Phylogenetic tree of Hexapoda. Hexapoda (insects and their six-legged relatives) comprise more than half of all described species and dominate terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. The tree shown is from a maximum likelihood analysis of 8 genes, calibrated by 89 fossils. Membership of major clades is denoted by coloration of the ring (grey: Entognatha, black: basal insects, cyan: Palaeoptera, magenta: Polyneoptera, green: Paraneoptera, red: Holometabola). Changes in branch coloration denote diversification shifts identified using TurboMEDUSA. Branch colors identify regions of the tree with the same underlying diversification model. Symbols at shifts denote a net upshift (diamond) or down shift (circle). Coloration of symbols reflects the robustness of the shift event across 500-scaled samples taken from the post-burin MCMC chain (black: shift recovered in >80% of samples, grey with black outline: recovery >50%, grey with pale outline: recovery >30%, pale grey: recovery<30%). Black rings are shown at 100 Ma increments from the present.