The Death of the Virgin Mary is a common subject in Western Christian art, the equivalent of the Dormition of the Theotokos in Eastern Orthodox art. This depiction became less common as the doctrine of the Assumption gained support in the Roman Catholic Church from the Late Middle Ages onward. Although that doctrine avoids stating whether Mary was alive or dead when she was bodily taken up to Heaven, she is normally shown in art as alive. Nothing is said in the Bible about the end of Mary's life, but a tradition dating back to at least the 5th century says the twelve Apostles were miraculously assembled from their far-flung missionary activity to be present at the death, and that is the scene normally depicted, with the apostles gathered round the bed.[1][2][3]
A virtuoso engraving by Martin Schongauer of about 1470 shows the Virgin from the foot of a large bed with the apostles spread around the three sides, and this composition influences many later depictions.[4] Earlier depictions usually follow the standard Byzantine image, with the Virgin lying on a bed or sarcophagus across the front of the picture space, with Christ usually standing above her on the far side, and the apostles and others gathered around. Often Christ holds a small figure that may look like a baby, representing Mary's soul.
A prominent, and late, example of the subject is Death of the Virgin by Caravaggio (1606), the last major Catholic depiction. Other examples include Death of the Virgin by Andrea Mantegna and Death of the Virgin by Hugo van der Goes. All these show the gathering of the apostles around the deathbed, as does an etching by Rembrandt.
Three minor anonymous artists are known to art history as the Master of the Death of the Virgin.
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Niccolò di Pietro Gerini, Death and Assumption of the Virgin, c. 1370–1375 -
Engraving by Martin Schongauer, about 1470 -
Death of the Virgin by Andrea Mantegna, c. 1461 -
Russian icon, early 16th century -
Death of the Virgin by Caravaggio (1606)
YouTube Encyclopedic
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Caravaggio, Death of the Virgin
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Caravaggio "The death of Virgin Mary" # 12
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Mantegna, Dormition of the Virgin
Transcription
BETH HARRIS: We're in the Louvre, and we're looking at Caravaggio's painting "The Death of the Virgin," from 1605, 1606. This is a very large painting. STEVEN ZUCKER: And it's quite dark. Caravaggio is known for painting in the dark manner, but this is an especially dark painting. And it actually might need to be cleaned. BETH HARRIS: Maybe. We see that dark, tenebroso background and the figures very, very close to us, but we don't see anything that we might expect to see in a painting of the Virgin Mary's death. Normally we might expect to see her being assumed into heaven or angels receiving her in heaven. And typical of Caravaggio, he's created a spiritual scene but brought it totally down to earth and used a very everyday language to depict it. STEVEN ZUCKER: The Virgin Mary herself looks like she could be a contemporary Roman. BETH HARRIS: She doesn't look particularly spiritual, aside from the faint halo which we can barely make out around her head. Her hair is undone. Her front of her dress is coming open. Her feet are bare. Which was really indecent. The priests at the time said she looked like Caravaggio had modeled her on a prostitute who'd been dragged out of the river, hardly an appropriate model for the Virgin Mary. STEVEN ZUCKER: In fact, the monks, they rejected the painting because of that rumor. So the painting is down to earth. It is, in a sense, the Catholic stories brought into our world in the most direct way. And if you look at the scale of the painting and the way in which that young woman who's mourning in the foreground bends down, she seems to virtually be in our space. We could reach over to that copper basin that is just at her feet and seems to be just at ours as well. BETH HARRIS: I think Caravaggio has really intentionally left a space open for us in the circle of mourners who surround her. If you look at them, they're obviously the apostles. But Caravaggio has let the light fall on perhaps the most unflattering aspects of their features in a way that I think is very typical of Caravaggio and his interest in the everyday and the common and then the lowly. STEVEN ZUCKER: But that's not to say that he's not a master of composition. If you look at that wonderful swash of red cloth above, the way that it frames beautifully and elegantly the scene, but it also creates a kind of arc and curve that is repeated in those bald heads, which actually also sort of reverse and lead us down to the Virgin Mary. Her body lays across at a diagonal, a reminder that we're no longer in the Renaissance, but we're looking at a more activated composition that is very much typical of the Baroque. Her arm creates a different kind of diagonal as it moves towards us. And you have that incredible broken wrist that then leads us down to the woman below her. I think it's almost as if Caravaggio is suggesting that we should be like this young woman before us, bent over in sorrow for the death of the Virgin. BETH HARRIS: I was noticing the hands, the hands of the apostle in gold, that hand that's foreshortened-- STEVEN ZUCKER: Oh, it's wonderful, isn't it? BETH HARRIS: --the figure below him who's got his head in his hands, the figure next to the man in gold who's weeping, who's rubbing his eyes, the other figure next to him who props his head up with his hand, and then down to the Virgin Mary, whose arm is foreshortened and her hand hangs down. But the other hand, her right hand, looks as though it was sort of flopped down on her chest. And as you said, we can really sense that this is indeed a dead body. There's no sense of spiritual rebirth or salvation. We almost feel rigor mortis setting here. STEVEN ZUCKER: Well, look at the way that her right hand, the ring finger is tucked under the middle finger in a kind of haphazard way that no living person would allow to happen. BETH HARRIS: It's as though Caravaggio is completely rejecting the elegance of the High Renaissance to intentionally give us something difficult and almost ugly. STEVEN ZUCKER: And something that is of our world, this embrace of the spiritual through our world.
References
- ^ "The Assumption". Archived from the original on 2011-08-13. Retrieved 2011-10-01.
- ^ Jameson, Anna (2010-04-22). Legends of the Madonna: As Represented in the Fine Arts. Forgotten Books. pp. 450–480. ISBN 1-4400-8561-7.
- ^ Pascale, Enrico De; J. Paul Getty Museum (March 2009). Death and resurrection in art. Getty Publications. pp. 363–364. ISBN 978-0-89236-947-8.
- ^ "Réunion des musées nationaux". Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-10-01.
This page was last edited on 22 January 2024, at 05:54