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Franklin was a rural New Zealand parliamentary electorate. It existed from 1861 to 1996 during four periods.
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Daylight Saving Time Explained
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Transcription
Every year some countries move their clocks
forward in the spring only to move them back
in the autumn.
To the vast majority of the world who doesn’t
participate in this odd clock fiddling – it
seems a baffling thing to do. So what’s
the reason behind it?
The original idea, proposed by George Hudson,
was to give people more sunlight in the summer.
Of course, it’s important to note that changing
a clock doesn’t actually make more sunlight
– that’s not how physics works.
But, by moving the clocks forward an hour,
compared to all other human activity, the
sun will seem to both rise and set later.
The time when the clocks are moved forward
is called Daylight Saving Time and the rest
of the year is called Standard Time.
This switch effectively gives people more
time to enjoy the sunshine and nice summer
weather after work. Hudson, in particular,
wanted more sunlight so he could spend more
time adding to his insect collection.
When winter is coming the clocks move back,
presumably because people won’t want to
go outside anymore.
But, winter doesn’t have this affect on
everyone.
If you live in a tropical place like Hawaii,
you don’t really have to worry about seasons
because they pretty much don’t happen.
Every day, all year is sunny and beautiful
so christmas is just as good of a day to hit
the beach as any other. As so, Hawaii is one
of two states in the Union that ignore daylight
saving time.
But, the further you travel from the equator
in either direction the more the seasons assert
themselves and you get colder and darker winters,
making summer time much more valuable to the
locals. So it’s no surprise that the further
a country is from the equator the more likely
it uses daylight saving time.
Hudson proposed his idea in Wellington in
1895 – but it wasn’t well received and
it took until 1916 for Germany to be the first
country to put it into practice.
Though, the uber-industrious Germans were
less concerned with catching butterflies on
a fine summer evening than they were with
saving coal to feed the war machine.
The Germans thought daylight saving time would
conserve energy. The reasoning goes that it
encourages people to say out later in the
summer and thus use less artificial lighting.
This sounds logical, and it may have worked
back in the more regimented society of a hundred
years ago, but does it still work in the modern
world?
That turns out to be a surprisingly difficult
question to answer.
For example, take mankind’s greatest invention:
AIR CONDITIONING. The magic box of cool that
makes otherwise uninhabitable sections of
the world quite tolerable places to live.
But, pumping heat out of your house isn’t
cheap and turning on one air conditioner is
the same as running dozens of tungsten light
bulbs.
If people get more sunshine, but don’t use
it to go outside then Daylight Saving Time
might actually cost electricity, not save
it.
This is particularly true in a place like
Phoenix: where the average summer high is
107 degrees and the record is 122.
If you suggest to an Arizonian to change their
clocks in the summer to get more sunshine,
they laugh in your face. More sun and higher
electricity bills are not what they want which
is why Arizona is the second state that never
changes their clocks.
Another problem when trying to study daylight
saving time is rapid changes in technology
and electrical use.
And as technology gets better and better and
better more electricity is dedicated to things
that aren’t light bulbs.
And the lure of a hot, sweaty, mosquito-filled
day outside is less appealing than technological
entertainments and climate-controlled comfort
inside.
Also the horrifically energy in-efficient
tungsten light bulbs that have remained unchanged
for a century are giving way to CFLs and LEDs
– greatly reducing the amount of energy
required to light a room.
So, even assuming that DST is effective, it’s
probably less effective with every with every
passing year.
The bottom line is while some studies say
DST costs more electricity and others say
it saves electricity, the one thing they agree
on is the effect size: not 20% or 10% but
1% or less, which, in the United States, works
out to be about $4 per household.
$4 saved or spent on electricity over an entire
year is not really a huge deal either way.
So the question now becomes is the hassle
of switching the clocks twice a year worth
it?
The most obvious trouble comes from sleep
depravation – an already common problem
in the western world that DST makes measurably
worse.
With time-tracking software we can actually
see that people are less productive the week
after the clock changes. This comes with huge
associated costs.
To make things worse, most countries take
away that hour of sleep on a Monday morning.
Sleep depravation can lead to heart attacks
and suicides and the Daylight Saving Time
Monday has a higher than normal spike in both.
Other troubles come from scheduling meetings
across time zones.
Let’s say that your trying to plan a three-way
conference between New York, London and Sydney
– not an easy thing to do under the best
of circumstances but made extra difficult
when they don’t agree on when daylight saving
time should start and end.
In the spring, Sydney is 11 hours ahead of
London and New York is five hours behind.
But then New York is the first to enter Daylight
Saving Time and moves its clock forward an
hour. Two weeks later London does the same.
In one more week, Sydney, being on the opposite
side of the world, leaves daylight saving
time and moves its clock back an hour.
So in the space of three weeks New York is
five hours behind London, then four hours
and then five hours again. And Sydney is either
11, 10 or 9 nine hours from London and 16,
15 or 14 hours from New York.
And this whole crazy thing happens again in
reverse six months later.
Back in the dark ages, this might not have
mattered so much but in the modern, interconnected
world planning international meetings happens
1,000s and 1,000s of times daily – shifting
and inconsistent time zones isn’t doing
netizens any favors.
And, to make matters worse, countries aren’t
even consistent about daylight saving time
within their own borders.
Brazil has daylight saving time, but only
if you live in the south. Canada has it too,
but not Saskatchewan. Most of Oz does DST,
but not Western Australia, The Northern Territory
or Queensland.
And, of course, the United States does have
DST, unless you live in Puerto Rico, the Virgin
Islands, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern
Marianas Islands or, as mentioned before Hawaii
and Arizona.
But Arizona isn’t even consistent within
itself.
While Arizona ignores DST, the Navaho Nation
inside of Arizona follows it.
Inside of the Navaho Nation is the Hopi Reservation
which, like Arizona, ignores daylight saving
time.
Going deeper, inside of the Hopi Reservation
is another part of the Navaho Nation which
does follow daylight saving time.
And finally there is also part of the Hopi
Reservation elsewhere in the Navaho Nation
which doesn’t.
So driving across this hundred-mile stretch
would technically necessitate seven clock
changes which is insane.
While this is an unusual local oddity here
is a map showing the different daylight saving
and time zone rules in all their complicated
glory – it’s a huge mess and constantly
needs updating as countries change their laws.
Which is why it shouldn’t be surprising
that even our digital gadgets can’t keep
the time straight occasionally.
So to review: daylight saving time gives more
sunlight in the summer after work, which,
depending on where you live might be an advantage
– or not.
And it may (or may not) save electricity but
one thing is for sure, it’s guaranteed to
make something that should be simple, keeping
track of time, quite complicated – which
is why when it comes time to change the clocks
is always a debate about whether or not we
should.�
Population centres
The original electorate from 1861 to 1881 included the South Auckland towns of Papatoetoe, Papakura, Pukekohe and Waiuku, and west of Waiuku to the West Coast. When reconstituted in 1890 the northern boundary was north of Papakura, and (with the growth of Auckland) now excluded Papatoetoe.
In December 1887, the House of Representatives voted to reduce its membership from general electorates from 91 to 70. The 1890 electoral redistribution used the same 1886 census data used for the 1887 electoral redistribution. In addition, three-member electorates were introduced in the four main centres. This resulted in a major restructuring of electorates, and Franklin was one of eight electorates to be re-created for the 1890 election.[1]
The 1981 census had shown that the North Island had experienced further population growth, and three additional general seats were created through the 1983 electoral redistribution, bringing the total number of electorates to 95.[2] The South Island had, for the first time, experienced a population loss, but its number of general electorates was fixed at 25 since the 1967 electoral redistribution.[3] More of the South Island population was moving to Christchurch, and two electorates were abolished, while two electorates were recreated. In the North Island, six electorates were newly created, three electorates were recreated (including Franklin), and six electorates were abolished.[4]
The 1987 electoral redistribution took the continued population growth in the North Island into account, and two additional general electorates were created, bringing the total number of electorates to 97. In the South Island, the shift of population to Christchurch had continued.[5] Overall, three electorates were newly created, three electorates were recreated, and four electorates were abolished (including Franklin). All of those electorates were in the North Island. Changes in the South Island were restricted to boundary changes.[6] These changes came into effect with the 1987 election.[7]
History
The electorate existed from 1861 to 1881 as a two-member electorate, when it was split into the Franklin North and Franklin South electorates. One of the first MPs, Marmaduke Nixon was killed in action in 1864 whilst leading an assault on a Māori village during the Invasion of the Waikato, forcing the 1864 by-election.[8] In 1890 it was reconstituted, to 1978 and then from 1984 to 1987, and 1993–96. From 1978 to 1984 it was renamed the Rangiriri electorate, and from 1987 to 1993 it was renamed the Maramarua electorate but in 1993 it reverted to "Franklin". In 1996 with MMP, the area became part of the Port Waikato electorate.
The single-member electorate was first represented by Ebenezer Hamlin from 1890 to 1893 when he retired.[9]Benjamin Harris defeated the future Prime Minister William Massey in 1893, but the 1896 contest had the opposite outcome.[10] From 1896 to 1925 Franklin was represented by the Reform Party's Massey, known as Farmer Bill, the Prime Minister from 1912 to 1925. Ewen McLennan then held the electorate for one term before he retired, and was replaced by Massey's son Jack Massey.[11]
In 1935 Franklin was won by Arthur Sexton of the Country Party, but he lost the seat in 1938 to Jack Massey, now standing for the National Party. He held the seat until 1957, when he was deselected by the National Party in favour of Alfred E. Allen. Alf Allen held the seat until 1972, when he retired[12] and was replaced by future National minister Bill Birch, who held the seat over the remaining three periods that the seat existed.[13]
McRobie, Alan (1989). Electoral Atlas of New Zealand. Wellington: GP Books. ISBN0-477-01384-8.
Wilson, James Oakley (1985) [First published in 1913]. New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 (4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer. OCLC154283103.
Norton, Clifford (1988). New Zealand Parliamentary Election Results 1946–1987: Occasional Publications No 1, Department of Political Science. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington. ISBN0-475-11200-8.