Procedural device to allow British MPs to resign
The office of Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead functions as a procedural device to allow a member of Parliament (MP) to resign from the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. As members of the House of Commons are forbidden from formally resigning, a legal fiction is used to circumvent this prohibition: appointment to an "office of profit under The Crown " disqualifies an individual from sitting as an MP. As such, several such positions are maintained to allow MPs to resign.[1] Currently, the offices of Steward of the Manor of Northstead and Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds are used, and are specifically designated for this purpose under the House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 ; several other offices have also been used historically.[1] The appointment is traditionally made by the chancellor of the Exchequer . The position was reworked in 1861 by William Ewart Gladstone , who was worried about the honour conferred by appointment to people such as Edwin James , who had fled to the United States over £100,000 in debt. As such, the letter by the chancellor was rewritten to omit any references to honour.
The office was first used in this way on 20 March 1844 to allow Sir George Henry Rose , MP for Christchurch , to resign his seat. Appointees to the offices of Steward of the Manor of Northstead and Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds are alternated so that two MPs can resign at once (as happened on 23 January 2017 when Tristram Hunt and Jamie Reed resigned). However, every new appointment revokes the previous one, so there is no difficulty in situations in which more than two resign, such as the 1985 walkout of Ulster Unionist MPs when several separate appointments were made on a single day.[1] If a resigning MP wishes to contest the following by-election, as Douglas Carswell did in 2014, they need to resign the stewardship to avoid further disqualification.[2]
The incumbent steward of the Manor of Northstead is Scott Benton , formerly the Independent (elected Conservative) MP for Blackpool South .[3]
Key to party abbreviations
Up to 1899
William Ewart Gladstone , who reformed the process to omit references to the position being one of honour in 1861.
1900 to 1949
Date
Member
Constituency
Party
Reason for resignation
26 January 1900 [51]
Sir John Maden
Rossendale
Lib
"... circumstances have arisen that render it impossible for me any longer to retain the trust which you have generously reposed in me ..."[52] [full citation needed ]
10 February 1900 [53]
Sir Edward Clarke
Plymouth
Con
Requested to resign by his constituents in a disagreement over his views expressed[54] [full citation needed ]
23 April 1900
Walter Clough
Portsmouth
Lib
Following a judgement against him in the Law Courts[55] [full citation needed ]
3 July 1901
Oliver Young
Wokingham
Con
13 January 1902 [56]
Mark Oldroyd
Dewsbury
Lib
To concentrate on business interests[57]
4 February 1902
Patrick McDermott
North Kilkenny
IPP
10 April 1902 [58]
James Boyle
West Donegal
IPP
29 April 1902 [59]
James Kenyon
Bury
Con
Ill-health[60] [full citation needed ]
21 October 1902 [61]
Alfred Pease
Cleveland
Lib
Ill-health[62]
12 February 1903
Sir John Kinloch, Bt
East Perthshire
Lib
26 February 1903
Lord Charles Beresford
Woolwich
Con
Appointed Commander of the Channel Fleet [63]
12 May 1903
Matthew Minch
South Kildare
IPP
8 March 1904
Sir William Mather
Rossendale
Lib
1 June 1904
John William Logan
Harborough
Lib
15 June 1904
John William Mellor
Sowerby
Lib
28 July 1904
George William Palmer
Reading
Lib
11 February 1905
Richard Rigg
Appleby
Lib
Change of his political opinions different from the leadership of the Liberal Party[64] [full citation needed ]
14 February 1906
Hon. Alban Gibbs
City of London
Con
19 March 1906
Francis Seymour Stevenson
Eye
Lib
7 June 1906
Sir Edward Clarke
City of London
Con
13 October 1906
Charles Ramsay Devlin
Galway City
IPP
In order to travel to Canada [65]
12 February 1907
James Bryce
Aberdeen South
Lib
Appointed Ambassador to the United States [66]
27 April 1907
Charles Eric Hambro
Wimbledon
Con
To concentrate on business interests[67] [full citation needed ]
28 May 1907
Charles Barrington Balfour
Hornsey
Con
10 June 1907
Patrick O'Hare
North Monaghan
IPP
4 July 1907
Sir James Kitson, Bt
Colne Valley
Lib
21 August 1907
Harry Liddell
West Down
IUA
30 January 1908
Charles Dolan
North Leitrim
IPP
28 February 1908
Lord Arthur Hill
West Down
IUA
27 April 1908
John Morley
Montrose Burghs
Lib
1 June 1908
George Whiteley
Pudsey
Lib
17 November 1908
Sir Carne Rasch, Bt
South East Essex
Con
Ill-health[68] [full citation needed ]
11 February 1909
Sir Edward Boyle, Bt
Taunton
Con
Ill health.[69] [full citation needed ]
8 April 1909
Thomas Kincaid-Smith
Stratford-on-Avon
Lib
To seek the decision of his constituents on the question of the adoption of military training.[70] [full citation needed ]
12 May 1909
Sir Lewis McIver, Bt
Edinburgh West
LU
21 February 1910
Sir Balthazar Foster
Ilkeston
Lib
In order to allow J. E. B. Seely to return to Parliament[71]
3 February 1911
Sir John Fuller, Bt
Westbury
Lib
Appointed Governor of Victoria [72]
13 March 1911
Thomas Sandys
Bootle
Con
15 April 1911
Ernest Soares
Barnstaple
Lib
26 June 1911
Archibald Corbett
Glasgow Tradeston
Lib
On being created 1st Baron Rowallan [73] [full citation needed ]
28 June 1911
Aretas Akers-Douglas
St Augustine's
Con
On being created Viscount Chilston[73]
5 July 1911
Moreton Frewen
North East Cork
AFIL
Objection to the Parliament Bill [74] [full citation needed ]
20 July 1911
Edward Pickersgill
Bethnal Green South West
Lib
On appointment as a stipendiary magistrate[75] [full citation needed ]
1 March 1912
John Stanhope Arkwright
Hereford
Con
8 March 1912
William Keswick
Epsom
Con
10 April 1912
James Morrison
Nottingham East
Con
4 June 1912
Henry Wilson
Holmfirth
Lib
Ill health.[76] [full citation needed ]
4 November 1912
Hon. William Peel
Taunton
Con
On becoming the 2nd Viscount Peel on the death of his father[77] [full citation needed ]
20 January 1913
The Marquess of Hamilton
Londonderry City
IUA
On becoming the 3rd Duke of Abercorn on the death of his father[78] [full citation needed ]
1 May 1913
John Kebty-Fletcher
Altrincham
Con
Ill health.[79] [full citation needed ]
17 June 1913
Eliot Crawshay-Williams
Leicester
Lib
On being divorced[80] [full citation needed ]
11 February 1914
Ronald Munro-Ferguson
Leith Burghs
Lib
Appointed Governor-General of Australia [81]
23 June 1914
John Gordon
Brighton
Con
Ill-health[82] [full citation needed ]
11 February 1915 [83]
Gerald Kyffin-Taylor
Liverpool Kirkdale
Con
Military commitments in the 1st West Lancs. Brigade Royal Field Artillery[84]
13 October 1915
Sir Lancelot Sanderson
Appleby
Con
On appointment as Chief Justice of the High Court of Judicature in Calcutta.[85] [full citation needed ]
3 January 1916
Cecil Norton
Newington West
Lib
On becoming the 1st Baron Rathcreedan .[86] [full citation needed ]
8 January 1916
Lord Charles Beresford
Portsmouth
Con
On becoming the 1st Baron Beresford .[87] [full citation needed ]
18 February 1916
Hon. John Lyttelton
Droitwich
LU
23 February 1916
Sir Wilfrid Lawson, Bt
Cockermouth
Lib
24 February 1916
Thomas Taylor
Bolton
Lib
13 March 1916
Francis Neilson
Hyde
Lib
7 July 1916
Sir Edward Grey, Bt
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Lib
21 August 1916
Hon. Harold Henderson
Abingdon
Con
Appointed military secretary to the Duke of Devonshire , who was to become Governor General of Canada in November 1916[88]
16 October 1916
Godfrey Fetherstonhaugh
North Fermanagh
IUA
Ill-health[89] [full citation needed ]
16 December 1916
Sir Max Aitken, Bt
Ashton-under-Lyne
LU
21 December 1916
Sir Thomas Roe
Derby
Lib
On becoming the 1st Baron Roe.[90] [full citation needed ]
21 December 1916
Sir Stuart Samuel, Bt
Whitechapel
Lib
14 February 1917
Francis Newdegate
Tamworth
Con
Appointed Governor of Tasmania [91]
24 March 1917
George Birnie Esslemont
Aberdeen South
Lib
Ill health[92] [full citation needed ]
18 June 1917
Richard Chaloner
Liverpool Abercromby
Con
On becoming Baron Gisborough.[93] [full citation needed ]
19 July 1917
Almeric Paget
Cambridge
Con
15 January 1918
Sir Frederick Cawley, Bt
Prestwich
Lib
On becoming Baron Cawley[94] [full citation needed ]
27 May 1918
Sir Gilbert Parker, Bt
Gravesend
Con
Ill-health[94]
15 October 1918
Cecil Cochrane
Lib
13 February 1919
Hugh Anderson
North Londonderry
IUA
18 August 1919
William Walker
Widnes
Co Con
28 October 1919
Sir Ian Malcolm
Croydon South
Co Con
20 November 1919
Sir Hildred Carlile, Bt
St Albans
Co Con
Ill-health[95]
2 February 1920
Archibald Weigall
Horncastle
Co Con
On appointment as Governor of South Australia [96] [full citation needed ]
11 February 1920
Sir Hallewell Rogers
Birmingham Moseley
Co Con
16 February 1920
Sir Henry Dalziel, Bt
Kirkcaldy
Co Lib
15 March 1920
Sir Auckland Geddes
Basingstoke
Co Con
Appointed Ambassador to the United States [97]
2 June 1920
Albert Smith
Nelson and Colne
Lab
14 July 1920
Thomas Richards
Ebbw Vale
Lab
30 November 1920
William Abraham
Rhondda, West
Lab
22 December 1920
Charles Thornton Pulley
Hereford
Co Con
"owing to the pressing demands of his own business on the Stock Exchange"[98]
13 April 1921
Laurance Lyon
Hastings
Co Con
27 April 1921
Hon. James Lowther
Penrith and Cockermouth
Co Con
24 May 1921
Albert Illingworth
Heywood and Radcliffe
Co Lib
27 May 1921
Noel Pemberton Billing
Hertford
Ind
23 February 1922
Sir Eric Campbell Geddes
Cambridge
Co Con
2 May 1922
Sir Arthur du Cros, Bt
Wandsworth, Clapham
Co Con
12 June 1922
Sir Archibald Williamson, Bt
Moray and Nairn
Co Lib
12 February 1923
Herbert Pease
Darlington
Con
14 February 1923
Sir Harry Mallaby-Deeley, Bt
Willesden, East
Con
26 July 1923
Leslie Orme Wilson
Portsmouth, South
Con
Appointed Governor of Bombay [99]
18 January 1924
Sir Frederick Banbury, Bt
City of London
Con
18 June 1924
William Campion
Lewes
Con
Appointed Governor of Western Australia [100]
25 May 1925
Sir George Ambrose Lloyd
Eastbourne
Con
11 November 1925
Hon. E. F. L. Wood
Ripon
Con
14 April 1926
Sir Guy Gaunt
Buckrose
Con
Cited as co-respondent in the divorce case between Sir Richard Cruise and his wife[101]
29 June 1926
Sir Patrick Hastings
Wallsend
Lab
3 November 1926
Hon. Stanley Jackson
Howdenshire
Con
4 November 1926
Sir Henry Curtis-Bennett
Chelmsford
Con
Sued for divorce by his wife[102]
15 February 1927
William Wedgwood Benn
Edinburgh Leith
Lib
Leaving the Liberal Party
9 May 1927
Robert Gee
Bosworth
Con
4 November 1927
Ronald McNeill
Canterbury
Con
8 June 1928
Sir James Remnant, Bt
Holborn
Co Con
20 June 1928
John Henry Whitley
Halifax
Lib
11 November 1929
Sir Edward Iliffe
Tamworth
Con
7 May 1930
Sir Albert Bennett
Nottingham, Central
Con
16 January 1931
Hon. Henry Mond
Liverpool, East Toxteth
Con
4 February 1931
Thomas Isaac Mardy Jones
Pontypridd
Lab
Found to have allowed his wife and daughter to use House of Commons rail travel vouchers[103]
19 March 1931
Henry Snell
Woolwich, East
Lab
1 May 1931
Sir Frank Nelson
Stroud
Con
To focus on business interests[104]
25 February 1932
John Gibb Thom
Dunbartonshire
UP
On appointment as Puisne Judge of the High Court of Judicature of Allahabad[105] [full citation needed ]
11 April 1932
Sir Rennell Rodd
St. Marylebone
Con
Decided to "retire from the strenuous life of Parliament"; he was aged in his early 70s[106] [full citation needed ]
4 July 1932
Otho Nicholson
Westminster, Abbey
Con
9 August 1933
The Earl Castle Stewart
Harborough
Con
Ill health.[107] [full citation needed ]
23 April 1934
Alfred Chotzner
Upton
Con
Ill health.[108] [full citation needed ]
28 January 1935
Godfrey Wilson
Cambridge University
Con
17 June 1935
Edward Grenfell
City of London
Con
18 February 1936
Hon. Archibald Cochrane
Dunbartonshire
UP
11 June 1936
Sir Alfred Butt, Bt
Wandsworth, Balham and Tooting
Con
1 July 1936
Sir Henry Cautley, Bt
East Grinstead
Con
13 January 1937
William Ray
Richmond
Con
29 January 1937
Lord Hugh Cecil
Oxford University
Con
14 April 1937
Roger Lumley
York
Con
On appointment as Governor of Bombay [109] [full citation needed ]
27 May 1937
Sir Walter Preston
Cheltenham
Con
Ill-health[110] [full citation needed ]
1 June 1937
Sir J. C. C. Davidson
Hemel Hempstead
Con
Retired following the resignation of Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin [111] [full citation needed ]
7 June 1937
George Hamilton
Ilford
Con
Ill health.[112] [full citation needed ]
2 May 1938
Michael Beaumont
Aylesbury
Con
8 March 1939
Malcolm Barclay-Harvey
Kincardine and Western Aberdeenshire
UP
On appointment as Governor of South Australia [113] [full citation needed ]
29 June 1939
Sir Herbert Cayzer, Bt
Portsmouth, South
Con
On being created Baron Rotherwick[114] [full citation needed ]
11 October 1939
Sir Sam Tom Rosbotham
Ormskirk
N Lab
On reaching the age of 75[115] [full citation needed ]
28 November 1939
Sir William Lane-Mitchell
Wandsworth, Streatham
Con
On reaching the age of 79[116] [full citation needed ]
26 January 1940
David Williams
Swansea East
Lab
7 February 1940
John Joseph Jones
West Ham, Silvertown
Lab
Ill health and failing eyesight.[117] [full citation needed ]
2 April 1940
William Sanders
Battersea, North
Lab
Ill health.[118] [full citation needed ]
1 June 1940
Hon. Glyn Mason
Croydon, North
Con
24 June 1940
Charles Kerr
Montrose Burghs
L Nat
12 July 1940
William Kelly
Rochdale
Lab
Ill health.[119] [full citation needed ]
11 November 1940
Sir Mervyn Manningham-Buller, Bt
Northampton
Con
10 February 1941
Sir Reginald Dorman-Smith
Petersfield
Con
On appointment as Governor of Burma .[120] [full citation needed ]
9 June 1941
Sir Philip Colfox, Bt
Dorset, Western
Con
18 August 1941
Sir Paul Latham, Bt
Scarborough and Whitby
Con
On being arrested and sent for court-martial[121] [full citation needed ]
24 November 1941
James Guy
Edinburgh Central
Con
9 April 1942
David Margesson
Rugby
Con
On being created Viscount Margesson[122]
6 July 1942
Joseph Batey
Spennymoor
Lab
Ill-health[123]
14 January 1943
Sir Patrick Spens
Ashford
Con
On appointment as Chief Justice of India [124]
3 June 1943
John Gretton
Burton
Con
On being created Baron Gretton[125]
17 January 1944
Sir Alfred Cooper Rawson
Brighton
Con
Ill-health[126]
24 January 1944
Henry Hunloke
West Derbyshire
Con
"Too busy" serving with his Regiment to attend properly to parliamentary duties[127]
6 March 1945
George Morrison
Combined Scottish Universities
L Nat
10 May 1946
Jennie Adamson
Bexley
Lab
Appointed Deputy Chairman of the Unemployment Assistance Board [128]
12 September 1946
Sir Benjamin Smith
Rotherhithe
Lab
Appointed Chairman of the West Midlands Divisional Coal Board, under the National Coal Board [129]
11 October 1946
Tom Smith
Normanton
Lab
Appointed Labour director of the North-Eastern Divisional Coal Board, under the National Coal Board [130]
22 October 1946
Noel Mason-Macfarlane
Paddington, North
Lab
Ill health[131]
20 October 1947
Clifford Glossop
Howdenshire
Con
Ill health[132]
29 January 1948
Henry Willink
Croydon, North
Con
Appointed Master of Magdalene College , Cambridge [133]
6 April 1948
John Hanbury Martin
Southwark Central
Lab
Ill-health[134]
8 February 1949
John Belcher
Sowerby
Lab
Found to have accepted gifts from a "fixer" to influence his conduct as a minister[135]
1950 to 1999
Date
Member
Constituency
Party
Reason for resignation
20 March 1950
Harry Morris
Sheffield, Neepsend
Lab
Vacating his seat so that Solicitor-General Sir Frank Soskice could return to Parliament[136]
3 February 1951
Sir Ronald Cross, Bt
Ormskirk
Con
Appointed Governor of Tasmania [137]
30 March 1951
Norman Bower
Harrow, West
Con
Ill-health[138]
8 October 1952
Conolly Gage
Belfast South
UUP
Ill-health[139]
12 January 1953
John Baker White
Canterbury
Con
Ill-health[140]
31 January 1953
Walter Ayles
Hayes and Harlington
Lab
Ill-health[141]
3 June 1953
Sir Ralph Glyn, Bt
Abingdon
Con
Created a Baron (coronation honours list); vacating his seat to allow an early election[142]
14 October 1953
Malcolm Bullock
Crosby
Con
Ill-health[143]
8 January 1954
Viscount Cranborne
Bournemouth, West
Con
Ill-health[144]
12 February 1954
Christopher York
Harrogate
Con
Ill-health[145]
5 November 1954
Richard Harden
Armagh
UUP
Giving up a political career in order to concentrate on farming the family estate[146]
22 March 1955
Sir Richard Acland, Bt
Gravesend
Lab
Seeking re-election as a candidate opposed to British development of the hydrogen bomb [147]
16 November 1956
Anthony Nutting
Melton
Con
Opposed to Government policy on the Suez Crisis [148]
11 January 1957
Sir Anthony Eden
Warwick and Leamington
Con
Ill-health; had retired as Prime Minister [149]
29 October 1957
Charles Waterhouse
Leicester, South East
Con
Concentrating on business life involving frequent visits to Africa[150]
1 April 1958
Sir Hartley Shawcross
St. Helens
Lab
Unable to devote his full time to Parliamentary activities[151]
24 November 1958
Ian Harvey
Harrow, East
Con
Charged with gross indecency with a Coldstream guardsman in St James's Park[152]
8 June 1961
James Carmichael
Glasgow, Bridgeton
Lab
Ill-health[153]
13 December 1961
Sir Geoffrey de Freitas
Lincoln
Lab
Appointed High Commissioner to Ghana [154]
7 March 1962
Edward Wakefield
West Derbyshire
Con
Appointed High Commissioner to Malta [155]
30 July 1963
Malcolm St Clair
Bristol, South East
Con
To allow Tony Benn , who won the previous election but was disqualified due to inheriting an unwanted peerage, to regain his seat after being allowed to disclaim the peerage[156]
19 March 1965
Aubrey Jones
Birmingham, Hall Green
Con
Appointed Chairman of the Prices and Incomes Board[157]
5 December 1966
Frank Cousins
Nuneaton
Lab
Concentrating on work as General Secretary of the Transport and General Workers' Union
25 October 1967
Aidan Crawley
West Derbyshire
Con
Appointed Chairman of London Weekend Television [158]
25 July 1968
Oliver Crosthwaite-Eyre
New Forest
Con
Ill-health[159]
2 April 1970
Will Owen
Morpeth
Lab
Charged under the Official Secrets Act
3 February 1971
Walter Alldritt
Liverpool, Scotland
Lab
Appointed Regional Secretary, National Union of General and Municipal Workers [160]
16 October 1972
Dick Taverne
Lincoln
Lab
Seeking re-election on leaving the Labour Party[161]
16 February 1973
Maurice Foley
West Bromwich
Lab
Appointed Deputy Director General for Development by the European Community [162]
11 February 1976
Selwyn Lloyd
Wirral
Speaker
Retiring as Speaker of the House of Commons [163]
12 October 1976
Edward Short
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Central
Lab
Appointed Chairman of Cable & Wireless [164]
5 January 1977
Christopher Tugendhat
City of London and Westminster South
Con
Appointed a European Commissioner [165]
5 January 1977
David Marquand
Ashfield
Lab
Appointed Chief Advisor to the President of the European Commission [166]
25 July 1977
John Cordle
Bournemouth East
Con
Found in contempt of the House (Poulson scandal )[167]
6 November 1978
John Davies
Knutsford
Con
Ill-health[168]
5 May 1982
Bruce Douglas-Mann
Mitcham and Morden
Lab
Seeking re-election on joining the Social Democratic Party [169]
19 January 1984
Eric Varley
Chesterfield
Lab
Appointed Executive Deputy Chairman of Coalite plc [170]
17 December 1985
Ian Paisley
North Antrim
DUP
Seeking re-election in protest at the Anglo-Irish Agreement [171]
17 December 1985
Clifford Forsythe
South Antrim
UUP
Seeking re-election in protest at the Anglo-Irish Agreement [171]
17 December 1985
Ken Maginnis
Fermanagh and South Tyrone
UUP
Seeking re-election in protest at the Anglo-Irish Agreement [171]
17 December 1985
Peter Robinson
Belfast East
DUP
Seeking re-election in protest at the Anglo-Irish Agreement [171]
17 December 1985
Martin Smyth
Belfast South
UUP
Seeking re-election in protest at the Anglo-Irish Agreement [171]
17 December 1985
Cecil Walker
Belfast North
UUP
Seeking re-election in protest at the Anglo-Irish Agreement [171]
17 December 1985
Enoch Powell
South Down
UUP
Seeking re-election in protest at the Anglo-Irish Agreement [171]
17 April 1986
Matthew Parris
West Derbyshire
Con
Appointed as a presenter of Weekend World
1 October 1986
Robert Kilroy-Silk
Knowsley North
Lab
Appointed as a presenter of Day To Day
31 December 1988
Leon Brittan
Richmond
Con
Appointed a European Commissioner
16 May 1994
Bryan Gould
Dagenham
Lab
Appointed Vice-Chancellor of the University of Waikato [172]
27 October 1997
Piers Merchant
Beckenham
Con
Revelations of an affair with a 17-year-old nightclub hostess[173]
Since 2000
Dual appointments
Some former MPs have held both offices of Steward of the Manor of Northstead and of the Chiltern Hundreds. These include:
See also
Office still in use
Offices not in use
References
General
Specific
^ a b c "The Chiltern Hundreds" (PDF) . Factsheet P11 Procedure Series . House of Commons Information Office . August 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2011 .
^ Hicks, Edward (11 September 2019). Resignation from the House of Commons (Briefing Paper) (PDF) . House of Commons Library. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2021 .
^ "Sunak facing another by-election as lobbying sting MP Scott Benton quits" . The Independent . 25 March 2024. Retrieved 25 March 2024 .
^ Kidd, Charles; Williamson, David, eds. (1990). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage . New York: St Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-04640-5 .
^ Sargeaunt, William C.; Birch, Arthur N. (1862). The Colonial Office List . London: William Clowes and Sons. p. 149. Retrieved 22 November 2008 .
^ Urban, Sylvanus (June 1855). "Obituary: Rt. Hon. John Charles Herries" . The Gentleman's Magazine . XLIII . F. Jefferies: 641. Retrieved 22 November 2008 .
^ Cox, George Valentine (1870). Recollections of Oxford . Macmillan. p. 397 . ISBN 1-84677-230-3 . Retrieved 22 November 2008 .
^ Urban, Sylvanus (September 1854). "Obituary: Right Hon. Henry Tufnell" . The Gentleman's Magazine . XLII . F. Jefferies: 299. Retrieved 22 November 2008 .
^ Disraeli, Benjamin (1997). Wiebe, M. G. (ed.). Letters . University of Toronto Press. p. 349. ISBN 0-8020-4137-X . Retrieved 22 November 2008 .
^ Herbert, N.M., ed. (1988). "Gloucester, 1835–1985: Parliamentary representation" . A History of the County of Gloucester: Volume 4: The City of Gloucester . pp. 205–209. Archived from the original on 2 September 2014. Retrieved 23 September 2008 .
^ Sainty, J.C. (1975). "Secretaries 1660–1870" . Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 4: Admiralty Officials 1660–1870 . pp. 34–37. Archived from the original on 25 May 2011. Retrieved 23 September 2008 .
^ Walford, Edward, ed. (1857). Hardwicke's Annual biography . London: Robert Hardwicke. p. 59. Retrieved 23 September 2008 .
^ "The Election For The County Of Middlesex". The Times , 4 September 1857: 9. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 29 September 2013.[full citation needed ]
^ "Election Intelligence". The Times , 3 October 1857: 8. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 29 September 2013.[full citation needed ]
^ Boase, G. C. (2004). "Hamilton, George Alexander" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/12071 . Retrieved 23 November 2008 . (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "Greenwich Election". The Times , 15 February 1859: 5. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 29 September 2013.[full citation needed ]
^ Matthew, H.C.G. (2004). "Fortescue, Hugh" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/33212 . Retrieved 23 November 2008 . (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "Chancery Visitors" . Middlesex University . Archived from the original on 30 October 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2008 .
^ Pue, W. W. (1990). "Moral panic at the English Bar: Paternal vs. commercial ideologies of legal practice in the 1860s". Law and Social Inquiry . 15 (1): 76. doi :10.1111/j.1747-4469.1990.tb00275.x . S2CID 145788677 .
^ Prest, John (2004). "Russell, John" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi :10.1093/ref:odnb/24325 . Retrieved 23 November 2008 . (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "The Canterbury Borough Election". Kentish Gazette . 4 March 1862.
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This page was last edited on 11 April 2024, at 15:24