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E. C. Stuart Baker

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

E. C. Stuart Baker
CIE OBE FZS FLS
Chief Police Officer of the Port of London Police
In office
1911–1925
Personal details
Born
Edward Charles Stuart Baker

1864
Died16 April 1944(1944-04-16) (aged 79–80)
OccupationPolice officer, ornithologist
Blyth's kingfisher painted by Stuart-Baker

Edward Charles Stuart Baker CIE OBE FZS FLS (1864 – 16 April 1944) was a British ornithologist and police officer. He catalogued the birds of India and produced the second edition of the Fauna of British India which included the introduction of trinomial nomenclature.

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  • The chemistry of cookies - Stephanie Warren

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In a time-lapse video, it looks like a monster coming alive. For a moment, it sits there innocuously. Then, ripples move across its surface. It bulges outwards, bursting with weird boils. It triples in volume. Its color darkens ominously, and its surface hardens into an alien topography of peaks and craters. Then, the kitchen timer dings. Your cookie is ready. What happened inside that oven? Don't let the apron deceive you! Bakers are mad scientists. When you slide the pan into the oven, you're setting off a series of chemical reactions that transform one substance, dough, into another, cookies. When the dough reaches 92 degrees Fahrenheit, the butter inside melts, causing the dough to start spreading out. Butter is an emulsion, or mixture of two substances that don't want to stay together, in this case, water and fat, along with some dairy solids that help hold them together. As the butter melts, its trapped water is released. And as the cookie get hotter, the water expands into steam. It pushes against the dough from the inside, trying to escape through the cookie walls like Ridley Scott's chest-bursting alien. Your eggs may have been home to squirming salmonella bacteria. An estimated 142,000 Americans are infected this way each year. Though salmonella can live for weeks outside a living body and even survive freezing, 136 degrees is too hot for them. When your dough reaches that temperature, they die off. You'll live to test your fate with a bite of raw dough you sneak from your next batch. At 144 degrees, changes begin in the proteins, which come mostly from the eggs in your dough. Eggs are composed of dozens of different kinds of proteins, each sensitive to a different temperature. In an egg fresh from the hen, these proteins look like coiled up balls of string. When they're exposed to heat energy, the protein strings unfold and get tangled up with their neighbors. This linked structure makes the runny egg nearly solid, giving substance to squishy dough. Water boils away at 212 degrees, so like mud baking in the sun, your cookie gets dried out and it stiffens. Cracks spread across its surface. The steam that was bubbling inside evaporates, leaving behind airy pockets that make the cookie light and flaky. Helping this along is your leavening agent, sodium bicarbonate, or baking soda. The sodium bicarbonate reacts with acids in the dough to create carbon dioxide gas, which makes airy pockets in your cookie. Now, it's nearly ready for a refreshing dunk in a cool glass of milk. One of science's tastiest reactions occurs at 310 degrees. This is the temperature for Maillard reactions. Maillard reactions result when proteins and sugars break down and rearrange themselves, forming ring-like structures, which reflect light in a way that gives foods like Thanksgiving turkey and hamburgers their distinctive, rich brown color. As this reaction occurs, it produces a range of flavor and aroma compounds, which also react with each other, forming even more complex tastes and smells. Caramelization is the last reaction to take place inside your cookie. Caramelization is what happens when sugar molecules break down under high heat, forming the sweet, nutty, and slightly bitter flavor compounds that define, well, caramel. And, in fact, if your recipe calls for a 350 degree oven, it'll never happen since caramelization starts at 356 degrees. If your ideal cookie is barely browned, like a Northeasterner on a beach vacation, you could have set your oven to 310 degrees. If you like your cookies to have a nice tan, crank up the heat. Caramelization continues up to 390 degrees. And here's another trick: you don't need that kitchen timer; your nose is a sensitive scientific instrument. When you smell the nutty, toasty aromas of the Maillard reaction and caramelization, your cookies are ready. Grab your glass of milk, put your feet up, and reflect that science can be pretty sweet.

Life and career

Baker was educated at Trinity College, Stratford-upon-Avon and in 1883 followed his father into the Indian Police Service. He spent most of his career in India in the Assam Police, rising to the rank of Inspector-General commanding the force. In 1910 he was placed on Special Criminal Investigation duty. In 1911 he returned to England and took up the appointment of Chief Police Officer of the Port of London Police, remaining in this position until his retirement in 1925. For his services in this role during the First World War he was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1920 civilian war honours.[1] After retirement he became Mayor of Croydon.

He was an excellent tennis player and an enthusiastic big game hunter. He lost his left arm to a panther (in Silchar, Assam), was tossed by a gaur and trampled by an Indian rhinoceros during various hunting expeditions.[2]

Ornithology

Advertisement for "The Indian Ducks and their Allies"

During his spare time he studied and collected the birds of India. His books included The Indian Ducks and their Allies (1908), Game Birds of India and Ceylon (1921), The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds. (1922; eight volumes), Mishmi Man-eater (1928), The Nidification of the Birds of the Indian Empire (1932), and Cuckoo Problems (1942; the cuckoo was his chief interest within ornithology). He made a comprehensive collection of nearly 50,000 Indian birds' eggs, part of which he donated to the Natural History Museum, where he spent a lot of time working on the egg collections from India and Thailand. His eight-volume contribution to The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma series became the standard reference work on the subject.[2] Part of the collection, about 152 specimens were sold to the private museum of the Tzar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria.[3] He also served on government advisory committees on the protection of birds and was from 1913 to 1936 honorary secretary and treasurer of the British Ornithologists' Union.

Apart from specimens that he collected or received from others both of eggs and birds, Baker also maintained a small menagerie for a time when he was posted in the North Cachar district. The animals in his collection included civets, bears, deer and crested serpent eagles, Amur falcons, falconets and woodpeckers.[4][5]

Some of the nest and eggs in his collection have been considered as of dubious provenance and there are suggestions that he artificially made up some of the clutches. Some like Charles Vaurie have considered it so unreliable that they even suggested the destruction of his egg collection.[6]

Baker's yuhina (Yuhina bakeri) was named in his honour.

Publications

Baker's early publications were focussed on the North Cachar Hill district where he worked. He also collected eggs and published a catalogue of them. He also published some notes on species whose nesting had not been described by Allan Octavian Hume and sent these to the Ibis journal. He also described a new species Elachura haplonota[7] which was collected by a Naga hunter for him but this species had already been described by Godwin-Austen and Walden under the genus Pnoepyga chocolatina (it is now called Spelaeornis chocolatinus).[8] His series on the bulbuls of the region included paintings made by him of the birds set in backgrounds having ornate plants from the region.

The Birds of North Cachar

  • Baker, E. C. S. (1893). "The birds of North Cachar. A catalogue of the Passeriformes, Coraciiformes and the Order Psittacii of the Sub-class Ciconiiformes". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 8 (2): 162–211.
  • Baker, E. C. S. (1894). "The birds of North Cachar. Part II". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 9 (1): 1–24.
  • Baker, E. C. S. (1894). "The birds of North Cachar. Part III". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 9 (2): 111–146.
  • Baker, E. C. S. (1895). "The birds of North Cachar. Part IV". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 10 (1): 1–12.
  • Baker, E. C. S. (1896). "The birds of North Cachar. Part V." Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 10 (2): 161–168.
  • Baker, E. C. S. (1896). "The birds of North Cachar. Part VI". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 10 (3): 339–371.
  • Baker, E. C. S. (1897). "The birds of North Cachar. Part VII". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 10 (4): 539–567.
  • Baker, E. C. S. (1897). "The birds of North Cachar. Part VIII". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 11 (2): 222–233.
  • Baker, E. C. S. (1898). "The birds of North Cachar. Part IX". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 11 (3): 390–405.
  • Baker, E. C. S. (1899). "The birds of North Cachar. Part X." Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 12(3: 486–510.
  • Baker, E. C. S. (1901). "The birds of Cachar. [XI]". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 13 (3): 399–405.
  • Baker, E. C. S. (1901). "The birds of Cachar. [XII]". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 13 (4): 563–570.
Bulbuls of North Cachar

In some of his early writings he pointed out errors in the identification keys (for instance for the minivets) given by E.W. Oates in the Fauna of British India.[9] This was followed by a more careful re-examination of specimens and he established himself as a careful taxonomist.[10]

This period of publications was followed by a major series on the ducks of India. These were illustrated by plates made by J.G. Keulemans. This established him as an expert on the game birds.

The work on ducks led to a further series on the waders and other game birds and this eventually led to a multi-volume book on game-birds. This series began in 1910 and ended in 1934. Along the way Baker also began to revise a list of the species found in India based on the work of Hartert for the Palearctic region. Baker introduced trinomials in his "hand-list".

Hand-list of the birds of India

Range extensions

Baker continued to update the list and make corrections and note rarities being reported and on distributions. He noted the occurrence of Bewick's swans and Anser brachyrhynchus (from near Dibrugarh).[11][12][13][14]

Books

Several of Baker's works were revised and produced as books. The most significant work was the second edition to the Fauna of British India series on birds. He noted that it was work in process and that errors were always likely to creep in. Some misprints and other problems were pointed out for instance by C.B. Ticehurst.[15] Some like T.R. Livesey and Hugh Whistler were completely opposed to Baker's use of trinomials.[16][17][18]

Baker took an interest in cuckoos and puzzled over how their eggs matched those of their hosts despite a single species parasitizing multiple species of hosts with entirely different kinds of eggs. He believed that cuckoos laid their egg on the ground and carried them in their bills into the nest of their host. He even cited Hume for a note on shooting a cuckoo with an egg looking like that of the host in its bill.[19][20][21] One of Baker's correspondent provided him a blue egg from the oviduct of a female that had been shot.[22] In a later note he observed that cuckoos destroyed one or two of the host's eggs before adding its own.[23] Towards the end of his life Baker took a renewed interest in the ecology and evolution of cuckoos and was the topic of his last book in 1942.[24][25]

Fauna of British India - second edition

Hand-list

Nidification of Birds

Cuckoo problems
  • Baker, E. C. S. (1942). Cuckoo Problems. London: H.F. & G. Witherby Ltd.

Footnotes

  1. ^ Wartime Civilian Honours List, The Times, 31 March 1920
  2. ^ a b Warr, F. E. 1996. Manuscripts and Drawings in the ornithology and Rothschild libraries of The Natural History Museum at Tring. BOC.
  3. ^ Boev, Zlator (1997). "Stuart Baker's collection of birds in the National Museum of Natural History (Sofia)". Historia naturalis bulgarica. 7: 5–13.
  4. ^ Baker, E. C. S. (1914). "Some notes on tame Serpent Eagles. Spilornis cheela". Avicult. Mag. 5 (5): 154–159.
  5. ^ Baker, E. C. S. (1914). "Some notes on the White-legged Falconet Microhierax melanoleucus". Avicult. Mag. 5 (3): 93–98.
  6. ^ Walters, M.P. (2005). "My life with eggs". Zool. Med. Leiden. 79: 5–18.
  7. ^ Baker, E. C. S. (1892). "Notes on a new species of Wren found in North Cachar, Assam". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 7 (3): 319–322.
  8. ^ Ripley, S. Dillon (1954). "Notes on Indian Birds VI. Additional comments on the wren-babbler, Spelaeornis" (PDF). Postilla (20): 1–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
  9. ^ Baker, E. C. S. (1895). "The identification of birds". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 10 (1): 151–152.
  10. ^ Baker, E. C. S. (1897). "Note on Pericrocotus speciosus vel paterculus". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 10 (4): 631–632.
  11. ^ Baker, E. C. S. (1911). "The occurrence of Cygnus bewicki and other Swans in India". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 21 (1): 273–274.
  12. ^ Baker, E. C. S. (1908). "Important additions to the Indian avifauna. The Chinese Crimson-horned Pheasant Tragopan temmincki and Bewicks Swan Cygnus bewicki". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 18 (4): 753–755.
  13. ^ Baker, E. C. S. (1904). "The occurrence of rare birds in India". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 15 (4): 718.
  14. ^ Baker, E. C. S. (1915). "A review of the Indian Swans". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 23 (3): 454–459.
  15. ^ Baker, E. C. S. (1932). "Notes on The Fauna of British India: Birds. vols. IV, V and VI (new edition)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 35 (4): 873.
  16. ^ Baker, E. C. S. (1939). "[comments to] The nomenclature of birds". J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 41 (2): 429–433.
  17. ^ Baker, E. C. S. (1919). "Sub-species and the field naturalist". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 26 (2): 518–524.
  18. ^ Baker, E. C. S. (1924). "A brief reply to some criticisms on the second edition of the Avifauna of British India". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 30 (1): 207–209.
  19. ^ Baker, E. C. S. (1906). "The oology of Indian parasitic Cuckoos. Part I." Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 17 (1): 72–84.
  20. ^ Baker, E. C. S. (1906). "The oology of Indian parasitic Cuckoos. Part II". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 17 (2): 351–374.
  21. ^ Baker, E. C. S. (1907). "The oology of Indian parasitic Cuckoos. Part III". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 17 (3): 678–697.
  22. ^ Baker, E. C. S. (1908). "Additional cuckoo notes". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 18 (2): 275–279.
  23. ^ Baker, E. C. S. (1907). "Additional Cuckoo notes". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 17 (4): 876–894.
  24. ^ Baker, E. C. S. (1942). "Information wanted regarding cuckoos". J. Bengal Nat. Hist. Soc. 17 (2): 53–56.
  25. ^ Baker, E. C. S. (1943). "Information wanted regarding cuckoos". J. Bengal Nat. Hist. Soc. 17 (3): 92–95.

References

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