Conservation-reliant species

Conservation-reliant species are animal or plant species that require continuing species-specific wildlife management intervention such as predator control, habitat management and parasite control to survive, even when a self-sustainable recovery in population is achieved.^[1]

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History

The term "conservation-reliant species" grew out of the conservation biology undertaken by The Endangered Species Act at Thirty Project (launched 2001)^[2] and its popularization by project leader J. Michael Scott.^[3] Its first use in a formal publication was in Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment in 2005.^{[citation needed]} Worldwide use of the term has not yet developed and it has not yet appeared in a publication compiled outside North America.

Passages of the 1973 Endangered Species Act (ESA) carried with it the assumption that endangered species would be delisted as their populations recovered. It assumed they would then thrive under existing regulations and the protections afforded under the ESA would no longer be needed. However, eighty percent of species currently listed under the ESA fail to meet that assumption. To survive, they require species-specific conservation interventions (e.g. control of predators, competitors, nest parasites, prescribed burns, altered hydrological processes, etc.) and thus they are conservation-reliant.^[4]

Criteria

The criteria for assessing whether a species is conservation-reliant are:^[5]

Threats to the species’ continued existence are known and treatable.
The threats are pervasive and recurrent, for example: nest parasites, non-native predators, human disturbance.
The threats render the species at risk of extinction, absent ongoing conservation management.
Management actions sufficient to counter threats have been identified and can be implemented, for example: prescribed fires, restrictions on grazing or public access, predator or parasite control.
National, state or local governments, often in cooperation with private or tribal interests, are capable of carrying out the necessary management actions as long as necessary.

Management actions

There are five major areas of management action for conservation of vulnerable species:

Control of other species may include: control of exotic fauna, exotic flora, other native species and parasites and disease.
Control of direct human impacts may include control of grazing, human access, on and off-road vehicles, low impact recreation and illegal collecting and poaching.
Pollution control may include control of chemical run-off, siltation, water quality and use of pesticides and herbicides.
Active habitat management may include fire management and control, control of soil erosion and waterbodies, habitat restoration and mechanical vegetation control.
Artificial population recruitment may include captive propagation (forced immigration) or captive breeding.^[5]

Case study

A prominent example is in India, where tigers, an apex predator and the national animal, are considered a conservation-reliant species. This keystone species can maintain self-sustaining wild populations; however, they require ongoing management actions because threats are pervasive, recurrent and put them at risk of extinction. The origin of these threats are rooted in the changing socio-economic, political and spatial organization of society in India. Tigers have become extinct in some areas because of extrinsic factors such as habitat destruction, poaching, disease, floods, fires and drought, decline of prey species for the same reasons, as well as intrinsic factors such as demographic stochasticity and genetic deterioration.

Recognizing the conservation reliance of tigers, Project Tiger is establishing a national science-based framework for monitoring tiger population trends in order to manage the species more effectively. India now has 28 tiger reserves, located in 17 states. These reserves cover 37,761 square kilometres (14,580 sq mi) including 1.14% of the total land area of the country. These reserves are kept free of biotic disturbances, forestry operations, collection of minor forest products, grazing and human disturbance. The populations of tigers in these reserves now constitute some of the most important tiger source populations in the country.^[6]

Future

The magnitude and pace of human impacts on the environment make it unlikely that substantial progress will be made in delisting many species unless the definition of "recovery" includes some form of active management. Preventing delisted species from again being at risk of extinction may require continuing, species-specific management actions. Viewing "recovery" of "conservation-reliant species" as a continuum of phases rather than a simple "recovered/not recovered" status may enhance the ability to manage such species within the framework of the Endangered Species Act. With ongoing loss of habitat, disruption of natural cycles, increasing impacts of non-native invasive species, it is probable that the number of conservation-reliant species will increase.

It has been proposed that development of "recovery management agreements", with legally and biologically defensible contracts would provide for continuing conservation management following delisting. The use of such formalized agreements will facilitate shared management responsibilities between federal wildlife agencies and other federal agencies, and with state, local, and tribal governments, as well as with private entities that have demonstrated the capability to meet the needs of conservation-reliant species.^[7]

References

^ J. Michael Scott, US Geological Survey; Dale Goble, University of Idaho Law School (December 2008). "Endangered Species and Other Conservation Reliant Species". 9th National Conference on Science, Policy, and the Environment (Washington, D.C.). NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR SCIENCE AND THE ENVIRONMENT. Archived from the original on 2010-06-13. Retrieved 2009-02-27.
^ Goble, Dale; J. Michael Scott; Frank W. Davis (2006). The Endangered Species Act at Thirty: Renewing the Conservation Promise. Vol. I. Island Press. pp. xii, 299. ISBN 978-1-59726-009-1.
^ Scott, J. Michael (Jan 2007). "AOU Conservation Award, 2006". The Auk. The American Ornithologists' Union. 124 (1): 353–355. doi:10.1642/0004-8038(2007)124[353:ACA]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0004-8038.
^ "Conservation Reliant Species: Our New Relationship with Nature". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
^ ^a ^b Scott, J. Michael Scott; Dale Goble; Aaron Haines (August 21, 2008). "Conservation Reliant Species:Our New Relationship with Nature?" (PDF). CSP3900 Conservation Science Web Conference Series. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-25. Retrieved 2009-02-21.
^ R Maraj, J Seidensticker (2006). "Assessment of a Framework for Monitoring Tiger Population Trends in India" (PDF). A Report to the IUCN: World Conservation Union and India's Project Tiger. Govt. of India, Project Tiger. pp. 7–9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-25. Retrieved 2009-02-22.
^ Scott, J. Michael; Goble, Dale D.; Wiens, John A.; Wilcove, David S.; Bean, Michael; Male, Timothy (September 2005). "Recovery of imperiled species under the Endangered Species Act: The need for a new approach". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 3 (7): 383–89. doi:10.1890/1540-9295(2005)003[0383:ROISUT]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1540-9295. Archived from the original on 2012-02-23. Retrieved 2009-02-22.

Threatened species

Template: Threatened species by region

IUCN Red List

Categories¹

Extinct	Extinct (EX) Extinct in the Wild (EW)
Threatened	Critically Endangered (CR) Endangered (EN) Vulnerable (VU)
Lower risk	Near Threatened (NT) Least Concern (LC) Lower Risk (LR) Conservation Dependent (LR/cd)
Not fully assessed	Data Deficient (DD) Not Evaluated (NE)

Species

Lists	Extinct Extinct in the Wild Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Near Threatened Least Concern Data Deficient
WP categories	Extinct Extinct in the Wild Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Near Threatened Least Concern Data Deficient
CITES	Appendix I Appendix II Appendix III

By taxa

Conservation

¹ Pre-2001 categories and subcategories shown in italics.

v t e Conservation of species
Index of conservation articles
Conservation biology	Biodiversity Captive breeding Compassionate conservation Conservation behavior Conservation-dependent species Conservation genetics Conservation-induced extinction Conservation status Endemism Ex-situ conservation Extinction threshold In-situ conservation Latent extinction risk Marine conservation Mutualisms and conservation Nature conservation Conservation biology of parasites Species translocation Conservation welfare Threatened species Vulnerability and susceptibility
Approaches	Conservation agriculture Conservation development Conservation finance Conservation grazing Conservation management system Conservation movement Conservation photography Conservation psychology Conspicuous conservation Community-based conservation Ecoregion conservation status Environmental protection Evidence-based conservation Flagship species Forest management Forest protection Tropical rainforest conservation Integrated Conservation and Development Project Other effective area-based conservation measures Riparian buffer Roadless area conservation Roadside conservation Site-based conservation Wetland conservation
Protected areas	Conservation designation Conservation district Conservation easement Conservation reserve Gap analysis Habitat conservation High conservation value area Landscape-scale conservation Marine protected area Marxan Open space reserve Wildlife corridor 30 by 30 target
Key issues	Conservation refugee Fortress conservation Habitat fragmentation Human–wildlife conflict
Restoration	Assisted natural regeneration Ecosystem restoration Island restoration Reforestation afforestation Rewilding marine Species reintroduction
By taxon	Arthropods Insect hotel Birds Hawaiian honeycreeper raptors golden eagle Fungi Land mammals American bison Arabian oryx bears polar bears elephants slow lorises tigers wolves Marine Gray nurse shark manatees salmon sea otters Painted turtles Plants seed bank cryopreservation
By country	Angola Australia Belize Brazil Canada Central African Republic Costa Rica Hong Kong Iceland India Bhopal Indonesia Ireland Italy Malaysia Mauritius Namibia New Zealand Pakistan Papua New Guinea South Sudan Sweden Uganda United Kingdom (Scotland) United States forests
Related	Conservation officer De-extinction Myth of superabundance Planetary boundaries IUCN Red List NatureServe conservation status Special Area of Conservation Soil conservation
List of conservation issues List of organisations List of people Category

Branches of biology

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