H. doi:10.1038/290149a0. PMID 6259535. S2CID 4335907.
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- ^ Dzitoyeva S, Dimitrijevic N, Manev H (April 2003). "Gamma-aminobutyric acid B receptor 1 mediates behavior-impairing actions of alcohol in Drosophila: adult RNA interference and pharmacological evidence". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (9): 5485–90. Bibcode:2003PNAS..100.5485D. doi:10.1073/pnas.0830111100. PMC 154371. PMID 12692303.
- ^ Ariwodola OJ, Weiner JL (November 2004). "Ethanol potentiation of GABAergic synaptic transmission may be self-limiting: role of presynaptic GABA(B) receptors". The Journal of Neuroscience. 24 (47): 10679–86. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1768-04.2004. PMC 6730127. PMID 15564584.
- ^ Dimitrijevic N, Dzitoyeva S, Satta R, Imbesi M, Yildiz S, Manev H (September 2005). "Drosophila GABA(B) receptors are involved in behavioral effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB)". European Journal of Pharmacology. 519 (3): 246–52. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.07.016. PMID 16129424.
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- ^ Dzitoyeva S, Gutnov A, Imbesi M, Dimitrijevic N, Manev H (August 2005). "Developmental role of GABAB(1) receptors in Drosophila". Brain Research. Developmental Brain Research. 158 (1–2): 111–4. doi:10.1016/j.devbrainres.2005.06.005. PMID 16054235.
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- ^ a b Kaupmann K, Huggel K, Heid J, Flor PJ, Bischoff S, Mickel SJ, et al. (March 1997). "Expression cloning of GABA(B) receptors uncovers similarity to metabotropic glutamate receptors". Nature. 386 (6622): 239–46. Bibcode:1997Natur.386..239K. doi:10.1038/386239a0. PMID 9069281. S2CID 4345443.
- ^ Shaye H, Stauch B, Gati C, Cherezov V (May 2021). "Molecular mechanisms of metabotropic GABAB receptor function". Science Advances. 7 (22): eabg3362. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.3362S. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abg3362. PMC 8163086. PMID 34049877.
- ^ Shaye H, Ishchenko A, Lam JH, Han GW, Xue L, Rondard P, et al. (August 2020). "Structural basis of the activation of a metabotropic GABA receptor". Nature. 584 (7820): 298–303. Bibcode:2020Natur.584..298S. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2408-4. PMC 8020835. PMID 32555460.
- ^ Papasergi-Scott MM, Robertson MJ, Seven AB, Panova O, Mathiesen JM, Skiniotis G (June 2020). "Structures of metabotropic GABAB receptor". Nature. 584 (7820): 310–314. Bibcode:2020Natur.584..310P. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2469-4. PMC 7429364. PMID 32580208.
- ^ Mao C, Shen C, Li C, Shen DD, Xu C, Zhang S, et al. (June 2020). "B receptor". Cell Research. 30 (7): 564–573. doi:10.1038/s41422-020-0350-5. PMC 7343782. PMID 32494023. S2CID 219183617.
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- ^ Kim Y, Jeong E, Jeong JH, Kim Y, Cho Y (November 2020). "Structural Basis for Activation of the Heterodimeric GABAB Receptor". Journal of Molecular Biology. 432 (22): 5966–5984. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2020.09.023. PMID 33058878. S2CID 222841520.
- ^ Shen C, Mao C, Xu C, Jin N, Zhang H, Shen DD, et al. (June 2021). "Structural basis of GABAB receptor-Gi protein coupling". Nature. 594 (7864): 594–598. Bibcode:2021Natur.594..594S. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03507-1. PMC 8222003. PMID 33911284.
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External links
This page was last edited on 25 March 2024, at 20:19