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Experimentalism

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Experimentalism is the philosophical belief that the way to truth is through experiments and empiricism.[1] It is also associated with instrumentalism,[2] the belief that truth should be evaluated based upon its demonstrated usefulness. Experimentalism is considered a theory of knowledge that emphasizes direct action and scientific control as well as methods and consequences.[3]

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  • PHILOSOPHY - Contemporary: Experimental Philosophy
  • What is Experimental Philosophy? (The Four Projects)
  • An Introduction To Experientialism and Pragmatism

Transcription

(educational music) - Hi, I'm Joshua Knobe from Yale University, and today, I'm going to be talking about a new approach to Philosophy that is sometimes called "Experimental Philosophy". The basic idea behind Experimental Philosophy is that we might be able to make some philosophical progress by actually going out and running systematic experimental studies, much like the experiments people usually run in social-psychology or in cognitive science. Now you might be thinking: "How could running a study like that "ever help us make any progress in Philosophy? "After all, Philosophy isn't supposed to be "about how people ordinarily think. "It is supposed to be about figuring out "which answers to these questions "are actually the right ones." This is definitely exactly the right question to be asking, but experimental philosophers claim that by running these studies, we can get some valuable insight into why people have the thoughts they do, and if we understand why people typically have the thoughts they do, we might be able to get a better sense of whether we should be putting our trust in those thoughts or just dismissing them. There's a lot of controversy about whether this approach can ever actually work, but I thought it might be good just to give you a quick example so that you can make up your mind for yourself. The experimental philosopher, Felipe De Brigard, recently ran a series of experiments to investigate the way people ordinarily think about a famous philosophical thought experiment called: "The Experience Machine". His idea was that if we could get a better understanding of what is going on in our minds when we hear this thought experiment, we might be in a better position to figure out whether our thoughts about it are correct or incorrect. Now "The Experience Machine" thought experiment goes like this: Imagine, that in the future, there are super-duper neuro-scientists and these neuro-scientists are able to create a machine that can stimulate your brain in such a way that you think you're having a truly amazing life. So if you enter the machine, you will think you are accomplishing extraordinary things, that you're having deep and fulfilling relationships, and that everyone admires and respects you. But you won't really be doing anything at all. In real life, you'll just be a person lying in a vat of water somewhere being stimulated to believe that all these amazing things are happening. Now comes the question. "Would you go into the machine?" Most people say that they wouldn't, and philosophers sometimes start with this basic thought and use it as part of an argument for the conclusion that there is more to life than just experiencing happiness. That there is something important about being connected up, in the right way, to reality. But De Brigard thought that maybe there was more to the story, so he conducted an experiment in which participants were given a case we might call: "The Reverse Experiment Machine". The Reverse Experience Machine case goes like this: Imagine you are going about your ordinary life, when one day, you get a visit from a mysterious man named Mr. Smith. Mr. Smith explains to you that this whole life you think you've been leading, with all your supposed friends, your accomplishments, even your mother and father, is simply an illusion. A number of years ago, you encountered some super-duper neuro-scientists and they offered to put you into an Experience Machine where you would be stimulated to believe that you had exactly this life you think you've been having. Now, you face a question: If you like, you can leave the machine and go back to your real life, or, if you prefer, you can stay inside the machine and the neuro-scientists will erase any memory you have of the visit from Smith. So think about it for a moment. What would you do? When De Brigard framed the thought experiment in this reversed way, he found that most people actually said they wanted to stay in the machine. So now it seems that we have learned something important about ourselves and that we might want to re-evaluate the conclusion we drew from the original version. When we were just thinking about that original version, we had a particular intuition, and that intuition led us, as part of a complex philosophical argument, to arrive at a certain conclusion about what was truly important in life. But now, it seems that we have acquired some new knowledge about the psychological processes that made us have that intuition in the first place. We learned that these processes aren't just sensitive to the difference between reality and illusion. They also leave us with a strong tendency to stick with whatever sort of life we've already got. So, now that you've learned this new fact about how people think, would you still arrive at the same conclusion from The Experience Machine thought experiment?

Conceptualizations

Experimentalism is referred to as John Dewey's version of pragmatism.[3] The theory, which he also called as practicalism, holds that the pattern for knowledge should be modern science and modern scientific methods.[3] Dewey explained that philosophy involves the critical evaluation of belief and that the concept's function is practical.[3] This perspective has influenced modern American intellectual culture leading to a correction of approaches to science that had excessive concentrations on theory.[3]

While experimentalism is empirical in approach,[4] experimentalism is distinguished from it. The former involves the passive view of sense data and observational reports while the latter focuses on conditions where hypotheses are tested.[5] Experimentalists maintain that political and moral concepts arise because of conflict, hence consider experience and history as essential.[4] It is also maintained that the experimental attitude is based on the principle of fallibilism, operating with the notion that outcomes of prior inquiries are not absolutely certain or already known and that prior findings could be wrong.[6]

Deborah Mayo suggests that we should focus on how experimental knowledge is actually arrived at and how it functions in science.[7] Mayo also suggests that the reason New Experimentalists have come up short, is that the part of experiments that have the most to offer in building an account of inference and evidence that are left untapped: designing, generating, modelling and analysing experiments and data.

Applications

Artists often pursue their visions through trial and error; this form of experimentalism has been practiced in every field, including music, film, literature, and theatre.[8] A more specific explanation cites that this experimentalism is inductive in nature, with artists (e.g. Michelangelo and Titian) proceeding by trial and error as opposed to the conceptualists' approach, which favors making preparatory work while step changes are made in their progress.[9]

Artistic experimentalism taken as a rule is generally associated with an attendant avant-garde.

In literature, the experimental approach may involve the production of texts through a combination of new procedures of literary production such as the inclusion of images in poetry.[8] This is also seen in the works of computer artists or those who integrate technology in their art.[8] For instance, Stan VanderBeek produced Poemfield through programming using BEFLIX to animate the poem's words and embed a geometric background.[8]

In education, there is the position that learners continuously need new methods and experimentalism is essential in the development process.[10] Through the method of learning-by-doing, it is expected that the learner develops his capacities and interests so that they empower him to assume the role of constructive participant in the life of the wider society.[11] The experimentalist's view emphasizes the importance of life experience as the basis of what is learned. Experiences are said to consist the active interrelationship between the individual and the external world.[11]

Global security specialists employ experimentalism to develop and maintain multi-faceted projects as well as determine innovative tools of governance.[12] Such projects are operationalized through a trial-and-error and adaptive manner.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Experimentalism". Your Dictionary. LoveToKnow Corporation. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  2. ^ Lachs, John; Talisse, Robert B. (2008). American Philosophy: An Encyclopedia. Oxon: Routledge. p. 402. ISBN 978-1-135-94887-0.
  3. ^ a b c d e Bunnin, Nicholas; Yu, Jiyuan (2004). The Blackwell Dictionary of Western Philosophy. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. p. 240. ISBN 1405106794.
  4. ^ a b Weber, Eric Thomas (2011). Morality, Leadership, and Public Policy: On Experimentalism in Ethics. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 131. ISBN 978-1-4411-7311-9.
  5. ^ Kurtz, Paul (2010). Exuberant Skepticism. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. p. 45. ISBN 9781591027782.
  6. ^ Butler, Brian E. (2013). Democratic Experimentalism. Amsterdam: Rodopi. p. 103. ISBN 978-90-420-3660-4.
  7. ^ Worrall, John; Mayo, Deborah G.; Smart, J. J. C.; Barnes, Barry (2000-07-01). "What is this thing called philosophy of science?". Metascience. 9 (2): 172–198. doi:10.1007/BF02913603. ISSN 0815-0796. S2CID 170682688.
  8. ^ a b c d Higgins, Hannah; Kahn, Douglas (2012). Mainframe Experimentalism: Early Computing and the Foundations of the Digital Arts. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 65, 72, 316. ISBN 978-0-520-26837-1.
  9. ^ Levi-Jakšić, Maja (2012). Proceedings of the XIII International Symposium SymOrg 2012: Innovative Management and Business Performance. Belgrade: University of Belgrade, Faculty of Organizational Sciences. p. 28. ISBN 978-86-7680-255-5.
  10. ^ Emling, John F. (1977). Value Perspectives Today: Toward an Integration with Jean Piaget's New Discipline in Relation to Modern Educational Leaders. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Press. p. 160. ISBN 0-8386-1905-3.
  11. ^ a b Uys, L. R.; Gwele, Nomthandazo S. (2005). Curriculum Development in Nursing: Process and Innovations. Oxon: Psychology Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-415-34629-0.
  12. ^ Ali, Nathanael Tilahun (2018). Regulatory Counter-Terrorism: A Critical Appraisal of Proactive Global Governance. Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-06384-5.
This page was last edited on 19 October 2023, at 09:56
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