Fenno–Skan | |
---|---|
Location | |
Country | Finland, Sweden |
Coordinates | 61°09′07″N 21°37′32″E / 61.15194°N 21.62556°E 61°04′36″N 21°18′17″E / 61.07667°N 21.30472°E 60°35′51″N 17°57′46″E / 60.59750°N 17.96278°E 60°24′14″N 18°08′10″E / 60.40389°N 18.13611°E |
From | Rauma, Finland |
Passes through | Gulf of Bothnia |
To | Dannebo, Sweden |
Ownership information | |
Operator | Fingrid, Svenska Kraftnät |
Construction information | |
Manufacturer of conductor/cable | ABB/Nexans |
Commissioned | 1989/2011 |
Technical information | |
Type | subsea cable |
Type of current | HVDC |
Total length | 233 + 300 km (145 + 186 mi) |
Power rating | 500 MW + 800 MW |
AC voltage | 400 kV |
DC voltage | 400 kV + 500 kV |
No. of poles | 2 |
Fenno–Skan is the designation of the high voltage direct current transmission between Dannebo in Sweden and Rauma in Finland.
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Where is Scandinavia?
Transcription
Scan-duh-nay-ve-a! Look at this Arctic wonderland -- fjords, saunas, fjords, lutefisk, blondes, vikings, blond vikings?, fjords, Ikea, babies in government issued boxes, Santa, death metal, and fjords. But like, where exactly are the borders of Scandinavia -- because not off of this stuff is in it. Scandinavia is just three countries exactly: Sweden, Norway and Denmark. Three kingdoms to be more precise, all of which are on the Scandinavian peninsula -- well, except Denmark, and errrr plus Finland. Wait, this doesn't help at all. Forget that. The three countries on this peninsula can be collectively called Fennoscandia -- but if you do everyone will look at you weird because no one except the nerdiest of geography nerds uses that word. *Fennoscandia*. So, Scandinavia is a term that's one part geography, one part history, and one part linguistics -- which is why people will argue about who exactly is included. Finland is normally excluded because she used to be considered one of the Baltic sisters with historical ties to mother Russia. And Denmark, though on the other side of the sea is included because of her relationship 'it's complicated' with Sweden. They've had something like 15 to 21 wars between them depending on how you want to count it. And it's complicated-er because they mostly fought over Norway. And who wouldn't? She beautiful -- and rich. Anyway, when outsiders say Scandinavia they probably mean The Nordic Countries. That's these three *plus* Finland *and* Iceland. Though you can hardly blame people for confusion when organizations like the American Scandinavia Foundation lists everyone as members. And all the Nordic Countries sometimes advertise abroad under the banner of Scandinavia anyway. This is the 'Holland' approach to international relations: if there is a fun name that everyone likes and keeps using wrongly, just go with it. The Nordic countries get along well enough that they've made an official union: The Nordic Council, a Viking cool kids club, that other Northern European places occasionally unrealistically dream of joining. Though the Baltic sisters do get to sit with them, but not actually vote on anything. The Nordic Council is largely a collection of committees that tries to get its members to cooperate on common problems like the Arctic environment and social welfare, and business in the region. And also finds time to make a surprisingly long and hilariously specific list rules for how their logo can be used. Including a 'respect distance' the sovereignty of which must not be violated. But the biggest deal of the Nordic Council is that citizens of these five countries get to live and work in any of the others. (Which, if you've seen the EU video -- adds yet another semi-overlapping bubble of complexity to an already complex region) The immigration rule, however, doesn't apply to Icelandic horses which are 1. Super adorables And 2. Banished from returning to Iceland should they ever leave. But that's a story for another time. Now, it wouldn't be a political union in Europe without some special territorial weirdness to mention, mainly: - Aland: an autonomous region of Finland, that speaks Swedish. - And The Faeroe Islands and Greenland, both countries in the Kingdom of Denmark. Greenland is really the odd girl out in the Nordic club, given that she's in the wrong hemisphere and that Greenlanders aren't historically or linguistically related to Nords. Also, her flag ruins the otherwise consistent design motif. But she's part of Denmark because Vikings. Lastly there's Svalbard, an unincorporated territory of Norway, that must be mentioned because it has prepared for the apocalypse with a seed bank of every plant to rebuild all of agriculture should it be necessary. And it's also guarded by armored bears. So that's that -- next time you say Scandinavia, and you're not 100% sure who that includes, just say the The Nordic Countries instead. # Sponsor Squarespace # Credits Special thanks Scandanavia and the World card. # Post Credits Oh how will I spend all my money? Teslas for everyone!
History
Fenno–Skan was inaugurated in 1989.[1][2] Taken into commercial operation in November 1989, Fenno–Skan was the longest submarine power cable in the world. It was also the first HVDC cable with 400 kV voltage and a rated power of 500 MW.[3]
Description
The Fenno–Skan is a monopolar system with a maximum transmission rate of 550 megawatts (MW) at a voltage of 400 kV. It would be converted to become a bipole.[1] The cable was manufactured part by ABB and part by Nexans.[1][2]
The total length of Fenno–Skan is 233 kilometres (145 mi), of which 200 kilometres (120 mi) is a submarine cable on the bottom of the Gulf of Bothnia. At the Swedish end the cable directly enters the Dannebo static inverter plant near the Forsmark nuclear power station about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) from the coast at 60°24'16"N 18°8'4"E. However, the electrode line from the static inverter plant to the ground electrode situated at 60°35'51"N 17°57'46"E is built as overhead line. It is a line with two conductors on wooden poles, which runs partly on its course past another powerline.
There is a 33 kilometres (21 mi) long overhead line section from the coast in Finland at 61°4'37" N, 21°18'18" E to the static inverter station in Rauma, situated at 61°9′7″N 21°37′32″E.[1]
The ground electrode in Finland is situated near Rantala. From there an overhead electrode line on wooden poles runs first in Northeast, than in Northern direction until Ruokalho, where it meets the overhead line with two high voltage conductors. From Ruokalho to Rauma static inverter plant the electrode line is fixed on a small crossbar above the high voltage conductors of Fenno–Skan and serves as ground conductor. In opposite to a normal ground conductor it is mounted on insulators equipped with surge arrestors.
Operators
Fenno–Skan is operated by the Finnish and Swedish transmission system operators Fingrid and Svenska Kraftnät.[2]
Fenno–Skan 2
Fenno–Skan 2 is the second cable of the Finland–Sweden submarine power connection. 800 MW, 500 kV subsea transmission connection was laid in 2011 by the cable laying ship SC Skagerrak, and it cost €150 million. The cable was manufactured by Nexans Norwegian plant in Halden.[4] Two converter stations were supplied by ABB.[2] Compare with Fenno–Skan 1, the Swedish converter station is located in Finnböle. The Fenno–Skan 2 cable is connected to the converter station by a 70 kilometres (43 mi) long DC overhead line. The pylons of this line are "classic HVDC pylons" with a single crossbar carrying two conductors, which consist of a bundle of three or four ropes, on 5.5 metres (18 ft) long insulators, on the Finnish side. On the Swedish side, the towers carry the pole conductor (long insulators) and the neutral conductor (short insulators) from Finnböle to the Dannebo (Fenno-Skan 1) converter station.
Fenno–Skan 2 crosses the traction current power line Tierp-Gävle and the parallel-running three phase 220 kV AC powerline Mehedeby-Gävle west of Mehedeby approximately at 60°28′45.2″N 17°14′11″E / 60.479222°N 17.23639°E. This is the only crossing of an HVDC powerline and a single-phase AC powerline in the world and the only place where all kinds of electric transmission systems, three phase AC powerline, single phase AC powerline and HVDC come close together.[1]
Fenno–Skan 2 became fully operational on 16 December 2011.[5]
In February 2012 a German ship laid anchor on top of the cable, damaging it.[6][7] The cost to Finnish consumer and industry in the following two months in higher electricity prices was estimated to be 80 million €.[8]
Sites
Site | Coordinates |
---|---|
Finnböle HVDC Static Inverter | 60°25′30″N 17°3′42″E / 60.42500°N 17.06167°E |
Dannebo HVDC Static Inverter | 60°24′14″N 18°08′10″E / 60.40389°N 18.13611°E |
Hallen Electrode Line Terminal (Sweden) | 60°35′51″N 17°57′46″E / 60.59750°N 17.96278°E |
Rihtniemi Cable Terminal (Finland) | 61°04′36″N 21°18′17″E / 61.07667°N 21.30472°E |
Lautakari Electrode Line Terminal (Finland) | 60°59′47″N 21°22′4″E / 60.99639°N 21.36778°E |
Ruokalho Electrode Line Branch (Finland) | 61°02′31″N 21°24′30″E / 61.04194°N 21.40833°E |
Rauma HVDC Static Inverter Plant | 61°09′07″N 21°37′32″E / 61.15194°N 21.62556°E |
Waypoints
- Fenno–Skan 2 in Sweden
- 60°25′35″N 17°03′47″E / 60.42641°N 17.06308°E
- 60°25′39″N 17°04′25″E / 60.42737°N 17.0737°E
- 60°25′41″N 17°04′28″E / 60.42808°N 17.07458°E
- 60°26′16″N 17°11′10″E / 60.43771°N 17.1862°E
- 60°26′18″N 17°11′50″E / 60.43834°N 17.19734°E
- 60°26′48″N 17°11′51″E / 60.4468°N 17.19749°E
- 60°27′18″N 17°11′59″E / 60.45505°N 17.19982°E
- 60°27′40″N 17°12′18″E / 60.46112°N 17.20498°E
- 60°27′51″N 17°13′17″E / 60.46427°N 17.22127°E
- 60°29′53″N 17°15′20″E / 60.49814°N 17.25552°E
- 60°30′17″N 17°16′51″E / 60.50465°N 17.2808°E
- 60°29′48″N 17°18′12″E / 60.49675°N 17.30326°E
- 60°28′16″N 17°23′19″E / 60.47102°N 17.38863°E
- 60°27′39″N 17°24′46″E / 60.4608°N 17.41285°E
- 60°27′29″N 17°25′19″E / 60.458°N 17.42207°E
- 60°26′02″N 17°33′30″E / 60.43392°N 17.5582°E
- 60°25′23″N 17°35′46″E / 60.42314°N 17.5961°E
- 60°24′15″N 17°40′39″E / 60.40409°N 17.67745°E
- 60°24′01″N 17°43′38″E / 60.40033°N 17.7271°E
- 60°23′50″N 17°45′27″E / 60.39715°N 17.75738°E
- 60°23′44″N 17°50′53″E / 60.39558°N 17.84802°E
- 60°23′00″N 17°55′51″E / 60.38345°N 17.93076°E
- 60°22′41″N 18°03′02″E / 60.37811°N 18.05062°E
- 60°22′37″N 18°03′59″E / 60.3769982°N 18.0662833°E
- 60°22′19″N 18°04′55″E / 60.37181°N 18.0819°E
- 60°23′50″N 18°08′44″E / 60.39733°N 18.14553°E
- Underground cable in Sweden
- 60°24′16″N 18°08′02″E / 60.4044008°N 18.1339216°E
- 60°24′17″N 18°08′02″E / 60.4046234°N 18.1338787°E
- 60°24′44″N 18°09′44″E / 60.4121254°N 18.1620955°E
- Electrode line in Sweden
- 60°24′15″N 18°08′01″E / 60.4041465°N 18.1337285°E
- 60°24′14″N 18°07′16″E / 60.4037756°N 18.121047°E
- 60°26′17″N 17°57′49″E / 60.4380038°N 17.963537°E
- 60°28′43″N 17°56′41″E / 60.4787149°N 17.944783°E
- 60°29′59″N 17°55′53″E / 60.4997462°N 17.9313505°E
- 60°32′17″N 17°56′05″E / 60.5381268°N 17.9347837°E
- 60°34′10″N 17°57′33″E / 60.569417°N 17.9590416°E
- 60°34′42″N 17°57′43″E / 60.5784621°N 17.9619867°E
- 60°35′41″N 17°57′49″E / 60.5947039°N 17.9637194°E
- 60°35′52″N 17°57′46″E / 60.5976721°N 17.9628074°E
- Overhead line in Finland
- 61°04′37″N 21°18′18″E / 61.0768721°N 21.3048828°E
- 61°04′32″N 21°18′22″E / 61.0755697°N 21.3062346°E
- 61°04′25″N 21°18′34″E / 61.0737015°N 21.3093835°E
- 61°03′53″N 21°19′39″E / 61.0647694°N 21.327585°E
- 61°03′40″N 21°20′31″E / 61.0610603°N 21.3418329°E
- 61°03′10″N 21°21′42″E / 61.0527711°N 21.3615686°E
- 61°02′58″N 21°22′26″E / 61.0494917°N 21.3738155°E
- 61°02′32″N 21°23′28″E / 61.0423526°N 21.3911211°E
- 61°02′28″N 21°26′21″E / 61.0409761°N 21.4390844°E
- 61°02′34″N 21°28′06″E / 61.0428071°N 21.4682776°E
- 61°02′38″N 21°28′28″E / 61.0437993°N 21.4744788°E
- 61°02′31″N 21°24′30″E / 61.0418826°N 21.408239°E
- 61°02′49″N 21°29′09″E / 61.0470273°N 21.4859426°E
- 61°03′04″N 21°29′47″E / 61.0510574°N 21.496489°E
- 61°03′10″N 21°30′09″E / 61.0528853°N 21.5024328°E
- 61°03′25″N 21°31′07″E / 61.0568316°N 21.5185046°E
- 61°03′39″N 21°31′49″E / 61.0609539°N 21.5301776°E
- 61°03′45″N 21°32′32″E / 61.0624178°N 21.5422797°E
- 61°03′56″N 21°33′19″E / 61.065439°N 21.5552831°E
- 61°04′04″N 21°33′37″E / 61.0676813°N 21.56039°E
- 61°04′09″N 21°33′55″E / 61.0692903°N 21.5652609°E
- 61°04′14″N 21°34′21″E / 61.0705878°N 21.5724921°E
- 61°04′18″N 21°35′09″E / 61.0717399°N 21.5857959°E
- 61°04′18″N 21°35′34″E / 61.0715635°N 21.5927911°E
- 61°04′10″N 21°37′26″E / 61.0694979°N 21.6239691°E
- 61°04′08″N 21°38′25″E / 61.0688543°N 21.6401911°E
- 61°04′09″N 21°38′56″E / 61.0692695°N 21.6489029°E
- 61°04′24″N 21°40′17″E / 61.0734628°N 21.6713905°E
- 61°04′32″N 21°40′38″E / 61.075497°N 21.6773558°E
- 61°04′56″N 21°41′23″E / 61.0822421°N 21.6895866°E
- 61°05′13″N 21°42′01″E / 61.0869524°N 21.7003584°E
- 61°05′19″N 21°42′12″E / 61.0884878°N 21.7033195°E
- 61°06′33″N 21°41′22″E / 61.1091044°N 21.6894794°E
- 61°07′05″N 21°40′54″E / 61.1181432°N 21.6817975°E
- 61°07′44″N 21°39′55″E / 61.1288061°N 21.6654038°E
- 61°08′16″N 21°38′38″E / 61.1377461°N 21.6437531°E
- 61°08′43″N 21°37′54″E / 61.145151°N 21.6315651°E
- 61°09′05″N 21°37′28″E / 61.1514982°N 21.6243339°E
- Electrode line in Finland
- 60°59′47″N 21°22′04″E / 60.9963271°N 21.3677269°E
- 61°00′02″N 21°23′01″E / 61.0005951°N 21.3837451°E
- 61°00′12″N 21°23′28″E / 61.0033127°N 21.3911051°E
- 61°00′15″N 21°23′54″E / 61.004254°N 21.3982773°E
- 61°00′16″N 21°23′56″E / 61.0045713°N 21.3989747°E
- 61°00′49″N 21°24′09″E / 61.01351°N 21.402483°E
- 61°01′06″N 21°24′27″E / 61.0183085°N 21.4075309°E
- 61°01′26″N 21°24′33″E / 61.0239847°N 21.4090598°E
- 61°01′43″N 21°24′23″E / 61.0286414°N 21.4064527°E
- 61°02′31″N 21°24′30″E / 61.0418826°N 21.408239°E
See also
- Energy in Finland
- Energy in Sweden
- List of high-voltage transmission links in Sweden
- Estlink, cable between Estonia and Finland
- LitPol Link, cable between Lithuania and Poland
References
- ^ a b c d e "Fenno-Skan". ABB. Archived from the original on April 5, 2011. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
- ^ a b c d Sven Egenter (2008-05-13). "ABB in Baltic power link deal, shares rise". Reuters. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
- ^ "Fenno-Skan HVDC link" (PDF). Fingrid. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-02-21. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
- ^ Marcel Michelson (2008-03-19). "Nexans wins 150 mln euro power cable contract". Reuters. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
- ^ "Fenno–Skan 2 Cable Link Ready for Use". Transmission & Distribution World. Penton Media, Inc. 2012-01-01. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
- ^ "Cable failure on Fenno-Skan 2 interconnection". Fingrid. February 18, 2012. Archived from the original on July 30, 2012.
- ^ "Fenno-Skan-yhteyden hajoaminen nostaa Suomen hinnan Pohjoismaiden korkeimmaksi". Sähkölamppu (in Finnish). February 19, 2012.
- ^ "80 miljoonan euron ankkurointimoka – ja suomalaiset maksavat". Talouselämä (in Finnish). April 17, 2012.
External links
- https://web.archive.org/web/20070221180533/http://www.fingrid.fi/uploads/ConstructionSiteMap/attachments/esite.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20110720015135/http://www.fingrid.fi/uploads/ConstructionSiteMap/attachments/fenno-skan_fin.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20051115122606/http://www.transmission.bpa.gov/cigresc14/Compendium/FENNO.htm
- https://web.archive.org/web/20051115122606/http://www.transmission.bpa.gov/cigresc14/Compendium/Fenno%20Pictures.pdf
- Overhead line of Fenno-Skan 2