| Fukuoka Domain 福岡藩 | |
|---|---|
| Domain of Japan | |
| 1600–1871 | |
 Walls of Fukuoka Castle | |
 Mon of the Kuroda clan
| |
 Shimonohashi Gomon of Fukuoka Castle | |
| Capital | Fukuoka Castle |
| Government | |
| • Type | Daimyō |
| Daimyō | |
• 1600-1623 | Kuroda Nagamasa (first) |
• 1869-1871 | Kuroda Nagatomo (last) |
| Historical era | Edo period Meiji period |
• Established | 1600 |
• Disestablished | 1871 |
| Today part of | Fukuoka Prefecture |
Fukuoka Domain (福岡藩, Fukuoka han) [1]was a domain in Japan during the Edo period. It was located in Chikuzen Province, which is now part of Fukuoka Prefecture on Kyushu Island. The domain was sometimes referred to as Chikuzen Domain or Kuroda Domain, named after the ruling Kuroda family.
Unlike the feudalism system in the West, the han system in Fukuoka was a political and economic concept based on regular cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields. The domain's definition was determined by its kokudaka, a measure of its income, rather than its land area.[2]
With a kokudaka rating of 473,000 koku, the Fukuoka Domain was the fifth-largest domain in Japan, excluding those held by the Tokugawa-Matsudaira clans.
In the han system, Fukuoka was a political and economic abstraction based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.[3] In other words, the domain was defined in terms of kokudaka, not land area.[4]
History
In 1600, Kobayakawa Hideaki, who had previously controlled a portion of Chikuzen, was relocated to the Okayama Domain in Bizen Province. This domain was established when Kuroda Nagamasa, the ruler of the Nakatsu Domain in Buzen Province, was granted a substantial landholding of over 523,000 koku in Chikuzen Province as a reward for his military achievements in the Battle of Sekigahara. The Matsudaira surname, along with one of the characters from the Shogun's actual name, were bestowed upon subsequent feudal lords from the 2nd Tadayuki onwards. The designated seating area within the Great Hall of Edo Castle is known as "Matsu no-ma," as well as the upper room in the Great Corridor. From the 9th generation Naritaka until the present day, the Matsudaira clan of Chikuzen Province resided within Edo Castle until the conclusion of the Edo period. During the Edo period, the Edo shogunate made changes to the sankin kotai system, reducing the required period of stay in Edo from one year out of two to approximately three months out of two years. This adjustment aimed to alleviate the financial burden placed on the domains, as they were responsible for providing security during the period of stay. This duty of protecting Nagasaki continued until the end of the Edo period.
Initially, when entering Chikuzen Prefecture, the residence of the lord was Najima Castle, which was constructed by Sengoku warlord Tachibana Kanzai, who had connections with the Kobayakawa clan. However, due to its small size and inconvenient location for transportation, the lord decided to relocate the residence in 1601. It took approximately six years to build a new and expansive castle known as Fukuoka Castle. Additionally, in order to guard against the Hosokawa clan, with whom they had strained relations, the lord constructed several castles within the territory, including Chikuzen Roppan Castle (Masumasu Castle, Takatori Castle, Sora Castle, Kurosaki Castle, Wakamatsu Castle, and Koishiwara Castle). These castles were entrusted to loyal vassals such as Toshiyasu Kuriyama, the highest-ranking retainer among the Kuroda Eight Tigers, and Inoue Nobusa . It is worth noting that, following the teachings of his father, Kuroda Josui, the domain's founder who emphasized simplicity and frugality, Nagamasa did not build extravagant villas or feudal lord gardens within the domain. The only exception was Tsugutaka, the 6th lord of the domain, who constructed a retirement residence and a Sukiya garden called Yusentei. During the final years of the Edo period, the King-Kinha faction, led by the Chikuzen Kinno-to Party (Sonno-joi-ha), emerged as a prominent force. Initially, they worked diligently to negotiate the cancellation of the First Choshu Conquest in 1865. Simultaneously, the Kinnoha faction convinced Sanjo Sanetomi and five other feudal lords to relocate to Dazaifu, establishing themselves as a domain that upheld the emperor's authority and opposed the joi movement. However, the domain's lord, Nagahisa Kuroda, faced criticism from the shogunate for these actions. Additionally, rumors circulated about the Inunaki Go Annex, constructed in Inunaki Valley, being used to imprison the feudal lord, leading to suspicions of rebellion. The shogunate's decision to proceed with the second Choshu conquest resulted in the loyalist faction losing support, causing a shift in feudal opinions towards the Sabaku faction. Numerous members of the Kinō faction were arrested, with seven individuals, including the chief retainer and librarian Kato, committing seppuku, fourteen individuals, including Senzo Tsukigata, being beheaded, and fifteen individuals, including Botouni Nomura, being exiled. The faction was decimated. However, with the restoration of the monarchy in 1868, the loyalists made a resurgence and regained control over domain affairs. In 1870, Matsukata Masayoshi, the Governor of Hita Prefecture, made allegations against the Fukuoka feudal retainers for counterfeiting Daijokan banknotes. A subsequent investigation conducted by the Meiji government confirmed the truth of Matsukata's accusations and revealed the involvement of the Fukuoka clan leadership as well. As a result, on July 2, 1871, Nagato was dismissed from his position as Chihanji and was replaced by Imperial Prince Arisugawa Taruhito, who had connections with the Kuroda family. This transition took place within a span of only 12 days. It is important to note that the role of Chihanji is a local administrative position appointed by the government and does not have any legal hereditary status. However, historically, there had been no instances where the government denied the inheritance of the Chihanji position, making this case the only exception. As a consequence of the incident, five high-ranking officials involved, namely Dai-san Masumi Tachibana, Yasuo Yano, Gon-dai Counselor Ogawa Aishiro, and Kosan-san Tokunaga Orito and Misumi Denpachi, were executed as perpetrators, while more than 10 individuals were either imprisoned or exiled. The Kuroda clan subsequently left Fukuoka and relocated to Tokyo.
Holdings at the end of the Edo period
- Chikuzen Province
- Kasuya District – 85 villages
- Munakata District – 60 villages
- Onga District – 85 villages
- Kurate District - 68 villages
- Kamiza District - 34 villages
- Mikasa District – 57 villages
- Naka District - 70 villages
- Shikida District - 9 villages
- Sawara District - 53 villages
- Shima District – 48 villages
- Honami District - 59 villages
- Kama District - 43 villages
- Shimoza District - 33 villages
- Yasu District - 16 villages
- Yito District - 24 villages
- Akizuki Domain
- Chikuzen Province
- Kama District - 20 villages (incorporated into Fukuoka Domain)
- Shimoza District - 11 villages
- Yasu District - 38 villages
List of daimyōs
The hereditary daimyōs were head of the clan and head of the domain.
# Name Tenure Courtesy title Court Rank kokudaka 
Kuroda clan, 1600 - 1871 (Tozama daimyo)
1 Kuroda Nagamasa (黒田長政) 1600 - 1623 None (なし) Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 502,000 koku 2 Kuroda Tadayuki (黒田忠之) 1623 - 1654 Shimochikuzen no kami, Uemonsa (下筑前 の 髪、 右衛門佐) Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 502,000 koku 3 Kuroda Mitsuyuki (黒田光之) 1654 - 1688 Uemonsa, Ukyo Dayu (右衛門佐、う居 だ湯) Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 502,000 --> 412,000 koku 4 Kuroda Tsunamasa (黒田綱政) 1688 - 1711 Shimohizen no kami, Uemonsa (下肥前,の髪,右衛門佐) Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 412,000 koku 5 Kuroda Nobumasa (黒田宣政) 1711 - 1719 Izumi no kami, Hizen no kami (泉 の 髪、 費前 の 髪) Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 412,000 koku 6 Kuroda Tsugutaka (黒田継高) 1719 - 1769 Sakone gon no shosho, Chikuzen no kami, (左近根権の一部、筑前髪) Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 412,000 —-> 433,000 koku 7 Kuroda Haruyuki (黒田継高) 1769 - 1781 Daisuke Shikibu, Kikuzen no kami, (大輔 式部、 聞く全 の 髪) Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 433,000 koku 8 Kuroda Harutaka (黒田継高) 1781 - 1782 Chikuzen no kami, (筑前 の 髪) Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 433,000 koku 9 Kuroda Harutaka (黒田斉隆) 1782 - 1795 Jiju, Chikuzen no kami (耳珠、 筑前 の 髪) Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 433,000 —-> 473,000 koku 10 Kuroda Narikiyo (黒田斉清) 1795 - 1834 Sakon no no shosho, Bizen no kami, (左近 の の 所々、 日前 の 髪) Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 473,000 koku 11 Kuroda Nagahiro (黒田斉溥) 1834 - 1869 Sakon no shosho, Sakon no no josho, Sakon no no chujo, Sangi,, (左近 の 所々、 左近 の の 所所、 左近 の の チュ所、 参議) Senior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 473,000 koku 12 Kuroda Nagatomo (黒田慶賛) 1869 - 1871 Shimotsuke no kami Jushiinojo, Sakon no no chujo, Sangi, (下野毛髪従四位女) Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 473,000 koku 13 Prince Arisugawa Taruhito (有栖川宮熾仁親) 1871 None (なし) Junior 4th Rank, Lower Grade (従五位下) 473,000 koku
Family tree
I. Kuroda Nagamasa, 1st daimyō of Fukuoka (cr. 1600) (1568–1623; Lord of Fukuoka: 1600–1623)
- II. Tadayuki, 2nd daimyō of Fukuoka (1602–1654; r. 1623–1654)
- III. Mitsuyuki, 3rd daimyō of Fukuoka (1628–1707; r. 1654–1688)
- IV. Tsunamasa, 4th daimyō of Fukuoka (1659-1711; r. 1688–1711)
- V. Nobumasa, 5th daimyō of Fukuoka (1685–1744; r. 1711–1719)
- Nagakiyo, daimyō of Nogata (1667–1720)
- VI. Tsugutaka, 6th daimyō of Fukuoka (1703–1775; r. 1719–1769)
As Tsugutaka, the sixth daimyō, was without heirs, he adopted an heir from a branch of the Tokugawa family to continue the line:
- Tokugawa Munetada, 1st Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family head (1721–1765)
- Tokugawa Harusada, 2nd Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family head (1751–1827)
- IX. Naritaka, 9th daimyō of Fukuoka (1777–1795; r. 1782–1795)
- X. Narikiyo, 10th daimyō of Fukuoka (1795–1851; r. 1795–1834). He had a daughter:
- Junhime (d. 1851), m. XI. (Shimazu) Nagahiro, 11th daimyō of Fukuoka, 11th family head (1811–1887; r. 1834–1869; family head: 1834–1869). He had a daughter:
- Rikuhime, m. XII. (Tōdō) Nagatomo, 12th daimyō of Fukuoka, 12th family head (1839–1902; Lord: 1869; Governor: 1869–1871; family head: 1869–1878)
- Nagashige, 13th family head, 1st Marquess (1867–1939; family head: 1878–1939; Marquess: 1884)
- Nagamichi, 14th family head, 2nd Marquess (1889–1978; family head: 1939–1978; 2nd Marquess: 1939–1947)
- Nagahisa, 15th family head (1916–2009; family head: 1978–2009)
- Nagataka, 16th family head (b. 1952; family head: 2009–present)
- Nagahisa, 15th family head (1916–2009; family head: 1978–2009)
- Nagamichi, 14th family head, 2nd Marquess (1889–1978; family head: 1939–1978; 2nd Marquess: 1939–1947)
- Nagashige, 13th family head, 1st Marquess (1867–1939; family head: 1878–1939; Marquess: 1884)
- Rikuhime, m.
- Junhime (d. 1851), m.
- VII.(Kuroda) Haruyuki, 7th daimyō of Fukuoka (1753–1781; r. 1769–1781). Adopted by the sixth Lord of Fukuoka. He adopted an heir, the eighth daimyō:
- VIII. (Kyōgoku) Harutaka, 8th daimyō of Fukuoka (1754–1782; r. 1782)
- Tokugawa Harusada, 2nd Hitotsubashi-Tokugawa family head (1751–1827)
See also
References
- ^ Roberts, Luke S. (2002-05-02). Mercantilism in a Japanese Domain: The Merchant Origins of Economic Nationalism in 18th-Century Tosa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89335-0.
- ^ Kalland, Arne (1995-01-01). Fishing Villages in Tokugawa, Japan. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1632-2.
- ^ Mass, Jeffrey P. and William B. Hauser. (1987). The Bakufu in Japanese History, p. 150.
- ^ Elison, George and Bardwell L. Smith (1987). Warlords, Artists, & Commoners: Japan in the Sixteenth Century, p. 18.
- ^ Papinot, Jacques Edmond Joseph. (1906). Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie du Japon; Papinot, (2003). "Kuroda" at Nobiliare du Japon, pp. 25–26; retrieved 2013-4-10.
- ^ Genealogy
External links
Media related to Fukuoka Domain at Wikimedia Commons
- (in Japanese) Fukuoka Domain on "Edo 300 HTML" Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
- https://zekkeijapan.com/spot/index/664/
- https://japancheapo.com/place/fukuoka-castle-ruins/
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This page was last edited on 8 March 2024, at 12:26