Demetrius I დემეტრე I | |
---|---|
King of Kings of Georgia | |
King of Georgia | |
1st Reign | 1125–1154 |
Predecessor | David IV |
Successor | David V |
2nd Reign | 1155-1156 |
Predecessor | David V |
Successor | George III |
Born | c. 1093 |
Died | 1156 (aged 62–63) Mtskheta |
Burial | |
Issue | David V George III Rusudan |
Dynasty | Bagrationi |
Father | David IV of Georgia |
Mother | Rusudan of Armenia |
Religion | Georgian Orthodox Church |
Demetrius I (Georgian: დემეტრე I, romanized: demet're I) (c. 1093 – 1156), from the Bagrationi dynasty, was King (mepe) of Georgia from 1125 to 1156. He is also known as a poet. He was King of Georgian kingdom two times, first in 1125 to 1154 and second in 1155 before his death in 1156. King Demetrius I struggled tirelessly to protect the inheritance he had received from his father he guarded Georgia’s borders and fought to enlarge its frontiers. Many regions, including Hereti, Somkhiti, Tashiri, Javakheti, Artaani and Tao were repopulated during King Demetrius ’s reign.
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Commencement 2012 Graduate Speaker: Tammy Demetrius Jacobs
Transcription
Good afternoon, graduating class of 2012, President Hurwitz, Board of Trustees members, faculty, staff, family, and friends. I feel so honored to stand here today. Graduates, we have worked extra hard to get where we are today. So congratulations to you all. [CHEERS AND APPLAUSE] On behalf of the graduating masters and doctoral students of Gallaudet University, I would like to thank all the parents, spouses, families, and friends who have encouraged and supported us as we've worked towards our graduate degrees. I especially would like to thank my two dear sons, Malachai and Cameron. They have been so patient with their mommy while I was busy with my schoolwork. I love both of you. I also want to thank my family. My mom especially who has encouraged me through my positive and negative experiences and everything here at Gallaudet. I love you mom. Thank you. Our faculty and staff have taught us and invested their precious time and energy in us and given us an opportunity to realize a personal dream and a professional goal. Thank you. Now as we graduates are looking back, wondering how on earth we've arrived on this day and gotten our degree, you know, I look at my family. I'm one of eight children. I had several siblings, and as we were growing up, I had an unforeseen circumstance. I became an example in my family. I'm the first person in my family to get a bachelor's as well and a master's and I'm very grateful for that. Very grateful. When I look back on my high school and the graduation at that time, I remembered there was a poem that was written by a black poet named Langston Hughes, called "A Dream Deferred." It made a lasting impression on me and ultimately what it said is when a dream is deferred for too long, it becomes a burden and dries up. His words have reminded me each day and have brought me each day closer to my goal to never ever give up. Today a dream deferred is coming true for all of us, as we receive our graduate degrees. [APPLAUSE] My experience here at Gallaudet is inexplicable in words, it's impossible -- there's no single word to describe that. The culmination of years of hard work has given us an opportunity to dream anew. And our deaf community is not the only place where challenges exist. There are challenges throughout the world and our country and beyond. We have been invested with the powerful tool named education. And part of the knowledge that we as graduates have during our journey is a deeper understanding that anything truly worthwhile is not easy and success is never guaranteed. Nothing is truly easy. We know that. Within our country and abroad there remain many injustices to be fought. I think about the different shattered dreams of the oppressed people around the world. And in particular I think about the young people in Arab Spring. These are young women who are rising up against social injustice. From these struggles and many more emerge heroes and heroines and stories that can inspire us to make a difference for our people. Change can happen and we can do it. I'd like to share a quote from former president Ronald Reagan. "Each generation goes further than the generation preceding it because it stands on the shoulders of that generation." We have opportunities beyond anything they've ever known. Our ancestors have given us strength and courage. Gallaudet has given us the knowledge. Now, no matter what you become, you are poised to make a contribution to society. Make a difference in this world. We have the opportunity to create change. As I close, I'm going to quote an astronaut, Mae Jemison. She was the first black woman astronaut. She said: "Don't let anyone rob you of your imagination, your creativity or your curiosity. It's your place in the world. It's your life. Go on. Do all you can and make the life you want to live." Class of 2012, it's soon time for us to leave. And we're going on different journeys in many different directions. But before we do so please take a moment to remember your alma mater here at Gallaudet. God bless you and Godspeed.
Early life
Demetrius was the eldest son of king David the Builder by his first wife Rusudan. He was brought up in Kutaisi
King David proclaimed his son co-ruler of Georgia and crowned him with his own hands. He declared that his son Demetrius, through his wisdom, chastity, bravery, and handsome appearance, would rule Georgia better than he himself had. Demetrius acquired great glory while his father was still alive.
In 1117 David sent him to Shirvan to fight, and the young commander astonished the people with his deftness in battle. Demetrius seized Kaladzori Castle (later Alberd, now Ağdaş[2]) and returned home with many captives and much wealth.[3][4]
Demetrius succeeded on his father's death on January 24, 1125.
Reign
In 1125 Demetrius attacked Dmanisi. Armenian historian Vardan tells us that Demetrius recaptured Khunan, but lost it again after a while. Finally, he recaptured Khunan in 1128, and Dmanisi a little later.
In 1125 Manuchihr, who was Demetrius' brother-in-law, regained control of western Shirvan. And in 1126, the Muslim population of Shirvan rebelled with the support of the Seljuks. In 1129-30, Demetrius reached a compromise with the support of his sister, Shirvan was again divided into two parts, the Christian part was incorporated into Georgia and the border being the Tetritsqali, while Manuchihr was appointed as the emir of eastern Shirvan and recognized Georgia's vassalage.[5]
In 1130, Georgia was attacked by the Sultan of Ahlat, Shah-Armen Sökmen II (c. 1128–1183). This war was started by the passage of Ani into the hands of the Georgians; Demetrius I had to compromise and give up Ani to the Shaddadid emir Fadl ibn Mahmud on terms of vassalage and inviolability of the Christian churches.
In 1130, his half-brother Vakhtang rebelled against the king. He was supported by great feudal lord Ivane Abuletisdze, tried to overthrow Demetrius from the throne but the king captured and punished the conspirators and Vakhtang was captured, blinded and cast in prison where he apparently died shortly afterwards.[6][7]
In 1138 or 1139, Demetrius raided the city of Ganja in Arran. He brought the iron gate of the defeated city to Georgia and donated it to Gelati Monastery at Kutaisi. Despite this brilliant victory, Demetrius could hold Ganja only for a few years.[8][9] In reply to this, the sultan of the Eldiguzids attacked Ganja several times, and in 1143 the town again fell to the sultan. According to Mkhitar Gosh, Demetrius ultimately gained possession of Ganja, but, when he gave his daughter in marriage to the sultan, he presented the latter with the town as dowry, and the sultan appointed his own emir to rule it. Thus, Ganja once again fell into the hands of the Eldiguzids.
In 1150, Demetrius' son David rebelled. Demetrius punished the conspirators, but did not punish his son.
Fadl's successor, Fakr al-Din Shaddad, a Shaddadid emir of Ani asked for Saltuk's daughter's hand, however Saltuk refused him. This caused a deep hatred in Shaddad towards Saltuk. In 1154 he planned a plot and formed a secret alliance with Demetrius. While a Georgian army waited in ambush, he offered tribute to Saltukids, ruler of Erzerum and asked the latter to accept him as a vassal. In 1153–1154, Emir Saltuk II marched on Ani, but Shaddad informed his suzerain, the King of Georgia, of this. Demetrius marched to Ani, defeated and captured the emir. At the request of neighbouring Muslim rulers and released him for a ransom of 100,000 dinars, paid by Saltuk's sons in law and Saltuk swore not to fight against the Georgians he returned home.[10]
In 1154, David, Demetrius's elder son forced his father to abdicate and become a monk, receiving the monastic name Damian (Damianus). However, David died six months later and Demetrius was restored to the throne. David was survived by his son Demna who was regarded by the aristocratic opposition as a lawful pretender. Demetrius crowned his younger son, George, as co-ruler, and retired to David Gareja for good, where he wrote hymns until his death.
He died in 1156 and was buried at Gelati Monastery.
He is regarded as a saint in the Orthodox Church and his feast day is celebrated on May 23 on the Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar.[11]
Marriage and children
The name of Demetrius's wife is unknown, but he had several children:
- David V, 7th king of Georgia;
- George III, 8th king of Georgia, who succeeded him;
- Rusudan, married firstly with Sultan Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud in 1143 and secondly with Sultan Ahmad Sanjar, married thirdly with Sultan Suleiman-Shah;
- An unnamed daughter who married Emir Abu al-Muzaffar of Derbent in c. 1130;[12]
- An unnamed daughter, who married Prince Iziaslav II of Kiev in 1154;[12]
Poems
King Demetrius I was an author of several poems, mainly on religious themes. Shen Khar Venakhi (Georgian: შენ ხარ ვენახი, English: Thou Art a Vineyard), a hymn to the Virgin Mary, is the most famous of them.
See also
References
- ^ Flood, Finbarr Barry (2017). A Turk in the Dukhang? Comparative Perspectives on Elite Dress in Medieval Ladakh and the Caucasus. Austrian Academy of Science. p. 252, Fig. 18.
- ^ Hewsen, Robert H. (1992). The Geography of Ananias of Širak: Ašxarhac'oyc', the Long and the Short Recensions. Wiesbaden: Reichert. p. 249. ISBN 3-88226-485-3.
- ^ History of Georgia 2012, p. 386.
- ^ Hewsen, Robert H. (1992). The Geography of Ananias of Širak: Ašxarhac'oyc', the Long and the Short Recensions. Wiesbaden: Reichert. p. 249. ISBN 3-88226-485-3.
- ^ Rayfield 2012, p. 98.
- ^ Lordkipanidze, Mariam (1987), Georgia in the XI-XII Centuries, p. 129. Tbilisi: Ganatleba
- ^ (in Georgian) Melikishvili, Giorgi & Anchabadze, Zurab (ed., 1979), საქართველოს ისტორიის ნარკვევები, ტ. 3: საქართველო XI–XV საუკუნეებში (Studies in the History of Georgia, vol. 3: Georgia in the 11th–15th centuries). Tbilisi: Sabchota Sakartvelo
- ^ Rayfield, Donald (2013). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. Reaktion Books. p. 100. ISBN 978-1780230702.
- ^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2015). Historical Dictionary of Georgia (2 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 259. ISBN 978-1442241466.
- ^ Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: Türkiye tarihi Cilt I, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991, p. 149–150.
- ^ (in Greek) Ὁ Ὅσιος Δαμιανὸς ἐκ Γεωργίας. 23 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
- ^ a b Rayfield, D. (2013). Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. Reaktion Books. pp. 98, 100. ISBN 978-1-78023-070-2.
Bibliography
- Lortkipanidze, Mariam; Japaridze, Otar; Muskhelishvili, David; Metreveli, Roin (2012). History of Georgia in four volumes, vol. II - History of Georgia from the 4th century to the 13th century. Tbilisi: National Academy of Sciences of Georgia. ISBN 978-9941-19-585-3.
- Rayfield, Donald (2012). Edge of Empires, a History of Georgia. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78023-070-2.
External links
- Listen to the hymn “Thou Art the Vineyard”
- St Damiane (Demetrius) the King and Hymnographer Orthodox synaxarion