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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Emiratis
الإمَارَاتِيُّون
Regions with significant populations
 United Arab Emirates
c. 1,150,000[1]
 Kuwait26,760[2]
 Canada22,608[3][4]
 Oman18,978[5]
 United States18,046[6][7]
 United Kingdom17,161[8][9]
 Qatar9,558[10]
 Bahrain7,954[11]
 Australia4,415[6][12]
 Sweden3,292[13]
 Netherlands2,076[14]
Languages
Arabic (Gulf, Emirati, Shihhi, Modern Standard· English · Kumzari[15] · Balochi[16] · Achomi[17][18]
Religion
Sunni Islam (90%), Shia Islam (10%)[19]
Related ethnic groups
Other Arabs

The Emiratis (Standard Arabic: الإماراتيون; Gulf Arabic: الإماراتيين) are the native citizen population of the United Arab Emirates. Within the UAE itself, they number approximately 1.15 million.[20]

Formerly known as the Trucial States, the UAE is made up of seven emirates, each of which has a ruling family. Abu Dhabi was home to the Bani Yas tribal confederation; Dubai was settled in 1833 by an offshoot of the Bani Yas, the Al Bu Falasah; Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah are the home to the Al Qasimi or Qawasim; Ajman to the Al Na'im, Umm Al Quwain to the Al Ali and Fujairah to the Sharqiyin.[21][22][23][24]

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Transcription

History

A souq in Deira, Dubai, 1950s.
Sheikh Juma Al Maktoum (left) and Sheikh Saeed bin Maktoum Al Maktoum (right) of the Maktoum family

The ancient history of the UAE dates back centuries with archaelogical sites, such as Jebel Faya, indicating human presence as far back as 125,000 years ago.[25] Evidence of human settlement and civilization can be found at sites like Al-Ain and Jebel Hafeet,[26] and the region's importance as a trading hub along maritime routes connecting Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley, Meluhha, Elam, and Ancient Egypt, as evidenced by artifacts such as pottery, seals, and coins discovered at archaeological sites like Tell Abraq, Umm Al-Nar, and Ed-Dur, showcasing the early civilizations that flourished in the area, including the Magan and Dilmun civilizations, as well as the later influence of the Sumerians, Akkadians, Persians, and Greeks, all of which contributed to the cultural, ethnic, and historical development of the region.[27][28][29][30]

The United Arab Emirates are a Union of seven emirates whose history are entwined with various empires, such as those of the Islamic Caliphates, Oman, Portugal, Iran, and the United Kingdom. Envoys from the Islamic prophet Muhammad saw the tribes of the area convert to Islam around 630 C.E., followed by a short period of apostasy which culminated in the Battle of Dibba.

Later in the 16th century, the Portuguese would battle the then-dominant force in the Persian Gulf, the Safavid dynasty, for control of the region. During the 17th century, the Ottomans took control of the islands and UAE was known as the "Pirate Coast." By the 19th century, the British Empire had taken complete control of the land then called the Trucial States.[31] Oil was discovered in 1959. The Trucial States were under the control of the British Empire until 1971. Consequently, with weakening British control, the Trucial States became the UAE in 1971 with Ras al-Khaimah joining in 1972.[31]

The term Emirati comes from the plural of the Arabic word emirate (Arabic: إمارة), with adding the suffix -i. Each emirate is ruled by a Sheikh. The Bani Yas tribe forms the basis of many clans within the UAE. Sub-clans of the Bani Yas include[32]

The term "Emirati" also refers to Arabs with origins in the UAE. Many modern Emirati names are derived from these tribal names or offshoots of these tribes, for instance, Mazroui (from Mazari), Nuaimi (from Naim), and Al Sharqi (from Sharqiyin).[33]

Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan is considered to be The Father of the Nation.
Reem Al Hashimi, Minister of State and Managing Director for the Dubai Expo 2020 Bid.

Lexicology

The word Emirati is a word derived from the Arabic name of the UAE "Al-Emarat," and the Arabic suffix -i which denotes belonging. The demonym Emirian has a similar root from except with the suffix -ian being added to emir. Rarer Emirian demonyms and adjectives include Emiri and Emiratian, both of which are unofficial and informal alternatives.[34] However, due to strong tribal allegiances, many Emiratis also self-identify by their tribal affiliations.[35] Historically, Emiratis were called Trucial Coasters[36] or Trucials.[37] Emiratis in ancient history were called Maganites.[38]

National symbols

Falcon training is one of the UAE's national symbols. These birds can be seen on the emblem of the United Arab Emirates. They were traditionally used for hunting, and trained by the Bedouin tribes. Most Emiratis view Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan as an essential component of Emirati nationalism,[39] Emiratis are commonly referred to as "Eyal Zayed," meaning sons of Zayed.[40] Emiratis are proud of their nation's global name associated with tourist prospects, prefer interactions with fellow nationals, most are computer literate and adult Emiratis past born in the 21st century are more likely to be bilingual[41][42] There are many landmarks and sculptures in the country of teapots, water jugs and coffeemakers to symbolize the hospitality of the Emirati people. Due to the pearl-diving history of the Emirates, nautical sailing and other activities at sea are sometimes emphasized.[43] Due to its prominence throughout Emirati history in cultivation, date fruits play an important role in Emirati life. Another national symbol is the Arabic coffee pot with the elongated thin spout called a Dallah; a sign of Emirati generosity.

Demographics

The population of the UAE as of 2019 was 9.7 million[47] with a minority being Emiratis. UAE nationals make up 1 million.[48] Statistics for UAE nationals in 2018 as it follows:[citation needed]

Emirate Male Female Total Source
Abu Dhabi 204,108 200,438 404,546
Ajman 21,600 20,586 42,186
Dubai 127,641 126,959 254,600 [49]
Fujairah 32,486 32,374 64,860
Ras Al Khaimah 49,181 48,348 97,529
Sharjah 78,818 74,547 153,365
Umm Al Quwain 8,671 8,811 17,482
United Arab Emirates 522,505 512,063 1,034,568

Non-Emiratis form the vast majority of the UAE (88.52%) and are composed of expatriates, with the largest groups hailing from South Asian countries such as India (2.62 million), Pakistan (1.21 million) and Bangladesh (706,000). There are also nationals of other GCC and Arab countries who live in the UAE. Members of other Asian communities, including Iran (454,000), the Philippines (530,000).[50]

Bedouin Emiratis

Members of the House of Nahyan during the Buraimi dispute (1950s).

Bedouin Emiratis, also known as Bedu Emiratis or Bedouin Arab Emiratis, are Emiratis of Bedouin Arab descent. They have historically lived nomadically in the desert, adapting to harsh conditions by moving with their families and animals in search of water and grazing areas. This nomadic lifestyle has fostered a strong sense of community and kinship among Bedouin tribes, with social structures traditionally organized around extended family networks and tribal affiliations.[51][52] Among the prominent Bedouin tribes in the UAE are the Al Bu Falah, Al Bu Shamis, Al Bu Qitab, Al Awamir, Al Nuaimi, and Al Kaabi, among others, each tracing their ancestry to different regions across the Middle East such as Yemen, Najd, Hejaz, and other parts of the Arabian Peninsula. [53][54] While modernization and urbanization have brought about changes in Emirati society, many Bedouin Emiratis continue to maintain ties to their nomadic heritage, even as they settle into more sedentary lifestyles in urban areas.

Bedouin culture emphasizes preserving traditions through oral history, storytelling, and rituals, including distinctive clothing and music.[55] Emirati traditions of Bedouin origin include: Yowlah, Falconry, Nabati Poetry, Razfa, Al Sadu, Emirati coffee culture, and the national clothing of the UAE.

Bedouin Emirati culture is often synonomous with Emirati culture. The Emirati government has embraced the Bedouin identity to shape the newly-united Emirati national identity, emphasizing values like resilience and hospitality to unify the diverse and often-times conflicting population. They promote Bedouin heritage to instill pride and belonging in Emirati citizens while adapting to modernization. This includes integrating Bedouin history into education, showcasing traditions in cultural initiatives, and incorporating Bedouin customs into national celebrations.[56][57][58]

Ajam Emiratis

Mahdi Ali, former coach of the UAE national team.

Ajam Emiratis, also known as Ayam Emiratis, Persian Emiratis or Iranian Emiratis, are Emiratis of Persian and Iranian descent. Majority of Ajam Emiratis trace their ancestral roots to Southern Iran, particularly the provinces of Fars and Hormozgan.[59] The migration of Persians to Eastern Arabia, including the UAE, has occurred over centuries as historically, Persians have played a significant role in the cultural and economic development of what is now the UAE. The region, known as Magan and the province of Mazun in ancient times, was subject to various Persian empires, including the Achaemenid, Parthian, and Sassanian dynasties and a significant trading partner of the ancient Elam. Persian influence extended beyond political control to include trade, commerce, and cultural exchange. Moreover, the historical presence of the Kingdom of Hormuz, an influential Persian Gulf trading kingdom which controlled both sides of the gulf, further strengthened ties between Persians and Eastern Arabians.[60][61][62][63]

Anwar Gargash, the senior diplomatic advisor to the President of the United Arab Emirates.

During the 18th and 19th centuries, substantial migration from southern Iran to the UAE transpired due to burgeoning trade networks and maritime commerce. This migration led to a significant settlement of Persians in coastal cities such as Dubai, Sharjah, and Ras Al Khaimah, contributing to the region's cultural diversity and commercial growth. The Qassimi rulers, who governed territories in both southern Iran and the Emirates during this period, facilitated trade and migration between the two regions, thereby bolstering connections between Ajam communities in Iran and the UAE.[64][65] In 1972, Article 17 of the newly promulgated Citizenship and Passport Law offered Emirati citizenship to Iranians who were living in the British-protected Trucial States prior to 1925 or before the UAE’s independence in 1971.[66][67][68]

House of Galadari, a Huwala-Emirati family who contributed significantly to the rise of Dubai.

Ajam Emiratis comprise the majority of the Shia Emirati population, with the remaining Shia Emiratis predominantly being Baharna Emiratis. Among the Sunni Ajam Emiratis, a notable portion trace their ancestry to the Achomi people, an ethnic subgroup within the broader Persian community.[69][70][71] The Achomi primarily reside in southern Iran and their native language is Achomi.[72] Many Ajam Emiratis, particularly those in Ras Al Khaimah and Dibba, are of Kumzari ancestry and also communicate in Kumzari.[73] Additionally, many Ajam are of Afro-Iranian and Huwala origin.[74][75] Ajam Emiratis constitute the majority of the Bedoon population, many whom reportedly hold Comoran passports due to a deal between the governments of the UAE and Comoros.[76][77]

The Ajam community has left a significant imprint on Emirati culture. Persian culinary traditions have merged with local Emirati cuisine, evident in dishes featuring Persian spices, ingredients, and cooking techniques. Persian music, dance, and literature also hold influence in the UAE, contributing to the country's cultural diversity and artistic expressions. Emirati Arabic has absorbed a significant number of words from Persian and other Iranian languages. Persian influence is also evident in Emirati architecture, notably through features such as the Barjeel, a traditional windcatcher of Persian origin. Qasr al-Hosn, the oldest stone building in the UAE, was designed by Mohammed Al Bastaki in 1761. Al Bastakiya, a historical district in the city of Dubai, was built by Ajam Emirati merchants, many of Bastaki origin, a city in southern Iran.[78][79][80][81][82]

Some Ajam Emiratis have found themselves caught in the crossfire of the Iran-Arabia proxy conflict, facing challenges such as discrimination, political tensions, and economic uncertainty. The UAE's strategic alliance with Saudi Arabia, coupled with its efforts to maintain neutrality in regional conflicts, has created a complex environment for Ajam communities with connections to Iran. Instances of heightened security measures, surveillance, and political scrutiny targeting individuals perceived to have affiliations with Iran have been reported. Anti-Iranian sentiment has also been promoted due to disputes over Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs, the Persian Gulf naming dispute, and the Sunni-Shia divide. Many argue that the Emirati government ignore historical Ajam Emirati influence and identity in favor of promoting a more unified Arab Bedouin identity.[67][83][84]

Afro-Emiratis

Ismail Matar, an Afro-Emirati football player, often recognized as one of the greatest in Emirati football.

Afro-Emiratis, also known as Black Emiratis, are Emiratis of Black African and Afro-Arab descent. They are mostly concentrated in the Northern Emirates. Despite their minority status within the broader Emirati population, they have a significant historical presence and cultural contribution, especially in sports and music. Afro-Emirati traditions include Liwa, Fann at-Tanbura, Bandari, and Nuban.[85][86][87]

The history of Afro-Emiratis dates back centuries, with evidence of trade and cultural interactions between the Arabian Peninsula and Africa existing since antiquity. Afro-Emiratis are culturally close to other African diaspora in the Persian Gulf and Arabian Peninsula, such as Afro-Omanis, Afro-Saudis, and Afro-Iranians.[88][89]

Most Afro-Emiratis are descendants of Zanzibari, East African, and Southern African slaves. The UAE's involvement in the Indian Ocean slave trade and proximity to the Omani Empire shaped the presence of individuals of African descent in the region.[90]

Afro-Emiratis, like other Emiratis, identify with the national identity of the UAE and the wider Eastern Arabian and Arab identity. Slaves were considered as members of the tribes and the families to which they were enslaved. After the abolishment of slavery, freed slaves were given the option to adopt the surname of the tribes they served, many former slaves were granted Emirati citizenship in 1971.[75]

Despite enjoying full legal rights as Emirati citizens, many Afro-Emiratis face social stigma, the issue of racial identity and acceptance remains complex within the UAE, efforts to promote inclusivity and diversity are ongoing, but challenges persist, particularly in areas such as intermarriage and societal perceptions of an 'Emirati' identity.[91][92]

Languages

Emirati Arabic is a variety of Arabic used in the UAE. Emiratis mainly speak the Emirati Arabic dialect which is part of Gulf Arabic, but some speak Shihhi Arabic and Achomi.[93]

Culture

Emirati culture has been described as a blend of Eastern Arabian, Islamic, and Persian cultures, with influences from the cultures of East Africa, the Indian Subcontinent, and in recent years the West.[94]

Clothing

Men

Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, also known as MBZ, is the third president of the United Arab Emirates and the ruler of Abu Dhabi.

The traditional dress often worn by Emirati men includes the Kandura, an ankle-length white shirt woven from wool or cotton, and the Ghutra, a traditional headdress usually made from wool. It provides protection from sunburn, dust, and sand, and it is usually worn alongside the Agal which keeps it in place.[95] This attire is particularly well-suited to the UAE's hot, dry climate.

Painting of Zayed the Great.

Other traditional Emirati piece of clothing for men include:[95][96][97]

  • The Bisht, a long black cloak embroidered and decorated with silver, copper, or gold of Persian origin, is usually worn over the Kandura on special occasions.
  • The Shemagh, similar to the Ghutra but made of heavier material and is more commonly worn by the younger generation.
  • The Gahfiyah, also known as Taqiyah, a traditional hat of African origin usually worn under the Ghutra.
Emirati men at the Sharjah Heritage Festival (2023).
  • The Faneela, a white vest worn under the Kandura
  • The Wizar, a loose piece of undergarment worn under the Kandura that is tied around the waist
  • The Na'al, heelless slippers made from leather.
  • The Serwaal, an alternative to the Woozar, wide and baggy trousers held up by a drawstring or an elastic belt usually worn the Kandura
  • The Tarboush, a long loose tassel attached to the Kandura

Women

Emirati women wearing the traditional Emirati dress

The traditional dress most commonly worn by Emirati women is the Abaya, a simple, loose-over garment, usually black in color, it is often worn alongside the Shayla, a long rectangular headscarf. Usually it is either wrapped around the neck and tucked or pinned in place at the shoulders.[98][99][100]

Other traditional Emirati piece of clothing for women include:

  • The Gishwah, a light see-through fabric that is wrapped around the face
  • The Battoulah, also known as Gulf Burqa, a metallic-looking fashion mask[101]
  • The Jalabiya, also known as Kaftan, a colourful embroidered dress, worn during special occasions such as weddings, the dress is an important aspect of the traditional Emirati dance Khaleegy.
Emirati band performs Yowlah in an Emirati wedding. Yowlah is a cultural dance native to the UAE derived from tribal sword battles.

Values

The influence of Islamic culture on Emirati architecture, music, attire, cuisine, and lifestyle are very prominent. Five times every day, Muslims are called to the prayer from the minarets of mosques which are scattered around the country.[102]

A band performs the Ayyala, which is a cultural dance derived from Arab tribes sword battles.

Music and dance

Emirati music varies to each area although most are on folklore's, some cultural dances are the horbya which well known all over the United Arab Emirates, The Ayala which is well known in Abu Dhabi and Dubai. Other music is shalat which does not involve any type of instruments.

Religion

Islam is the largest and the official state religion of the UAE and the government follows a policy of tolerating the existence of other religions, through the Ministry of Tolerance.

There are approximately 31 churches throughout the country, one Hindu temple in the region of Jebel Ali, 2 Sikh Gurudwaras, (with the biggest one located in the Jebel Ali district of Dubai), a Buddhist temple in the Al Garhoud of Dubai[103] and 2 synagogues (1 for visitors during Shabbat only).[104] Emiratis are all Muslims, approximately 90% of whom are Sunni while the remaining 10% are Shia.[105]

The government gives freedom to people to choose their significant others.[106]

Genetics and Racial Classification

DNA tests of Y chromosomes from representative sample of Emiratis were analyzed for composition and frequencies of haplogroups, a plurality (45.1%) belong to Haplogroup J1-M267. Other frequent haplogroups divided between E (16.1%), R (11.6%), T (4.9%) and G (4.3%).[107]

Racial Classification of Emiratis

Emiratis, like other Middle Easterners, have diverse origins. A study published in the European Journal of Human Genetics (2019) showed that Emiratis, along with Bedouins share genetic similarities with Europeans from the Mediterranean, and Balkans, and North Africans.[108] A study published on the National Library of Medicine website (2023) showed that Emiratis share genetic similarities with people from the Arabian Peninsula, West Mediterranean, and Pakistan and to a lesser extent populations of East Mediterranean, Levantine Arab, Iranian, and Sub-Saharan origins.[109] Ancestry varies among tribes within the Emirati population, influenced by historical and demographic factors. An Oxford University genetic analysis study (2022) reveals a mix of Middle Eastern, African, Central and South Asian ancestries, likely stemming from ancient migrations and recent gene flow. Tribal customs, including endogamy, have contributed to genetic differences, reflecting geographical factors and familial affiliations.[110]

Emirati diaspora

Emirati ancestry, the result of emigration, also exists in other parts of the world, most notably in the Arabian Peninsula, Europe, and North America. Population estimates are seen to have a very small diaspora, mainly because the UAE provides them with more than adequate welfare benefits, removing the need to live and work in other developed countries.[111]

See also

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