To install click the Add extension button. That's it.

The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. You could also do it yourself at any point in time.

4,5
Kelly Slayton
Congratulations on this excellent venture… what a great idea!
Alexander Grigorievskiy
I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like.
Live Statistics
English Articles
Improved in 24 Hours
Added in 24 Hours
Languages
Recent
Show all languages
What we do. Every page goes through several hundred of perfecting techniques; in live mode. Quite the same Wikipedia. Just better.
.
Leo
Newton
Brights
Milds

Big Horn Expedition

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Big Horn Expedition
Part of the Great Sioux War of 1876
DateMarch 1–26, 1876
Location
Result Inconclusive
Belligerents
Cheyenne
Oglala Lakota Sioux
 United States
Commanders and leaders
Old Bear
He Dog
George R. Crook
Joseph J. Reynolds
Strength
~250 883
Casualties and losses
4–6 killed, including women and children
1–3 wounded
4 killed+1 DOW
8 wounded
67 injured[1]

This event should not be confused with the Powder River Expedition (1865).

The Big Horn Expedition, or Bighorn Expedition, was a military operation of the United States Army against the Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne Indians in Wyoming Territory and Montana Territory. Although soldiers destroyed one Northern Cheyenne and Oglala Lakota village at the Battle of Powder River, the expedition solidified Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne resistance against the United States attempt to force them to sell the Black Hills and live on a reservation, beginning the Great Sioux War of 1876.[2]

YouTube Encyclopedic

  • 1/3
    Views:
    1 523 998
    711
    1 955
  • Westward Expansion: Crash Course US History #24
  • Custer Expedition
  • Wolverine BIG HORN INSULATED WATERPROOF 8" HUNTING BOOT (W30089) [ THE BOOT GUY REVIEWS ]

Transcription

Episode 24: Western Expansion Hi, I’m John Green, this is Crash Course U.S. History and today we leave behind the world of industry and corporations to talk about the Wild Wild West. Spoiler Alert: You have died of dysentery. And in the process, we’re going to explore how all of us, even those of us who are vegan or eat sustainably-produced food. benefit from massive agribusiness that has its roots in the Wild Wild West. The West still looms large in American mythology as the home of cowboys and gunslingers and houses of ill repute and freedom from pesky government interference, but in fact-- It was probably not as wild as we’ve been told. Ugh, Mr. Green, why can’t America live up to its myths just once? Because this is America, Me from the Past, home to Hollywood and Gatsby and Honey Boo Boo. We are literally in the mythmaking business. intro So, before the Hollywood western, the myth of the Frontier probably found its best expression in Frederick Jackson Turner’s 1893 lecture, “the Significance of the Frontier in American History.” Turner argued that the West was responsible for key characteristics of American culture: beliefs in individualism, political democracy, and economic mobility. Like, for 18th and 19th century Americans, the western frontier represented the opportunity to start over, and possibly to strike it rich by dint of one’s own individual effort, even back when the West was, like, Ohio.[1] In this mythology, the west was a magnet for restless young men who lit out for the uncorrupted, unoccupied, untamed territories to seek their fortune. But, in reality, most western settlers went not as individuals but as members of a family or as part of an immigrant group. And they weren’t filling up unoccupied space either because most of that territory was home to American Indians. Also, in addition to Easterners and migrants from Europe, the West was settled by Chinese people and by Mexican migrant laborers and former slaves. Plus, there were plenty of Mexicans living there already who became Americans with the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. And the whole west as “a place of rugged individualism and independence” turns out to be an oversimplification. I mean, the federal government, after all, had to pass the law that spurred homesteading, then had to clear out American Indians already living there, and had to sponsor the railroads that allowed the West to grow in the first place. About as individualistic as the government buying Walden Pond for Henry David Thoreau. What’s that? It’s a state park now? The government owns it? Well, there you go. Now, railroads didn’t create the desire to settle the west but they did make it possible for people who wanted to live out west to do so, for two reasons. First, without railroads there would be no way to bring crops or other goods to market. I mean, I guess you could dig a canal across Kansas, but, if you’ve ever been to Kansas that is not a tantalizing proposition. Second, railroads made life in the west profitable and livable because they brought the goods that people needed such as tools for planting and sowing, shoes for wearing, books for putting on your shelf and pretending to have read. Railroads allowed settlers to stay connected with the modernity that was becoming the hallmark of the industrialized world in the 19th century. Now, we saw last week that the Federal government played a key role in financing the transcontinental railroad, but state governments got into the act too, often to their financial detriment. In fact, so many states nearly went bankrupt financing railroads that most states now have constitutional requirements that they balance their budgets. But perhaps the central way that the Federal government supported the railroads, and western settlement and investment in general, was by leading military expeditions against American Indians, rounding them up on ever-smaller reservations, and destroying their culture. Let’s go to the Thought Bubble. There was an economic as well as a racial imperative to move the Native Americans off their land: white people wanted it. Initially it was needed to set down railroad tracks, and then for farming, but eventually it was also exploited for minerals like gold and iron and other stuff that makes industry work. I mean, would you really want a territory called the Badlands unless it had valuable minerals? Early western settlement, of the Oregon Trail kind, did not result in huge conflicts with Native Americans, but by the 1850s, a steady stream of settlers kicked off increasingly bloody conflicts that lasted pretty much until 1890. Even though the fighting started before the Civil War, the end of the “war between the states” meant a new, more violent phase in the warring between American Indians and whites. General Philip H. “Little Phil” Sheridan set out to destroy the Indians’ way of life, burning villages and killing their horses and especially the buffalo that was the basis of the plains tribes’ existence. There were about 30 million buffalo in the U.S. in 1800; by 1886 the Smithsonian Institute had difficulty finding 25 “good specimens.”[2] In addition to violent resistance, some Indians turned to a spiritual movement to try to preserve their traditional way of life. Around 1890 the Ghost Dance movement arose in and around South Dakota. Ghost Dancers believed that if they gathered together to dance and engage in religious rituals, eventually the white man would disappear and the buffalo would return, and with them the Indians’ traditional customs. But even though a combined force of Sioux and Cheyenne warriors completely destroyed George Custer’s force of 250 cavalrymen at Little Bighorn in 1876, and Geronimo took years to subdue in the Southwest, western Native Americans were all defeated by 1890, and the majority were moved to reservations. Thanks, Thought Bubble. Boy, this Wild West episode sure is turning out to be loads of fun! It’s just like the Will Smith movie! Alright, Stan, this is about to get even more depressing, so let’s look at, like, some pretty mountains and western landscapes and stuff, while I deliver this next bit. So in 1871 the U.S. government ended the treaty system that had since the American Revolution treated Native American land as if they were independent nations. And then with the Dawes Act of 1887, the lands set aside for the Indians were allotted to individual families rather than to tribes. Indians who “adopted the habits of civilized life,” which in this case meant becoming small scale individualistic Jeffersonian farmers, would be granted citizenship and there were supposed to be some protections to prevent their land from falling out of Native American possession. But, these protections were not particularly protective and much of the Indian land was purchased either by white settlers or by speculators. After the passage of the Dawes Act “Indians lost 86 million of the 138 million acres of land in their possession.” [3] Oh boy, it’s time for the Mystery Document. The rules here are simple. I guess the author of the Mystery Document. And then you get to see me get shocked when I’m wrong. Alright. I have seen the Great Father Chief the Next Great Chief the Commissioner Chief; the Law Chief; and many other law chiefs and they all say they are my friends, and that I shall have justice, but while all their mouths talk right I do not understand why nothing is done for my people. I have heard talk and talk but nothing is done (…) Words do not pay for my dead people. They do not pay for my country now overrun by white men. They do not protect my father's grave. (…) Good words will not give my people a home where they can live in peace and take care of themselves. I am tired of talk that comes to nothing. It makes my heart sick when I remember all the good words and all the broken promises. I mean that could be almost any American Indian leader. This is totally unfair, Stan. All I really know about this is that the Great Father Chief is the President. I mean it could be any of a dozen people. How bout if I say the name in 10 seconds I don’t get punished? Aaaand start. Sitting Bull Crazy Horse Geronimo Chief Big Foot um Keokuk Chief Oshkosh Chief Joseph Ch-OH YES YES SUCK IT STAN SUCK IT! And now let us move from tragedy to tragedy. So if you’re thinking that it couldn’t get worse for the Native Americans: it did. After killing off the buffalo, taking their land and forcing Indians onto reservations, the Bureau of Indian Affairs instituted a policy that amounted to cultural genocide. It set up boarding schools, the most famous of which was in Carlisle, PA, where Indian children were forcefully removed from their families to be civilized. This meant teaching them English, taking away their clothes, their names, and their family connections. The idea put succinctly, was to “kill the Indian, save the man.” Now, the U.S. wasn’t the only nation busy subjugating its indigenous inhabitants and putting them on reservations in the late 19th century. Like, something similar was happening in South Africa, in Chile, and even to First Peoples in Canada. And you’re usually so good, Canada. Although the slower pace of western settlement meant that there was much less bloodshed, so, another point to Canada. And as bad as the American boarding school policy was, at least it was short lived compared with Australia’s policy of removing Aboriginal children from families and placing them with white foster families, which lasted until the 1970s. Alright, Stan, we need to cheer this episode up. Let’s talk about cowboys! The Marlboro Man riding the range, herding cows and smoking, solitary in the saddle, alone in his emphysema. Surely that is the actual West, the men and women but mostly men who stood apart from the industrializing country as the last of Jefferson’s rugged individuals. But, no. Once again, we have the railroad to thank for our image of the cowboy. Like, those massive cattle drives of millions of cows across open range Texas? Yeah, they ended at towns like Abilene, and Wichita, and Dodge City--because that’s where the railheads were. Without railroads, cowboys would have just driven their cattle in endless circles. And without industrial meat processing, there wouldn’t have been a market for all that beef. And it was a lot of beef. You know what I’m talking about. I’m actually talking about beef. By the mid 1880s the days of open range ranching were coming to an end as ranchers began to enclose more and more land and set up their businesses closer to, you guessed it, railroad stations. There are also quite a few things about western farming that just fly in the face of the mythical Jeffersonian yeoman farmer ideal. Firstly, this type of agricultural work was a family affair; many women bore huge burdens on western farms, as can be seen in this excerpt from a farm woman in Arizona: “Get up, turn out my chickens, draw a pail of water … make a fire, put potatoes to cook, brush and sweep half inch of dust off floor, feed three litters of chickens, then mix biscuits, get breakfast, milk, besides work in the house and this morning had to go half mile after calves.” These family-run farms were increasingly oriented towards production of wheat and corn for national and even international markets rather than trying to eke out subsistence. Farmers in Kansas found themselves competing with farmers in Australia and Argentina, and this international competition pushed prices lower and lower. Secondly, the Great Plains, while remarkably productive agriculturally, wouldn’t be nearly as good for producing crops without massive irrigation projects. Much of the water needed for plains agriculture comes a massive underground lake, the Oglala Aquifer. Don’t worry, by the way, the Aquifer is fed by a magic and permanent H20 factory in the core of the earth that you can learn about in Hank’s show, Crash Course Chemistr--What’s that? It’s going dry. MY GOD THIS IS A DEPRESSING EPISODE. Anyway, large-scale irrigation projects necessitate big capital investments and therefore large, consolidated agricultural enterprises that start to look more like agri-business than family farms. I mean, by 1900, California was home to giant commercial farms reliant on irrigation and chemical fertilizers. Some of them were owned, not by families, but by big corporations like the Southern Pacific Railroad. And they were worked by migrant farm laborers from China, the Philippines, Japan, Mexico. As Henry George, a critic of late 19th century corporate capitalism, wrote “California is not a country of farms, but … of plantations and estates.”[4] When studying American history, it’s really easy to get caught up in the excitement of industrial capitalism with its robber barons, and new technologies, and fancy cities because that world looks very familiar to us, probably because it’s the one in which we live. After all, if I was running a farm like that Arizona woman I talked about earlier, there’s no way I could be making these videos because I’d be chasing my calves. I don’t even know what a litter of chickens is. Is it four chickens? Twelve? Six? It’s probably twelve because eggs do come in dozens. The massive agricultural surplus contemporary farms create, and the efficient transportation network that gets that surplus to me quickly, makes everything else possible--from YouTube to Chevy Volts. And no matter who you are, you benefit from the products that result from that massive surplus. That’s why we’re watching YouTube right now. Or watching Crash Course on DVD, available for pre-order now. Look at that beautiful box set of DVDs that would not be possible without a massive agricultural surplus. So, agriculture and animal husbandry did change a lot in late 19th century America as we came to embrace the market driven ethos that we either celebrate or decry these days. And in the end, the Wild West ends up looking a lot more like industrial capitalism than like a Larry McMurtry novel. The Wild West, like the rest of the industrialized world, was incentivized to increase productivity and was shaped by an increasingly international economic system. And it’s worth remembering that even though we think of the Oregon Trail and the Wild West being part of the same thing, in fact, they were separated by the most important event in American history: the Civil War. I know that ain’t the mythologizing you’ll find in Tombstone, but it is true. Thanks for watching. I’ll see you next week. Crash Course is produced and directed by Stan Muller. Our script supervisor is Meredith Danko. The associate producer of the show is Danica Johnson. The show is written by my high school history teacher Raoul Meyer, Rosianna Halse Rojas, and myself. And our graphics team is Thought Café. Every week, there’s a new caption for the libertage. If you’d like to suggest one you can do so in comments where you can also ask questions about today’s video that will be answered by our team of historians. Thanks for watching Crash Course. If you enjoy it, make sure you subscribe. And as we say in my hometown, don’t forget to be awesome...OH, ahh I didn’t get a good push. Westward Expansion - ________________ [1] Foner, Give me Liberty ebook version p. 644 [2] Foner Give me Liberty ebook version p. 648 [3] Ibid p 654. [4] Foner Give me Liberty p. 647

Background

The Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868) granted the Lakota Sioux and their northern Cheyenne allies a reservation, including the Black Hills, in Dakota Territory and a large area of "unceded territory" in what became Montana and Wyoming. Both areas were for the exclusive use of the Indians, and whites except for government officials, were forbidden to trespass. In August, 1874, soldiers of the Black Hills Expedition under Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer confirmed the discovery of gold in the Black Hills. This caused the United States to attempt to buy the Hills from the Sioux. The U.S. ordered all bands of Lakota and Cheyenne to come to the Indian agencies on the reservation by January 31, 1876 to negotiate the sale. Some of the bands did not comply and when the deadline of January 31 passed, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, John Q. Smith, wrote that "without the receipt of any news of Sitting Bull's submission, I see no reason why...military operations against him should not commence at once." On February 8, 1876, General Phillip Sheridan telegraphed Generals George R. Crook and Alfred H. Terry, ordering them to undertake winter campaigns against the "hostiles".[3]

March 1-3

In bitterly cold weather, Brigadier General George Crook, commander of the Department of the Platte, marched north from Fort Fetterman near Douglas, Wyoming on March 1, 1876. General Crook's objective was to strike against the Indians while they were at their most vulnerable in their winter camps. Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, and their followers were thought to be on the Powder, Tongue, or Rosebud rivers. Crook's force consisted of 883 men, including ten companies of United States cavalry, and two companies of infantry, along with civilian packers, scouts, guides, and a newspaper reporter, Robert E. Strahorn of Denver's Rocky Mountain News.[4] Crook's highly valued chief scout was Frank Grouard, who had lived among the Lakota and spoke their language.[5]

Cattle herd skirmish

In the early morning hours of March 3, 1876, north of Fort Fetterman, Indian warriors attacked the Big Horn Expedition's cattle herd, numbering over 200 animals. The two herders fired at the warriors, and the Indians fired back. One of the government civilian employees, cattle herder John Wright was severely wounded by a bullet. The warriors then drove off and captured most of the cattle. Wright died of wounds received in the fight on March 28, 1876.[6]

March 4-5

A blizzard on March 5 deposited over a foot of snow and significantly delayed Crook's progress. Temperatures fell so low that the thermometers could not record the cold. The soldiers had to heat their forks in the coals of fires to prevent the tines from freezing to their tongues. Crook's column slowly followed the Bozeman Trail north to Old Fort Reno, reaching it on March 5. The fort had been abandoned by the army eight years earlier. The expedition establish its supply base near the abandoned post and Crook ordered that the wagons be left at the depot. The infantry accompanying the column, Companies C and I of the 4th U.S. Infantry, under the command of Captain Edwin M. Coates would serve as the station's guard. That evening, the expedition camped on the east bank of the Powder River opposite the site of the fort.[7]

Fort Reno skirmish

By 8:00 p.m. on March 5, 1876, the soldiers' pickets were on duty and the camp was asleep, when Sioux or Cheyenne warriors hiding near the east end of the camp suddenly fired on the infantry picket lines. The soldiers on guard answered their fire, but being a dark night, all either side could see were the flashes of gunfire. The sleeping camp quickly awoke and many of the soldiers went toward the picket lines. In the firefight that ensued, Private James M. Slavey of Company I, 4th Infantry was wounded in the cheek by a bullet. The skirmish lasted for less than an hour. One aspect that made the engagement rare was that it was a night battle, which was not a common event during the American Indian Wars.[8]

March 6–16

On March 6, the Bighorn expedition continued north, and on March 7 the five cavalry battalions set out toward the confluence of Prairie Dog Creek and the Tongue River. After reaching that point on March 12, the ten cavalry companies rode first down the Tongue, then to the headwaters of Otter Creek, reaching it on March 16. On the 16th, scout Frank Grouard spotted two Oglala Lakota warriors observing the soldiers. Because of this, Grouard believed that the Oglala Lakota camp of the war chief Crazy Horse might be nearby. This was reported to Crook, and at 5 p.m. on March 16, he divided his command and sent Colonel Joseph J. Reynolds (a West Point classmate of President Ulysses S. Grant, and a combat veteran of both the Mexican–American War, and Civil War) on a night march with about 379 men, supplying them with rations for one day, and following the trail of the two Oglala's southeast toward the Powder River. General Crook kept with him about 300 of the expedition's men and the pack train, with which he planned to rendezvous with Reynolds at the mouth of Lodge Pole Creek on the 17th. During the night Frank Grouard and the other scouts led Reynolds's advance and followed the two warriors's trail in the snow. It led to what they were looking for, a Cheyenne and Lakota Sioux Indian village, which they described as containing more than 100 lodges on the west bank of Powder River. The scouts immediately reported this information back to Colonel Reynolds.[9]

Battle of Powder River

The village, however, was somewhat further north than anticipated, with the result that initially only Captain James Egan's 2nd Cavalry Company K, of 47 men, including Second Lieutenant John G. Bourke, charged into the village from the south, while the other companies were delayed by the distance and rough terrain. The soldiers were under fire for approximately five hours when, at about 2:30 p.m., with the destruction of the village complete, Reynolds ordered his soldiers to withdraw. Over 700 Indian ponies had been captured. In his premature haste to withdraw, the command left behind the bodies of its three dead soldiers, with one in the village, and two at a field hospital as well as Private Lorenzo E. Ayers, who was badly wounded and subsequently killed by vengeful Indians. The men made their way across to the east side of the frozen Powder River, withdrawing south.[10]

Reynolds's command withdrew about 21 miles (34 km) south that afternoon and evening, crossing and recrossing the frozen Powder River when necessary, up the river to the confluence of the Powder and Lodge Pole Creek, arriving there after 9:00 p.m. in an exhausted condition. However, General Crook was not there as he had camped over 10 miles (16 km) to the northeast and had failed to inform Reynolds of his new location.[11]

Although the Indians suffered only two to three killed and one to three wounded during the battle, they lost most of their property and, in the words of the Cheyenne warrior Wooden Leg, were "rendered very poor." The people walked several days to reach the Oglala Sioux village of Crazy Horse farther north near the Little Powder River, where they were given shelter and food. On the way, several Cheyenne froze to death. The army stated that the village consisted of about 104 lodges, including tipis and wikiups, while Cheyenne accounts said the village had about 40-65 tipis, and about 50 other structures. Therefore, around a hundred total structures made up the Indian village that day. The number of warriors involved in the battle numbered between 100 and 250, while there were about 379 U. S. soldiers and civilians present.[12]

March 18–26

Early in the morning of March 18, the Cheyenne recaptured over 500 of their ponies, but Colonel Reynolds ordered his men not to pursue. At approximately 1:30 p.m. that day, Crook's command rejoined Reynolds with the pack train, and the six companies were finally able to collect their rations and blankets. The reunited column returned to the supply base at Old Fort Reno, where the wounded soldiers were placed in wagons, and Captain Coates's companies of the 4th Infantry rejoined the Big Horn Expedition after two weeks of separation. On March 26, 1876, the entire command, except for the four soldiers killed on March 17, returned to Fort Fetterman, Wyoming Territory, ending the 26-day campaign.[13]

Aftermath

The Big Horn Expedition's path covered over 410 miles (660 km) across five present-day counties in two states. The command suffered more than 79 casualties from various causes, including 4 killed, 8 wounded, 1 injured in an accident, and over 66 frostbitten. Colonel Reynolds was accused of dereliction of duty for failing to properly support the first charge at Powder River with his entire command; for burning the captured supplies, food, blankets, buffalo robes, and ammunition instead of keeping them for army use; and most of all, for losing hundreds of the captured horses. In January, 1877, his court-martial at Cheyenne, Wyoming Territory found Reynolds guilty of all three charges. He was sentenced to suspension from rank and command for one year. Reynolds's friend and West Point classmate, President Ulysses S. Grant, remitted the sentence, but he never served again. Joseph J. Reynolds retired on disability leave on June 25, 1877, exactly one year after the culminating battle of the Great Sioux War at the Little Bighorn. Crook's and Reynolds's failed expedition and their inability to seriously damage the Lakota and Cheyenne probably encouraged Indian resistance to the demands of the United States.[14]

Casualties

Native Americans

Killed in action-

Wounded in action-

United States Army

Killed in action-

Mortally wounded-

  • Cattle Herder John Wright, mortally wounded March 3, died of wounds March 28.

Wounded in action-

Injured-

  • Corporal John H. Moore, Company D, 3rd Cavalry, March 9, crushed by horse and severely injured

Frostbitten-

Orders of battle

Native Americans, Chief's Two Moon, He Dog, Little Coyote (Little Wolf), and Old Bear. Between 100 and 250 warriors.

Native Americans Tribe Leaders

Native Americans
    

Northern Cheyenne


  

Lakota Sioux


  

United States Army

Big Horn Expedition, March 1–26, 1876, Brigadier General George R. Crook and Colonel Joseph J. Reynolds, commanding.

Big Horn Expedition Battalion Companies and Others


     Brigadier General George Crook, commanding

1st Battalion


   Captain Anson Mills

2nd Battalion


   Captain William Hawley

  • Company A, 3rd Cavalry: Captain William Hawley, First Lieutenant Joseph Lawson, Second Lieutenant Charles Morton, Detached as adjutant
  • Company D, 3rd Cavalry: First Lieutenant William W. Robinson, Jr., Detached from Company H
3rd Battalion


   Captain Henry E. Noyes

  • Company I, 2nd Cavalry: Captain Henry E. Noyes, First Lieutenant Christopher T. Hall
  • Company K, 2nd Cavalry: Captain James Egan
4th Battalion


   Captain Thomas B. Dewees

  • Company A, 2nd Cavalry: Captain Thomas B. Dewees, First Lieutenant Martin E. O'Brien, Second Lieutenant Daniel C. Pearson
  • Company B, 2nd Cavalry: Captain James T. Peale, Second Lieutenant Frank U. Robinson
5th Battalion


   Captain Alexander Moore

6th Battalion


   Captain Edwin M. Coates

Pack Train


   Thomas Moore, Chief Packer

  • Thomas McAuliff, 1st Battalion Pack Train
  • Richard "Uncle Dick" Closter (Kloster), 2nd Battalion Pack Train
  • Mr. Foster, 3rd Battalion Pack Train
  • Mr. Young, 4th Battalion Pack Train
  • Edward DeLaney, 5th Battalion Pack Train
Medical Detachment


   Assistant Surgeon Curtis E. Munn

  • Assistant Surgeon Curtis E. Munn
  • Acting Assistant Surgeon Charles R. Stephens
  • Acting Assistant Surgeon John Ridgely
  • Hospital Steward William C. Bryan
Scouts and Guides


   Major Thaddeus H. Stanton

United States Army, Colonel Joseph J. Reynolds, 3rd United States Cavalry Regiment, in command. Brigadier General George Crook following as an observer.

  • 2nd United States Cavalry Regiment.
    • Company A, First Lieutenant Daniel C. Pearson.
    • Company B, Captain James T. Peale.
    • Company E, 53 men, First Lieutenant William C. Rawolle.
    • Company I, 56 men, Captain Henry E. Noyes.
    • Company K, 47 men, Captain James Egan.
  • 3rd United States Cavalry Regiment.
    • Company A, First Lieutenant Joseph Lawson.
    • Company D, First Lieutenant William W. Robinson.
    • Company E, 69 men, First Lieutenant John B. Johnson.
    • Company F, 68 men, Captain Alexander Moore.
    • Company H, 1 man, Second Lieutenant William W. Robinson, Jr.
    • Company L, 1 man, Second Lieutenant John G. Bourke.
    • Company M, 68 men, Captain Anson Mills.
  • 4th United States Infantry Regiment.
    • Company C, Captain Edwin M. Coates.
    • Company I, Captain Samuel P. Ferris.
  • Scouts, Guides, Herders, Packers, Wagoners, Ambulance Employees, Unattached Soldiers, and Civilians, 191 men.
  • Commissioned Officers......................................30
  • Enlisted Soldiers..............................................662
  • Scouts, Guides, Herders...................................35
  • 5 Pack Trains, Chief Packer and employees....62
  • Wagon Train employees...................................89
  • Ambulance employees........................................5
  • Aggregate......................................................883 men

Officers of the expedition

In popular culture

In 1951, Hollywood produced a fictional movie loosely based upon the Battle of Powder River of the Big Horn Expedition, starring Van Heflin, Yvonne De Carlo, Jack Oakie, and Rock Hudson. The movie was released in the United States under the name Tomahawk, and entitled Battle of Powder River in the United Kingdom, and elsewhere.

Further reading

  • Vaughn, J. W., The Reynolds Campaign On Powder River, University of Oklahoma Press, 1961.
  • Dillon, Richard H., North American Indian Wars 1983.
  • Greene, Jerome A. (editor), Battles and Skirmishes of the Great Sioux War, 1876-1877: The Military View, University of Oklahoma Press, 1993. ISBN 0-8061-2535-7.
  • Marquis, Thomas, Wooden Leg: A Warrior Who Fought Custer. 1920
  • Voices from the Western Frontier

References

  1. ^ 1876 Annual Report of the Secretary of War .p.29
  2. ^ Greene, Jerome A. Lakota and Cheyenne: Indian Views of the Great Sioux War, 1876-1877 Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994, p. xvi
  3. ^ Commissioner of Indian Affairs to Secretary of the Interior, January 31st, 1876; Secretary of the Interior to the Secretary of War, February 1st, 1876; Colonel Drum to Gen. Terry and Gen. Crook, February 8th, 1876, National Archives.
  4. ^ Collins, Jr., Charles D. Atlas of the Sioux Wars, Second edition, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2006, Map 14, 15
  5. ^ Vestal, Stanley (2008). New Sources of Indian History 1850-1891. Read Books. p. 339. ISBN 978-1-4437-2631-3. Retrieved 2009-04-25.
  6. ^ Vaughn, J. W. (1961). The Reynolds Campaign On Powder River. University of Oklahoma Press.
  7. ^ Vaughn, J. W. (1961). The Reynolds Campaign On Powder River. University of Oklahoma Press.
  8. ^ Vaughn, J. W. (1961). The Reynolds Campaign On Powder River. University of Oklahoma Press.
  9. ^ Porter, Joseph C. Paper Medicine Man: John Gregory Bourke and his American West. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986, pp. 30-32
  10. ^ Porter, pp, 32-35
  11. ^ "Reynold's Attack on Crazy Horse's Village on Powder River, March 17, 1876" [1], accessed 8 Jan 2013
  12. ^ Porter, p. 36; Green, pp. 3, 7, 12
  13. ^ Bourke, John Gregory On the Border with Crook Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1971, pp. 279-280
  14. ^ Vaughn, J. W. (1961). The Reynolds Campaign On Powder River. University of Oklahoma Press.
This page was last edited on 15 February 2024, at 21:09
Basis of this page is in Wikipedia. Text is available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 Unported License. Non-text media are available under their specified licenses. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. WIKI 2 is an independent company and has no affiliation with Wikimedia Foundation.