The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Svalbard:
Svalbard – incorporated territory of the Kingdom of Norway comprising the Svalbard Archipelago in the Arctic Ocean about midway between mainland Norway and the North Pole.[1] The archipelago extends from 74° to 81° North, and from 10° to 35° East. The archipelago is the northernmost part of Norway. Three islands are populated: Spitsbergen, Bear Island and Hopen. The capital and largest settlement is Longyearbyen on Spitsbergen. The Spitsbergen Treaty recognises Norwegian sovereignty over Svalbard and the 1925 Svalbard Act makes Svalbard a full part of the Norwegian Kingdom.
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Transcription
TOM: I am with Kate Oliver and Andy Collins from the Centre for Functional Nanomaterials at the University of Bristol. And they're going to show me how we see tiny tiny tiny things. KATE: So we're nanotechnologists, and for us, a tiny thing is an atom. TOM: Right. Okay. KATE: So we have one way of seeing atoms. It's called a scanning tunnelling microscope. And it uses the fact that if you bring a tip close to a surface, there's a probability that because of quantum -- TOM: I love that explanation. KATE: -- the explanations will go from the surface to the tip. So basically, as you move the tip along, if you hit a bump, more electrons will tunnel up into the tip. And that will give you an idea of how close the surface is. TOM: But that means you need a tip that is one atom thick. KATE: It means you need a tip that is very small. TOM: Okay. Which is where you come in. ANDY: So I'm going to show you how to make a tip that's one atom thick. You need to get it as sharp as you possibly can for good imaging. We've got a secret weapon of nanoscience: Pliers. And wire cutters. TOM: I kind of assumed there'd be some kind of hideously expensive equipment required in this, but... ANDY: So I've got some platinum wire. TOM: Okay, that is hideously expensive. ANDY: It's a platinum iridium alloy. And we use platinum so that it doesn't conduct oxygen, which would make the tip fatter. Because we want one single, conductive atom at the surface of the tip. So if I hold that wire in my pliers, and I apply the wire cutters at a 45 degree angle... ..there we go! That means you've got something that, in theory, is atomically sharp. TOM: That's fantastic. So what do you do if it's not conductive? Because quantum tunnelling only works with something that's conductive. KATE: This is an atomic force microscope. TOM: It's really cool! And it's actually scanning at the minute? KATE: It is. You can see on the screen here, that is -- 20 micrometres across. So that is about a fifth of the width of one of your hairs, Tom. But we wouldn't be able to see anything on here if it wasn't against a really flat, high-contrast background. Luckily, we have a number of minerals that come in convenient flat sheets. One of these is mica, which I have here. But we can't be sure that we've only got one layer on the surface. So for that, we have another high-tech nanoscience tool. TOM: Which is sellotape. KATE: Yes. Adhere this down. And it's stuck to just one of these layers of mica, or maybe a couple. TOM: But the top layers? KATE: Yes. And then: peel it off, and can you see the faint outline? TOM: There is. There is a faint outline of a square on there. Which is -- is that just a one atom thick layer of mica? KATE: Yep. And that implies that what's left is also entirely flat. Giving us a really good contrast for any atoms, molecules, species -- these are some fibres we've got on top of this surface -- that we want to have a look at and see what they can do for us that's really useful. TOM: So we have million-pound equipment around this lab. And then we've got pliers and sticky tape. ANDY: Yes. TOM: That is wonderful. Kate Oliver, Andy Collins, from the Centre for Functional Nanomaterials at the University of Bristol. Thank you very much, guys!
General reference
- Pronunciation: English: /ˈsvɑːlbɑːr/ SVAHL-bar,[2] Urban East Norwegian: [ˈsvɑ̂ːɫbɑr]
- Common English country name: Svalbard
- Official English country name: Svalbard of the Kingdom of Norway
- Common endonym(s):
- Official endonym(s):
- Adjectival(s):
- Demonym(s):
- Etymology: Name of Svalbard
- ISO country codes for Svalbard and Jan Mayen: SJ, SJM, 744
- ISO region codes for Svalbard and Jan Mayen: See ISO 3166-2:SJ
- Internet country code top-level domain for Norway: .no
Geography of Svalbard
- Svalbard is: an archipelago and area of limited sovereignty of Norway
- Location:
- Northern Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere
- Arctic Ocean
- Time zone: Central European Time (UTC+01), Central European Summer Time (UTC+02)
- Extreme points of Svalbard
- High: Newtontoppen 1,717 m (5,633 ft)
- Low: Arctic Ocean 0 m
- Land boundaries: none
- Coastline: 3,587 km
- Population of Svalbard:
- Area of Svalbard: 61,022 km2
- Atlas of Svalbard
Environment of Svalbard
- Climate of Svalbard
- Wildlife of Svalbard
- World Heritage Sites in Svalbard: None
Demography of Svalbard
Government and politics of Svalbard
- Form of government:
- Capital of Svalbard: Longyearbyen
- Elections in Svalbard
- Political parties in Svalbard
Branches of the government of Svalbard
Government of Svalbard
Judicial branch of the government of Svalbard
Court system of Svalbard
- Supreme Court of Svalbard
Foreign relations of Svalbard
- Diplomatic missions in Svalbard
- Diplomatic missions of Svalbard
International organization membership
- none[1]
Law and order in Svalbard
Law of Svalbard
- Cannabis in Svalbard
- Constitution of Svalbard
- Crime in Svalbard
- Human rights in Svalbard
- LGBT rights in Svalbard
- Freedom of religion in Svalbard
- Law enforcement in Svalbard
Military of Svalbard
Svalbard is a designated demilitarized zone.
Local government in Svalbard
Local government in Svalbard
History of Svalbard
- Timeline of the history of Svalbard
- Military history of Svalbard
Culture of Svalbard
Part of a series on the |
Culture of Svalbard |
---|
History |
People |
Languages |
Mythology and Folklore |
Cuisine |
Festivals |
Religion |
- Cuisine of Svalbard
- Languages of Svalbard
- National symbols of Svalbard
- World Heritage Sites in Svalbard: None
Economy and infrastructure of Svalbard
- Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2007):
- Agriculture in Svalbard
- Banking in Svalbard
- National Bank of Svalbard
- Communications in Svalbard
- Internet in Svalbard
- Companies of Svalbard
- Currency of Svalbard: Krone
- Energy in Svalbard
- Energy policy of Svalbard
- Oil industry in Svalbard
- Mining in Svalbard
- Svalbard Stock Exchange
- Tourism in Svalbard
- Transport in Svalbard
Education in Svalbard
Education in Svalbard
See also
- Index of Svalbard-related articles
- List of international rankings
- Outline of Europe
- Outline of geography
- Outline of Norway
References
- ^ a b "Svalbard". The World Factbook. United States Central Intelligence Agency. July 2, 2009. Retrieved July 23, 2009.
- ^ "Svalbard – definition of Svalbard in English | Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
External links
- Governor of Svalbard (Sysselmannen) – Official site
- Norwegian Polar Institute: Svalbard.
- Norwegian Polar Institute Place Names of Svalbard Database (searchable database with name origins and map)
- Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police: Report to the Storting (1999–2000) on Svalbard – extensive report on political, administrative, economical and scientific matters relating to Svalbard
- Svalbard Science Forum SSF - Information for and about research in Svalbard
- Polar Marine Geosurvey: [1]
- A Geographical-Historical Outline of Svalbard
- Outline of the Physical Geography and Geology of Svalbard by Ólafur Ingólfsson
- Svalbard on the CIA World Factbook
- The Svalbard Pages
- Photos from Svalbard
- [2]) List of glaciers with areas]