Erich von Falkenhayn | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Prussian Minister of War | |
| In office 7 June 1913 – 21 January 1915 | |
| Monarch | Wilhelm II |
| Prime Minister | Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg |
| Preceded by | Josias von Heeringen |
| Succeeded by | Adolf Wild von Hohenborn |
| Chief of the German General Staff | |
| In office 14 September 1914 – 29 August 1916 | |
| Monarch | Wilhelm II |
| Chancellor | Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg |
| Preceded by | Helmuth von Moltke the Younger |
| Succeeded by | Paul von Hindenburg |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 11 September 1861 Burg Belchau, Kingdom of Prussia |
| Died | 8 April 1922 (aged 60) Potsdam, Prussia, Weimar Republic |
| Spouse(s) | Ida Selkmann |
| Relations | Eugen von Falkenhayn (brother) Fedor von Bock (nephew) Henning von Tresckow (son-in-law) |
| Children | Fritz Georg Adalbert von Falkenhayn (born 1890) Erika Karola Olga von Falkenhayn (born 1904) |
| Profession | Military officer |
| Awards | Order of the Black Eagle Pour le Merite Military Order of Max Joseph |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  German Empire (1880–1919)  Ottoman Empire (1917–1918) |
| Branch/service | Imperial German Army Ottoman Army |
| Years of service | 1880–1919 |
| Rank | General der Infanterie (German Army) Field Marshal (Ottoman Army) |
| Commands | 4th Foot Guards (German Empire) Chief of the German General Staff 9th Army Army Group F (Ottoman Army) 10th Army |
| Battles/wars | Boxer Rebellion First World War |
General Erich Georg Sebastian Anton von Falkenhayn (11 September 1861 – 8 April 1922) was the second Chief of the German General Staff of the First World War from September 1914 until 29 August 1916. He was removed on 29 August 1916 after the failure at the Battle of Verdun, the opening of the Battle of the Somme, the Brusilov Offensive and the entry of Romania into the war on the Allied side undid his strategy to end the war before 1917. He was later given important field commands in Romania and Syria. His reputation as a war leader was attacked in Germany during and after the war, especially by the faction which supported Paul von Hindenburg. Falkenhayn held that Germany could not win the war by a decisive battle but would have to reach a compromise peace; his enemies said he lacked the resolve necessary to win a decisive victory. Falkenhayn's relations with the Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg were troubled and undercut Falkenhayn's plans.[1]
Early life
Falkenhayn was born in Burg Belchau near Graudenz, West Prussia (now Białochowo, Poland) to Fedor von Falkenhayn (1814–1896) and Franziska von Falkenhayn, née von Rosenberg (1826–1888). His brother Arthur (1857–1929) became tutor of Crown Prince Wilhelm while Eugen (1853–1934) became a Prussian General of Cavalry. His only sister Olga von Falkenhayn was the mother of Fieldmarshall Fedor von Bock.[2]
Military career
Becoming a cadet at the age of 11, he joined the Army in 1880. He served as an infantry and staff officer and became a career soldier. Between 1896 and 1903, Falkenhayn served in Qing-Dynasty China on leave for several years and saw action during the Boxer Rebellion. He also spent time in Manchuria and Korea. After his service in Asia, the army posted him to Brunswick, Metz and Magdeburg; he became a major-general in 1912.
Prussian Minister of War (1913–1915)
In 1913 he became Prussian Minister of War, in which capacity he was involved at the beginning of World War I, when the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo took place. Like most German military leaders, he did not expect a great European war but he soon embraced the idea and joined with others pushing for Kaiser Wilhelm II to declare war.
Chief of Staff (1914–1916)
Falkenhayn succeeded Helmuth von Moltke the Younger as Chief of the Oberste Heeresleitung (German General Staff) after the First Battle of the Marne on 14 September 1914. Falkenhayn attempted to outflank the British and French in the Race to the Sea, a series of engagements throughout northern France and Belgium in which each side made reciprocal attempts to turn the other's flank, until they reached the North Sea and had no more room for manoeuvre. The British and French eventually stopped the German advance at the First Battle of Ypres (October–November 1914).
Falkenhayn preferred an offensive strategy on the Western Front, while conducting a limited campaign in the east; he hoped that Russia would accept a separate armistice more easily, if it were not humiliated too much. This brought him into conflict with Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, who favoured massive offensives in the east. Eventually, in the hope that either a slaughter would lead Europe's political leaders to consider ending the war or that losses would be less harmful for Germany than for France, Falkenhayn staged a battle of attrition, as claimed in his post-war memoirs, in the Battle of Verdun in early 1916. Although more than a quarter of a million soldiers eventually died and Falkenhayn was sometimes called "the Blood-Miller of Verdun", neither side's resolve was lessened.[3]
Contrary to Falkenhayn's expectations the French were able to limit casualties in the divisions sent to Verdun. General Philippe Pétain kept the divisions in the line at Verdun until casualties reached 50 per cent of the infantry and then relieved them. The procession of divisions back and forth was analogous to the operation of a "noria", a type of water-wheel that continuously lifts water and empties it into a trough.[3][4] After the relative failure at Verdun, coupled with reverses on the Eastern Front (the Brusilov Offensive and the entry of Romania into the war), the beginning of the Anglo-French offensive on the Somme and the intrigues of Hindenburg and Ludendorff, Falkenhayn was replaced as Chief of Staff by Hindenburg on 29 August, 1916.
Romania (1916–1917)
Falkenhayn then assumed command of the 9th Army in Transylvania (6 September 1916) and in August launched a joint offensive against Romania with August von Mackensen. Falkenhayn's forces captured the Romanian capital of Bucharest in under four months, with help of troops from all Central Powers against the sizeable but inexperienced and poorly trained and equipped Romanian Army, which had to defend a 1,600 km (990 mi) front, the longest in Europe.
Palestine (1917–1918)
Following the success, in mid-July 1917 Falkenhayn went to take military command of the Ottoman Yildirim Army Group (Heeresgruppe F, Army Group F), which was being formed in Mesopotamia and at Aleppo. After long discussions with the Ottoman upper echelon, Falkenhayn was sent on 7 September 1917 as supreme commander of two Ottoman armies in Palestine, with the rank of a Mushir (Field Marshal) of the Ottoman Army. He failed to prevent the British under General Edmund Allenby from conquering Jerusalem in December 1917. He is credited with avoiding a destructive defensive battle for the Old City of Jerusalem with its many holy sites, as well as with a crucial role in stopping the forced removal of the Jewish population of Palestine, which Governor Djemal Pasha had planned along the lines of the Armenian Genocide.[5] The evacuation of the population of Jerusalem during the harsh winter months had also been planned by Djemal Pasha and was thwarted by German officers including Falkenhayn.[5]
Belarus (1918–1919)
In February 1918, Falkenhayn became commander of the 10th Army in Belarus, where he witnessed the end of the war. In December 1918 he oversaw the withdrawal of the 10th Army to Germany. The formation disbanded in February 1919.
Retirement
In 1919, Falkenhayn retired from the army and withdrew to his estate, where he wrote his autobiography and several books on war and strategy. His war memoirs were translated into English as The German General staff and Its Critical Decisions, 1914–1916 (1919).[6] With the benefit of hindsight, he remarked that the German declarations of war on Russia and France in 1914 were "justifiable but overly-hasty and unnecessary".[7] Falkenhayn died in 1922, at Schloss Lindstedt, near Potsdam.
Family life
In 1886 Falkenhayn married Ida Selkmann, with whom he had a son Fritz Georg Adalbert von Falkenhayn (1890–1973) and a daughter Erika Karola Olga von Falkenhayn (1904–1975) who married Henning von Tresckow (1901–1944), an officer who helped organise the 20 July plot to assassinate Hitler.
Assessment
Falkenhayn in many ways typified the Prussian generals; a militarist in the literal sense, he had undeniable political and military competence and showed contempt for democracy and the representative Reichstag. He addressed the Reichstag in 1914,
Only through the fact that the Prussian army is removed by the constitution from the party struggle and the influence of ambitious party leaders has it become what it is: the secure defence of peace at home and abroad.
— Falkenhayn[8]
Militarily, Falkenhayn had a mixed record. His offensive at Verdun proved a strategic failure. During the campaign against Romania in 1916 Falkenhayn demonstrated considerable skill in command of the German 9th Army, driving the Romanians from Transylvania, breaking through the Southern Carpathians and forcing the shattered Romanian forces north-east into Moldavia.[9] His defence of Palestine in 1917 was also a failure but his forces, overwhelmingly Ottoman in composition, were outnumbered and outclassed and casualties were fairly equal.
Winston Churchill considered him to be the ablest by far of the German generals in World War I. Dupuy also ranked him near the top of the German commanders, just below Hindenburg and Ludendorff.[10] Foley wrote that Germany's enemies were far more able to apply a strategy of attrition, because they had greater amounts of manpower, industry and economic control over the world, resorting to many of the methods used by Falkenhayn in Russia in 1915 and France in 1916. As the cost of fighting the war increased, the war aims of the Entente expanded, to include the overthrow of the political elites of the Central Powers and the ability to dictate peace to a comprehensively defeated enemy, which was achieved by a strategy of attrition.[11]
All sources portray Falkenhayn as a loyal, honest and punctilious friend and superior. His positive legacy is his conduct during the war in Palestine in 1917. As his biographer Holger Afflerbach wrote,
An inhuman excess against the Jews in Palestine was prevented only by Falkenhayn's conduct, which against the background of the German history of the 20th century has a special meaning, and one that distinguishes Falkenhayn.
— Afflerbach[12]
Honours
He received the following decorations and awards:[13]
Kingdom of Prussia:
- Knight of the Red Eagle, 1st Class
- Knight of the Prussian Crown, 2nd Class
- Service Award Cross
- Iron Cross (1914), 1st and 2nd Classes
- Pour le Merite (military), 16 February 1915; with Oak Leaves, 3 June 1915
- Knight of the Black Eagle, 12 May 1915
Kingdom of Bavaria:
- Grand Cross of the Military Merit Order, with Swords
- Grand Cross of the Military Order of Max Joseph, 26 June 1915
Baden: Commander of the Zähringer Lion, 2nd Class, 1907[14]
Brunswick: Commander of Henry the Lion, 2nd Class, 1906[15]
Ernestine duchies: Knight of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, 1st Class
Kingdom of Saxony:
- Commander of the Albert Order, 1st Class with Swords
- Knight of the Military Order of St. Henry
Schaumburg-Lippe: Cross of Honour of the House Order of Schaumburg-Lippe, 2nd Class
Austria-Hungary:
- Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Leopold, 1914[16]
- Grand Cross of St. Stephen, 1915[17]
- Gold Military Merit Medal "Signum Laudis", 11 October 1916
Empire of Japan:
- Order of the Rising Sun, 4th Class
- Order of the Sacred Treasure, 2nd Class
Qing dynasty: Order of the Double Dragon, Class II Grade II
See also
Footnotes
- ^ Messenger 2001, pp. 165–166.
- ^ Afflerbach 1996, p. 9.
- ^ a b Smith, Audoin-Rouzeau & Becker 2003, p. 82.
- ^ Cowley & Parker 1996, p. 361.
- ^ a b Did a German Officer Prevent the Massacre of the Jews of Eretz Yisrael during World War I?, Jewish Ideas Daily version of The Jerusalem Post Magazine article from December 9, 2011
- ^ Falkenhayn 2009, pp. 1–336.
- ^ Falkenhayn 2009, p. 96.
- ^ Craig 1956, pp. 253–254.
- ^ Tucker 2014, p. 231.
- ^ Cowley & Parker 1996, p. 915.
- ^ Foley 2007, p. 268.
- ^ Afflerbach 1994, p. 485.
- ^ "Erich Georg Alexander Sebastien von Falkenhayn". the Prussian Machine. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1910), "Großherzogliche Orden", p. 202
- ^ "Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Herzogtums Braunschweig für das Jahr 1908". (1908). In Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Herzogtums Braunschweig (Vol. 1908). Meyer. p. 17
- ^ "Ritter-Orden: Oesterreichsch-kaiserlicher Leopold-orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1918, p. 75, retrieved 5 February 2021
- ^ "Ritter-Orden: Königlich-ungarischer St. Stephan-orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, 1918, p. 56, retrieved 5 February 2021
References
- Afflerbach, Holger (1994). Falkenhayn: Politisches Denken und Handeln im Kaiserreich [Falkenhayn: Political Thinking and Action during the Empire]. Beiträge zur Militärgeschichte (in German). München: Oldenbourg. ISBN 978-3-486-55972-9.
- Afflerbach, Holger (1996). Falkenhayn: Politisches Denken und Handeln im Kaiserreich [Falkenhayn: Political Thinking and Action during the Empire]. Beiträge zur Militärgeschichte (in German) (repr. ed.). München: Oldenbourg. ISBN 978-3-486-56184-5.
- Cowley, Robert; Parker, Geoffrey (1996). The Reader's Companion to Military History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-66969-3.
- Craig, Gordon A. (1956). The Politics of the Prussian Army 1640–1945. New York: Oxford University Press. OCLC 275199.
- Falkenhayn, Erich von (2009) [1919]. General Headquarters, 1914–1916 and its Critical Decisions (Naval & Military Press ed.). London: Hutchinson. ISBN 978-1-84574-139-6. Retrieved 29 February 2016.
- Foley, R. T. (2007) [2005]. German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916 (pbk. ed.). Cambridge: CUP. ISBN 978-0-521-04436-3.
- Messenger, Charles, ed. (2001). Reader's Guide to Military History. London: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 978-1-57958-241-8.
- Smith, Leonard V.; Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane; Becker, Annette (2003). France and the Great War, 1914–1918. New Approaches to European History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66176-8.
- Tucker, Spencer C. (2014). 500 Great Military Leaders. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-758-1.
Further reading
- Ritter, Gerhard (1972). The Sword and the Scepter: The Problem of Militarism in Germany: The Tragedy of Statesmanship–Bethmann Hollweg as War Chancellor [Staatskunst und Kriegshandwerk: das Problem des Militarismus in Deutschland. Dritter Band: Die Tragödie der Staatskunst Bethmann Hollweg als Kriegskanzler (1914–1917)]. III (trans. ed.). Coral Gables, FL: University of Miami Press. ISBN 978-0-87024-182-6.
- Watson, Alexander (2008). Enduring the Great War: Combat, Morale and Collapse in the German and British armies, 1914–1918. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-52188-101-2.
External links
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| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Josias von Heeringen |
Prussian Minister of War 1913–1915 |
Succeeded by Adolf Wild von Hohenborn |
| Military offices | ||
| Preceded by Helmuth von Moltke |
Chief of the General Staff 1914–1916 |
Succeeded by Paul von Hindenburg |
| Preceded by New Formation |
Commander, 9th Army 6 September 1916 – 1 May 1917 |
Succeeded by General der Infanterie Robert Kosch |
| Preceded by New Formation |
Commander, Ottoman Army Group F 20 July 1917 – 6 February 1918 |
Succeeded by General der Kavallerie Otto Liman von Sanders |
| Preceded by Generalfeldmarschall Hermann von Eichhorn |
Commander, 10th Army 5 March 1918 – 6 January 1919 |
Succeeded by Dissolved |
This page was last edited on 11 April 2021, at 05:12