Dalal Mughrabi

Dalal Mughrabi
دلال المغربي

Born	c. 1959 Beirut, Lebanon
Died	11 March 1978(1978-03-11) (aged 18–19) Coastal Highway, Israel
Nationality	Palestinian
Occupation	Militant
Known for	Coastal Road massacre

Dalal Mughrabi (Arabic: دلال المغربي, Dalāl al-Muɣrabī; c. 1959 – 11 March 1978) was a Palestinian militant who was a member of the Fatah faction of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and participated in the 1978 Coastal Road massacre in Israel. The attack resulted in the death of 38 Israeli civilians, including 13 children.^[1] Mughrabi and eight other militants were also killed in the course of the operation.^[2]^[3] While she has been hailed as a martyr and a national hero among many Palestinians,^[4]^[5] Israel and the United Nations have described her as a terrorist.^[6]^[1]^[7]^[8]

Early life

Mughrabi was born and raised in the Palestinian refugee camp of Sabra in Beirut, Lebanon.^[9] Her father was a Palestinian refugee whose family home prior to the 1948 Palestine war was in Jaffa, Palestine. Her mother was Lebanese.^[10]

Originally educated as a nurse, Mughrabi decided to devote her life to politics when the Lebanese Civil War broke out in 1975. She joined Fatah and began working within the organization's communications service. She took part in the fighting against the Syrian army in the mountains southeast of Beirut when Syrian forces entered Lebanon in 1976 to assist the Phalangists and their allies. In 1977 she completed a three-month training course attaining her the rank of lieutenant. She was offered a post in Italy by Fatah as political officer working at the PLO office, but she declined choosing instead a military career.^[11]

1978 operation

Mughrabi was part of a group of eleven Palestinian and Lebanese militants who landed on March 11, 1978, on the coastal plain near Tel Aviv.^[3]^[9] Mughrabi allegedly led the group, though reports differ.^[12] The timing was aimed at scuttling peace talks between Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat,^[13] and the intent was to attack the ministry of defence in Tel Aviv^[3] or to "reach the Knesset and demand the release of Palestinian prisoners."^[14] or to "kill as many Israelis as possible".^[13]

Murder of Gail Rubin

Landing at the beach, Mughrabi's group met American photographer Gail Rubin, who was taking nature photographs on the beach, and asked her where they were, after which they killed her.^[15] Both surviving members of the group later confirmed that it was Mughrabi who killed Rubin,^[16] who was the niece of US Senator Abraham A. Ribicoff.^[17]

Hijacking

The militants opened fire at passing traffic and hijacked a taxi, killing its occupants.^[13] They seized a bus and headed to Tel Aviv,^[12]^[13] and then hijacked another bus, moving the hostages (now numbering 71) to the first bus.^[13]

Israeli forces stopped the bus, and a shooting battle ensued before it exploded.^[3]^[13]^[18] During the shootout Mughrabi allegedly raised the Palestinian flag and declared the establishment of a Palestinian state.^[3] Israel says the bus exploded after Mughrabi blew it up with a grenade, while Palestinians say it was struck by fire from an Israeli helicopter gunship.^[3]^[13] A total of 38 Israelis, including 13 children, were killed and 72 were wounded; Mughrabi and eight other militants died as well.^[2]^[19]

Release of remains

As part of the 2008 Israel–Hezbollah prisoner exchange, Mughrabi's remains were supposed to be exhumed and returned to Lebanon. Dalal was buried in a "cemetery for enemy dead" but the Israel Defense Forces apparently could not locate the body due to underground currents moving the coffins in the cemetery.^[20] Dalal's sister said to Ma'an News Agency that the family received a coffin that contained "just dirt and stones".^[21]

Commemoration as a martyr

Among many Palestinians, Mughrabi is viewed as a martyr in the struggle for the liberation of Palestine.^[22]^[8] Among Israelis, she is viewed as a terrorist responsible for one of the deadliest terrorist attacks in the history of the State of Israel.^[18]

Numerous Palestinian sites and institutions, some inaugurated by the Palestinian Authority, bear her name, including a public square, schools, a computer center, a soccer tournament, and a summer camp.^[1]^[23]

The dedication of the public square in the city of al-Bireh was controversial. It was initially scheduled for March 2010 on the 32nd anniversary of the Coastal Road attack, and would also have coincided with a visit to the region by U.S. Vice President Joe Biden.^[24]^[25]

Public condemnation came from Benjamin Netanyahu, Israel's Prime Minister, who said the honoring of Mughrabi was anti-Israel incitement that "encourages terrorism",^[1] and United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, who said such actions were "provocations... needlessly inflaming tensions and imperiling prospects for a comprehensive peace."^[5] Dozens of Palestinian teenagers from Fatah's youth division and a senior Fatah official gathered at the square.^[1]

In March 2011, an official ceremony was held, installing a plaque that depicted Mughrabi cradling a rifle against a map of Israel, the West Bank and Gaza Strip.^[26]

In addition, the PA launched a seminar called "Martyr Dalal Mughrabi Camp," to be held in Jericho.^[24]

In May 2017, the Palestinian Authority via its organisation Women's Affairs Technical Committee (WATC) named a women's center in the town of Burqa after Mughrabi and celebrated her as a role model.^[27]

The center was built with the aid of the government of Norway and UN Women. Norway's Foreign Minister demanded that Norway's funding for the building be repaid and its logo removed from the building. He said that "Norway will not allow itself to be associated with institutions that take the names of terrorists in this way".^[28]^[7]^[29]

The United Nations also condemned the naming as "glorification of terrorism" and demanded its logo be removed from the building.^[30]

The Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs started its own investigations of WATC and found it had withheld central information about the naming of the centre and terminated the working relationship with WATC. As a result of the findings, Denmark ceased funding 23 other NGOs in Palestine.^[27]^[31]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Kershner, Isabel (11 March 2010). "Palestinians Honor a Figure Reviled in Israel as a Terrorist". The New York Times.
^ ^a ^b Suicide missions in the Palestinian area: a new database Archived 2010-04-01 at the Wayback Machine by Luca Ricolfi and Paolo Campana
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Black, Ian; McLeod, Hugh (11 March 2010). "Israel-Hizbullah prisoner exchange: profiles". The Guardian.
^ Peteet, Julie (1992), Gender in Crisis: Women and the Palestinian Resistance Movement, Columbia University Press, p. 155, ISBN 9780231516051
^ ^a ^b "Israel Balks as Palestine Honors Militants". CBS News. 24 March 2010. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
^ "Note to Correspondents: In answer to questions on the naming of a community center in Burqa village in the occupied Palestinian territory". The United Nations. 28 May 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
^ ^a ^b Issacharoff, Avi (27 May 2017). "Norway demands PA return funds for women's center named after terrorist". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ ^a ^b PA won't honor terrorist, for now by Ali Waked in YNET: "Al-Mughrabi is a popular figure, considered by the Palestinian public to be a major hero of their struggle, with many legends linked to her name over the years."
^ ^a ^b al Amir, Khitam (15 July 2008). "Palestinian Dalal Al Mughrabi's body to be handed over to Hezbollah". Gulf News.
^ Peteet, Julie (2011-06-03). Landscape of Hope and Despair: Palestinian Refugee Camps. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812200317.
^ Tveit, Odd Karsten (1985). Nederlag. Israels krig i Libanon (in Norwegian). Cappelen. p. 23. ISBN 82-02-09346-5.
^ ^a ^b Issacharoff, Avi (2009-08-05). "Coastal Road terrorist refuses to apologize, says peace 'important'". Ha'aretz.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "A Sabbath of Terror". Time. 20 March 1978. Archived from the original on June 29, 2007.
^ "ynetnews - sorry page". ynetnews.
^ "Tragedy of errors". Time March 27, 1978. March 27, 1978. Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
^ "IMRA - Monday, August 4, 2008 MEMRITV: Fatah Terrorists Who Participated in a 1978 Attack Commanded by Dalal Al-Maghrabi Describe the Murder of U.S. Journalist Gail Rubin". Retrieved 4 November 2015.
^ "U.S. Born Photographer Was First Victim in the Raid". The New York Times. 13 March 1978. p. 11. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
^ ^a ^b Ali Waked, PA won't honor terrorist, for now, ynetnews.com; accessed 10 March 2018.
^ "Dead Palestinian militant clouds peace efforts". Associated Press. 24 March 2010.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ Nadav Zeevi (15 September 2008). "גופת המחבלת דלאל אל מוגרבי נעלמה מקברה (Body of the terrorist Dalal al-Mughrabi disappeared from the grave)". Maariv. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
תקוותיהם של הפלסטינים נגוזו ב-16 ביולי. הם ציפו לקבל בחזרה את גופת הגיבורה שלהם, המחבלת דלאל אל-מוגרבי, במסגרת עסקת חילופי השבויים עם חיזבאללה, ולפרוץ בשורת חגיגות ניצחון. אבל ישראל לא העבירה את הגופה, ולא בשל תרגיל של הרגע האחרון. הסיבה אחרת לגמרי: זרמים תת קרקעיים סחפו את גופתה של אל-מוגרבי מבית העלמין לחללי אויב, ו"הכלה מיפו" נעלמה.
The hopes of the Palestinians vanished on July 16th. They expected to get back the body of their hero, the terrorist Dalal Mughrabi, as part of the prisoner exchange with Hezbollah, and to break out in a series of victory celebrations. But Israel did not transfer the body, and not because of a last minute trick. There was a completely different reason: underground currents swept Dalal Mughrabi's body away from the cemetery for enemy dead, and the "Bride from Jaffa" disappeared.
^ "Israel failed to return Dalal Al-Mughrabi's remains, says sister". Ma'an News Agency (MNA). 8 March 2009. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2012.
^ al Amir, Khitam (15 July 2008). "Palestinian Dalal Al Mughrabi's body to be handed over to Hezbollah". Gulf News. "'Point your guns in only one direction - your enemy – Israel', exhorted Dalal Al Mughrabi in her final wish just before she laid down her life for Palestine... According to her mother, who was speaking to an Arabic TV channel, 'Dalal will never be forgotten as she will remain an admirable symbol of the Palestinian women's struggle and an example to be emulated by young Palestinian men and women who will pursue the armed struggle until the liberation of Palestine.'"
^ Marcus, Itamar; Zilberdik, Nan Jacques (24 March 2010). "Hillary Cinton's unfortunate mistake". The Jerusalem Post.
^ ^a ^b Khaled Abu Toameh (15 March 2010). "Fatah holds ceremony naming square after terrorist". The Jerusalem Post.
^ "PA cancels ceremony honoring hijacker". JTA. 11 March 2010.
^ Palestinians honor Fatah terrorist, despite Israel's protests, haaretz.com; accessed 10 March 2018.
^ ^a ^b "Danmark strammer betingelserne for bistand til palæstinenserne". www.b.dk (in Danish). 22 December 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ Keinon, Herb (27 May 2017). "Norway slams PA for glorifying terrorists with its money". JPost.com. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
^ Affairs, Ministry of Foreign (26 May 2017). "Unacceptable glorification of terrorist attacks". Government.no. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ Wootliff, Raoul (28 May 2017). "UN chief's office slams 'glorification of terrorism' at Palestinian women's center". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
^ Udenrigsministeriet. "Udenrigsminister Anders Samuelsen strammer betingelser for dansk bistand til NGO'er i Palæstina efter undersøgelse". Udenrigsministeriet (in Danish). Archived from the original on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2017.