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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Eugene Foss
Foss in 1910
45th Governor of Massachusetts
In office
January 5, 1911 – January 8, 1914
LieutenantLouis A. Frothingham
Robert Luce
David I. Walsh
Preceded byEben Sumner Draper
Succeeded byDavid I. Walsh
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Massachusetts's 14th district
In office
March 22, 1910 – January 4, 1911
Preceded byWilliam C. Lovering
Succeeded byRobert O. Harris
Personal details
Born
Eugene Noble Foss

(1858-09-24)September 24, 1858
West Berkshire, Vermont
DiedSeptember 13, 1939(1939-09-13) (aged 80)
Jamaica Plain, Boston, Massachusetts
Political partyRepublican (1902–1909)
Democratic (1909–1913)
Independent (1913–1914)
Democratic (1925)
Alma materUniversity of Vermont
Occupationmanufacturer
industrialist
president, B. F. Sturtevant Company
Signature

Eugene Noble Foss (September 24, 1858 – September 13, 1939) was an American politician and manufacturer from Massachusetts.[1] He was a member of the United States House of Representatives and served as a three-term governor of Massachusetts.[1]

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  • What is Dark Matter and Dark Energy?
  • What if there was a black hole in your pocket?

Transcription

Matter as we know it: Atoms, stars and galaxies, planets and trees, rocks and us. This matter accounts for less than 5% of the known universe. About 25% is dark matter and 70% dark energy. Both of which are invisible. This is kind of strange, because it suggets, that everything, we experience is really only a tiny fraction of reality. But it gets worse, we really have no clue, what dark matter and energy are... or how they work. We are pretty sure, they exist. Then, so, what do we know? Dark matter is the stuff, that makes it possible for galaxies to exist. When we calculated, why the universe is structured the way it is, it quickly became clear that there's just not enough normal matter. The gravity of the visible matter is not strong enough to form galaxies and complex structures. The stars would more likely be scattered all over the place... ...and not form galaxies. So, we know there is something else inside and around them. Something, that doesn't emit or reflects light. Something dark. But beside, being able to calculate the existence of dark matter... ...we can see it. Kind of. Places with a high concentration of dark matter bend light passing nearby. So, we know there's something there, that interacts with gravity. Right know, we have more ideas about what dark energy is not, than what it is. We know dark matter is not just clouds of normal matter without stars, because it would emit particles we could detect. Dark matter is not anti-matter, because anti-matter produces unique gamma rays when it reacts with normal matter. Dark matter is also not made up of black holes. Very compact objects, that violently affect their surroundings, while dark matter seems to be scatted all over the place. Basically, we only know three thing for sure: 1. Something is out there. 2. It interacts with gravity. 3. There is a lot of it. Dark matter is probably made of a complicated exotic particle, that doesn't interact with the light and matter in the way we expect. But right now, we just don't know. Dark energy is even more strange and mysterious: We can't detect it; we can't measure it and we can't taste it. But we do see its' affects very clearly: In 1929, Edwin Hubble examined how the wavelength of light emitted by distant galaxies... shifts towards the red end to the electromagnetic spectrum, as it travels through space. He found that fainter, more distant galaxies, showed a large degree of redshift. Closer galaxies not so much. Hubble determinded that this was, because the universe itself is expanding. The redshift occurs, because the wavelengths of light are stretched as the universe expands. More recent discoveries have shown that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. Before that, it was thought that the pull of gravity would cause the expansion to either slow down or even restract and collapse it on itself at some point. Space doesn't changes its properties as it expands. There's just more of it. Youth space is constantly created everywhere. Galaxies are tight bound clusters of stuff, held together by gravity. So, we don't experience this expansion in our daily lives, but we see it everywhere around us. Wherever there is empty space in the universe, more is forming every second. So, dark energy seems to be some kind of energy intrinsic to empty space. Energy, that is stronger than anything else we know and that keeps getting stronger as time passes by. Empty space has more energy than everything else in the universe combined. We have multiple ideas about what dark energy might be. One idea is that dark energy is not a thing, but just a property of space. Empty space is not nothing; it has it own energy. It can generate more space and is quite active. So, as the universe expands, it could be that just a more a more space appears to fill the gaps and this leads to a faster expanding universe. This idea is close to an idea, that Einstein had in 1917 of a concept of a cosmological constand. A force, that counteracted the force of gravity. The only problem is, that when we tried to calculate the amount of this energy, the result was so wrong and weird that it only added to the confusion. Another idea is that empty space is acually full of temporary, virtual particles that spontaneously and continually form from nothing and then disappear into nothing again. The energy from those particles could be dark energy. Or maybe dark energy is an unknown kind of dynamic energy fluid or field, which permeates the entire universe. But somehow has the opposite effect on the universe than normal energy and matter. But if it exists, we don't know how and where or how we could detect it. So, there are still a lot of questions to answer. Our theories about dark matter and dark energy are still just that: theories. On the one hand, this is kind of frustrating; On the other hand, this is frontier science, making it very exciting. It shows us that no matter, how much we feel we are on top of things, we are still very much apes with smartphones on a tiny fragile island in space, looking into the sky, wondering how our universe works. There is so much left to learn and that is awesome! [This video is supported by the "Australian Academy of Science", which promotes and supports excellence in science. Learn more about this topic and others like it at "nova.org.au". It was a blast to work with them. So, go check out their side. Our videos are also made possible by your support on "patreon.com". If you want to support us and become a part of the 'Kurzgesagt'-bird-army, check out our patreom page!]

Early years and business

Foss was born in West Berkshire, Vermont, a small town near the Canada–US border.[1] His parents were George Edmund and Marcia (née Noble) Foss.[2] Foss's father was a politically active manager at the St. Albans Manufacturing Company. The family moved to St. Albans, Vermont, when he was ten.[2]

Foss was educated in public schools, and then attended Franklin County Academy in St. Albans, Vermont.[1][2] He enrolled in the University of Vermont.[1] He left the university after two years.[2] Next, he studied law but dropped out to pursue business interests.[3]

Career

Foss first worked as a traveling salesman, selling a lumber-drying device for the company his father managed.[2] He also was the sales agent for B. F. Sturtevant Company of Boston, selling its mill-related equipment.[2] His success in this role prompted Benjamin Franklin Sturtevant to offer Foss a management job in Boston in 1882.[2] The Sturtevant began producing industrial ventilation equipment and diversified into extensive ironworks.[2]

Foss became the company president after Sturtevant died in April 1890.[2] Under Foss's stewardship the company grew, opening branches Berlin, Johannesburg, Paris, and St. Petersburg as the Sturtevant Engineering Company.[2] In 1901, he moved the primary manufacturing plant to Hyde Park, one of the finest such facilities in the United States.[2] In its building that covered ten acres, Sturtevant Company made blowers, economizers, engines, forges, motors, turbines, and more.[2]

In addition to serving as treasurer and manager of the Sturtevant Company, he was also president and director of the Becker Milling Machine Company in Hype Park which had 500 employees in 1910.[2] In addition, he was president of Mead-Morrison Manufacturing located in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[2] With its 500 workers, Mead-Morrison made coal conveying and hosting machinery.[2] He was also president of two cotton mills—the Maverick Cotton Mills in East Boston and the Burgess Mills at Pawtucket, Rhode Island which had 1,200 employees.[2]

Foss was also president of the Bridgewater Water Company and director of the Brooklyn Heights Railroad Company, Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company, Chicago Junction Railways, the Hyde Park National Bank, Manhattan Elevated Railroad Company of New York, and the Union Stockyard Company.[2] He was also a trustee and member of the executive committee of the Massachusetts Electric Company.[2]

After politics, Foss returned to his former manufacturing business and also managed his real estate holdings in Boston.[1] He expanded its production facilities to include the American Napier automobile.

Politics

U.S. Congress

In 1902, Foss ran for U.S. Congress as a progressive Republican.[3] His main issue was a tariff reform platform, calling for "free wool, free coal, free iron, and free hides" and reciprocity with Canada.[4] His campaign was held while there were high coal prices that had badly hurt Massachusetts.[5] While many voters blamed coal prices on the protective tariff, President Theodore Roosevelt attributed it to the ongoing 1902 anthracite coal strike.[5]

Foss narrowly carried the Republican nomination in a September 24, 1902 caucus and started his campaign for control of the state party by submitting his revisionist plank at the October state party convention.[5] His motion was defeated following a speech by Henry Cabot Lodge, urging national party unity in defense of the protective tariff.[5] Foss lost the general election to John Andrew Sullivan.[5]

In 1904, he was a delegate to the Republican National Convention.[3] He ran for Congress again in 1904, with an even more embarrassing defeat.[6] He next failed in a bid for the Republican nomination for lieutenant governor in 1906.[6]

After Governor Eben Sumner Draper was elected in 1908, divisions within the state Republican Party deepened, especially over tariff reform.[7] The party's position on tariffs led Foss to leave the party.[8] In 1909, he bought his way onto the Democratic Party ticket as its nominee for lieutenant governor, but lost to the Republicans by a narrow margin.[8]

In March 1910, Foss won a special election for United States House of Representatives, filling a vacancy caused by the death of William C. Lovering.[9][10] He served until January 4, 1911, when he resigned to become governor of Massachusetts.[1]

Eugene Foss, 1915

Governor

Foss then announced his intention to contend for the Democratic nomination for governor.[11] The nominating convention was a contentious affair, with old-line labor Democrats opposing his nomination.[11] Labor agitators criticized Foss for opposing bills that reduced maximum working hours, and supporting pro-business bills such as that authorizing the merger of the Boston and Maine Railroad with the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad.[11] The convention deadlocked on the second ballot, between Foss and the previous year's nominee, James H. Vahey.[11] There were fistfights on the floor, chairs were thrown, and the convention ended up appointing a committee to choose a nominee.[11]

The committee also deadlocked, this time between Foss and Charles Sumner Hamlin.[11] At this point, Foss announced that he intended to run regardless, and essentially demanded the party ratify his nomination.[11] He won a mail election by a single vote.[12] In the general election, labor Democrats attacked Draper's anti-labor record, while Foss essentially campaigned against the pro-tariff stance of Senator Lodge.[12] The Republicans called in Theodore Roosevelt, in an attempt to paint Draper in a more favorable light.[12] Foss won the election for Governor by 32,000 votes on November 8, 1910.[13][3] He was reelected in 1911 and 1912.[3]

During his three terms as governor, Foss enacted many reform measures.[14] He signed measures covering employer liability and workmen's compensation, but also vetoed bills authorizing the tenure of school teachers and the right to picket.[14] He signed an election reform bill changing primaries to direct elections, a bill setting a minimum wage for women and children, and a bill allowing jury trials for cases involving the violation of strike injunctions.[14] In addition, a pension plan was started for state employees and part-time schooling for working children was also enforced.[3] He also promoted and signed bills that benefited his businesses.[14] In 1911 he led a somewhat quixotic campaign to deprive Senator Lodge of his seat; his campaigning ended up having the opposite effect, essentially killing the chances of either Democrats or progressive Republicans to unseat Lodge.[15]

Foss's tenure included the 1912 textile strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts, which was stimulated by the passage of a law limiting the working hours of women and children.[16][3] Organized by the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, or Wobblies), the labor action united numerous immigrant groups and involved more than 20,000 workers in all of the industrial city's mills.[16] Incidents of violence in the strike prompted Foss to call out the state militia, and he applied pressure on the mill owners to settle the action by threatening to withdraw them.[16]

Foss denied clemency for Clarence Richeson for the sensationalized murder of Avis Linell. Richeson had documented bouts of mental problems and was convicted without trial after eventually pleading guilty to the charges. His case prompted calls for reforms in the state's handling and treatment of mental patients.

By 1913 Foss's anti-labor policies had disenchanted the state Democratic leadership, and Lieutenant Governor David I. Walsh announced that he would challenge Foss for the Democratic nomination. Foss received no support from the party but was offered—and declined—the opportunity to contest for the Bull Moose Party nomination. He eventually took out papers for the Republican nomination but failed to qualify for the primary ballot. He ran in the general election as an Independent.[3] It was a Democratic landslide, and Foss trailed far behind the other three candidates. He left office on January 4, 1914.[3]

1925 campaign for Congress

In 1925, Foss ran for the 5th Congressional District as a "Coolidge-Democrat."[17] He lost by a huge margin and did not win any districts.[17]

Personal

On June 12, 1884, Foss married his employer's daughter, Lilla Rollins Sturtevant (1860–1925).[2] Together, they had two sons and two daughters:[2]

  • Benjamin Sturtevant Foss (1886–1961), who married Dorothy Emily Chapman, a daughter of Wilfred Barrett Chapman, in 1911.[18] They divorced in 1921.
  • Guy Noble Foss (b. 1889), who married Katherine Cobb, a daughter of Frederick L. Cobb, in 1912.[19]
  • Esther Foss (1894–1954), a twin who married polo player George Gordon Moore. They divorced in 1933 and she married Aiden Roark, another polo player, in 1934. They divorced in 1937.[20] and she married Sidney Webster Fish, son of Stuyvesant Fish.[21][22]
  • Helen Foss (b. 1894), a twin who married English polo player Henry Forrester in 1930.[23]

He was as active in the Home Market Club of Boston and was also chair of the Republican Party in ward 23 of Boston.[2] He was a trustee of the Boston Young Men's Christian Association (later the YMCA), Colby University, the Hebron Academy, the Newton Theological Seminary and the Vermont Academy.[2] He was a member of the First Baptist Church in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston.[2] He was a member of the Algonquin Club, the Boston Art Club, the Eliot Club, the Exchange Club, the Jamaica Club, and the Country Club.[2]

He died in Jamaica Plain on September 13, 1939.[1] He was buried in Forest Hills Cemetery in Boston.[1][3]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Foss, Eugene Noble 1858 – 1939". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Adams, William Frederick. Genealogical and Personal Memoirs Relating to the Families of the State of Massachusetts, Volume 4. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1910. p. 2462-2464. via Google Books.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Eugene Noble Foss". National Governors Association. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
  4. ^ Hennessy, Michael Edmund (1917). Twenty-five Years of Massachusetts Politics; from Russell to McCall, 1890-1915. Boston: Practical Politics, Inc. p. 216 – via Internet Archive.
  5. ^ a b c d e Abrams, Richard (1964). Conservatism in a Progressive Era: Massachusetts Politics 1900-1912. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press., pp. 91-93, 97
  6. ^ a b Abrams, Richard (1964). Conservatism in a Progressive Era: Massachusetts Politics 1900-1912. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press., p. 108
  7. ^ Abrams, Richard (1964). Conservatism in a Progressive Era: Massachusetts Politics 1900-1912. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. 235-237
  8. ^ a b Abrams, Richard (1964). Conservatism in a Progressive Era: Massachusetts Politics 1900-1912. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press., pp. 233, 251
  9. ^ United States Congress. "Eugene Foss (id: F000293)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
  10. ^ Abrams, Richard (1964). Conservatism in a Progressive Era: Massachusetts Politics 1900-1912. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press., p. 238
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Abrams, Richard (1964). Conservatism in a Progressive Era: Massachusetts Politics 1900-1912. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press., pp. 252-255
  12. ^ a b c Abrams, Richard (1964). Conservatism in a Progressive Era: Massachusetts Politics 1900-1912. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press., pp. 255-256
  13. ^ Abrams, Richard (1964). Conservatism in a Progressive Era: Massachusetts Politics 1900-1912. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press., p. 257
  14. ^ a b c d Abrams, Richard (1964). Conservatism in a Progressive Era: Massachusetts Politics 1900-1912. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press., pp. 258-260
  15. ^ Abrams, Richard (1964). Conservatism in a Progressive Era: Massachusetts Politics 1900-1912. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press., pp. 264-266
  16. ^ a b c Rosenberg, Chaim M. (2004). The great workshop : Boston's Victorian Age. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Pub. p. 37. ISBN 0-7385-2468-9. OCLC 60246514.
  17. ^ a b "Governor Eugene Foss". Sturtevant Fan Company. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
  18. ^ "GQV. FOSS'S SON TO WED; Benjamin Foss Wires Mother of Engagement to Miss Dorothy Chapman". The New York Times. April 12, 1911. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
  19. ^ Times, Special to The New York (January 21, 1912). "Gov. Foss's Son to Wed Miss Cobb". The New York Times. Retrieved June 16, 2023.
  20. ^ "Wife Divorces Aidan Roark". New York Times. December 23, 1937. Retrieved April 7, 2011. Mrs. Esther F. Roark, formerly of Boston and Pebble Beach, Calif., won a divorce today from Aidan Roark, film executive and polo star. She testified that he was rude and brusque.
  21. ^ "MRS. SIDNEY FISH". The New York Times. November 27, 1954. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  22. ^ "SIDNEY FISH MARRIES; Mrs. Esther Foss Roark Is Bride of New Yorker in West". The New York Times. January 11, 1939. Retrieved April 7, 2017.
  23. ^ "MRS. HELEN F. HOBBS WEDS CAPT. FORRESTER; Daughter of Ex-Governor Foss of Massachusetts Marries English Polo Player in California". The New York Times. April 28, 1930. Retrieved June 16, 2023.

Further reading

  • Abrams, Richard (1964). Conservatism in a Progressive Era: Massachusetts Politics 1900-1912. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. online

External links


Party political offices
Preceded by Democratic nominee for Governor of Massachusetts
1910, 1911, 1912
Succeeded by
First Progressive nominee for Governor of Massachusetts
1910, 1911
Succeeded by
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts district 14
March 22, 1910 – January 4, 1911
Succeeded by
Political offices
Preceded by Governor of Massachusetts
1911–1914
Succeeded by
This page was last edited on 17 January 2024, at 03:58
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