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Forsythia × intermedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Forsythia × intermedia
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Oleaceae
Genus: Forsythia
Species:
F. × intermedia
Binomial name
Forsythia × intermedia
Zabel

Forsythia × intermedia, or border forsythia,[1] is an ornamental deciduous shrub of garden origin.

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Transcription

Nothing shouts "SPRING!" like a nice patch of Forsythia. When forsythia pops into bloom, we know -- everybody knows in their bones that the days are getting longer and the nights are getting a little warmer and the sun is getting stronger and that Spring is well underway. This iconic symbol of spring is actually an import from the Far East. It came to this country in the early days, early -- I would say early 19th century-late 18th century, even. It is not really fragrant but it sure makes a splash with the color in the spring. Forsythia prefers full sun for good flowering but it will tolerate light shade. In fact, I've seen it growing in pretty dense shade but you don't get much flowering out of it. It prefers well-drained soil and a sunny location, but other than that, it's very care-free. It doesn't need a whole lot of care. There aren't any pest or disease problems to worry about. The branches tend to dip down to the ground. Perhaps it grows to twelve to fifteen feet tall but with a very much greater spread when you consider the arching branches. If you do trim this plant, you want to renovate -- do a renovation pruning, taking the whole -- the largest and the oldest canes out of the middle of the plant and letting the new growth reach its maturity, maybe trimming some of the longer canes back if it's near a sidewalk or if it's in a place you don't want it to be. One thing I will caution you against is trimming the forsythia into geometric shapes. The little squares, boxes and balls that you see in front of people's houses -- if there's a picture next to the word 'gauche' in the dictionary, that would be it. If it ever comes to pass that you are trimming your forsythia into those kids of shapes, I'll find you! I'll come to your house late at night and I'll hide your pruners. This is a shrub that really should be let go. It should be given its graceful, arching habit and let it show its beauty, even when not in bloom.

Description

The shrub has an upright habit with arching branches and grows to 3 to 4 metres high.[2] The opposite leaves turn yellowish or occasionally purplish in the autumn before falling.[3] The bright yellow flowers are produced on one- to two-year-old growth and may be solitary or in racemes from 2 to 6.[2]

Origin

The hybrid is thought to be a cross between Forsythia viridissima and F. suspensa var. fortunei.[4] A plant of seedling origin was discovered growing in the Göttingen Botanical Garden in Germany by the director of the Royal Prussian Academy of Forestry in Münden, H. Zabel in 1878.[4] Zabel formally described and named the hybrid in Gartenflora in 1885.[5] It was introduced to the Arnold Arboretum in the United States in 1889.[4]

Cultivation

The hybrid is best suited to a position in full sun or partial shade and is drought-tolerant.[3] Like some other forsythias it is one of the earliest shrubs to flower. Well adapted to temperature changes, it blooms with bright yellow flowers that are noticeable even in twilight. It is one of several forsythia species that are widely cultivated in gardens and parks.

Cultivars

Cultivars include (those marked agm have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit):[6]

  • 'Arnold Dwarf' – low-growing with pale yellow flowers[3]
  • 'Beatrix Farrand' – a particularly floriferous cultivar[3]
  • 'Gold Tide' ('Courtasol') – floriferous, with deep yellow autumn colour[3]
  • 'Karl Sax' – deep yellow flowers with orange lines in the throat. Introduced by the Arnold Arboretum in 1960.[2]
  • 'Lynwood' – large flowers with broad petals[2]
  • 'Lynwood Variety'agm[7]
  • 'Spectabilis'[2]
  • 'Spring Glory' – purple-tinged foliage in autumn[3]
  • 'Variegata' – leaves with contrasting cream edges[3]
  • Week End='Courtalyn'agm[8]

Chemistry

The first dirigent protein was discovered in Forsythia intermedia. This protein has been found to direct the stereoselective biosynthesis of (+)-pinoresinol from coniferyl alcohol monomers.[9]

Reaction of monolignol radicals in the presence of dirigent protein to form (+)-pinoresinol

References

  1. ^ Dirr, Michael A. (1997). Dirr's Hardy Trees and Shrubs - An Illustrated Encyclopedia. Timber Press. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-88192-404-6. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
  2. ^ a b c d e Rowell, Raymond J. (1980). Ornamental Flowering Trees in Australia. Australia: AH & AW Reed Pty Ltd. ISBN 978-0-589-50178-5.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "Forsythia x intermedia". Plant fact sheets. NC State University. Archived from the original on 2009-03-29. Retrieved 2009-06-01.
  4. ^ a b c "Forsythia x intermedia". INRA Centre d'Angers. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
  5. ^ "Forsythia ×intermedia". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2009-06-02.
  6. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 32. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
  7. ^ "RHS Plantfinder – Forsythia × intermedia 'Lynwood Variety'". Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  8. ^ "RHS Plantfinder – Forsythia × intermediaWeek End='Courtalyn'". Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  9. ^ Davin LB, Wang HB, Crowell AL, et al. (1997). "Stereoselective bimolecular phenoxy radical coupling by an auxiliary (dirigent) protein without an active center". Science. 275 (5298): 362–6. doi:10.1126/science.275.5298.362. PMID 8994027.

External links

This page was last edited on 25 April 2024, at 17:40
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