Compensated emancipation

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Compensated emancipation was a method of ending slavery, under which the enslaved person's owner received compensation from the government in exchange for manumitting the slave. This could be monetary, and it could allow the owner to retain the slave for a period of labor as an indentured servant.^[1] Cash compensation rarely was equal to the slave's market value.

Indentured servitude was seen as a compromise between slavery and outright emancipation, an intermediate step. However, no one was happy with compensated emancipation. Owners complained that their compensation was small compared with their loss; they were paid less, often much less, than what the slaveowner could have sold the enslaved person for (the market value). Governments and non-slaveholding citizens complained about the financial burden of compensating the owners, while for the formerly enslaved it seemed ludicrous that those who had all along benefited from slavery should now receive additional compensation, while its victims received no compensation whatsoever.

Historian Eric Foner wrote, "Even Haiti, where slavery died amid a violent revolution, agreed in 1824 to pay a large indemnity to former slaveholders in exchange for French recognition of its independence.... No one proposed to compensate slaves for their years of unrequited toil."^[2] Compensation of slaveholders has been viewed as akin to compensating a thief for returning stolen property, or paying ransom to a kidnapper for releasing his victim, and therefore not so much compensation as a reward for committing what should be a crime.^[3]

To be sure, indentured servitude represented for the formerly enslaved an improvement over slavery itself; those indentured could not be forcibly relocated, children and other family members could not be taken away by force, and they could no longer be whipped or raped. However, they were still not free.^[1]

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The terms of the April 16, 1862 Emancipation Act required any owner of slaves living in Washington, DC, to document each of the enslaved persons, give their names, give a physical description of each person and give an estimated value of each person. This Act established three commissioners to hear petitions from slave owners in the District of Columbia applying for payment for their slaves. Congress paid slave owners to give up their slaves. That’s morally questionable, they knew it, but they felt for this first emancipation it had to be done. They actually hired a slave owner, a slave dealer from Baltimore, who came in and actually appraised the slaves. This particular record is the slave schedule for the Addison family. It gives some insight into the thoughts, the motivations, the fears of some of the enslaved, formerly enslaved African-American community at this time. “They left this city on the 13th of April last, three days before the approval of the said Act, because they feared they would be colonized in Africa.” They are the descendants of Africans, but at this time they are several generations removed from Africa, so from their perspective they’re not going back anywhere, they’re Americans. “They went to…Montgomery County, Maryland, where they remained until the 28th of September last, when they returned here and claimed their freedom under the above cited Act.” Some slave owners did not apply for compensation. They did not want to free their slaves. So in July of 1862 at Lincoln’s urging Congress passed a supplemental Act that allowed slaves to petition for their own freedom. There were 161 petitions submitted after the July 12th Supplemental Act. Most of these 161 petitions were submitted by individuals who had been enslaved themselves. This record is interesting in that this particular enslaved person, Philip Meredith, claims to be the slave of General Robert E. Lee. The commissioners who were hearing the petitions worked extremely fast. They were in existence from April of 1862 to January 1863. At the University of Nebraska-Lincoln we are transcribing the records so they will be fully searchable. This particular document here is the actual petition that was filled out and signed and presented by Clark Mills, who actually worked on the Statute of Freedom that you see today on top of the US Capitol. His slave, Philip Reid, was the person who actually succeeded in molding that particular statue. Our digital site is called “Civil War Washington.” It examines the history of slavery, race and emancipation during the war. We can see that Clark Mills highly valued Philip Reid and his skills. Like many of the enslaved persons at that time I assume that his hope was that at some point he would know the reality of being free.

Transition away from slavery

Compensated emancipation was typically enacted as part of an act that outlawed slavery outright or established a scheme whereby slavery would eventually be phased out. It frequently was accompanied or preceded by laws which approached gradual emancipation by granting freedom to those born to slaves after a given date. Among the European powers, slavery was primarily an issue with their overseas colonies. The British Empire enacted a policy of compensated emancipation (about 40%^[4]) for its colonies in 1833, followed by France in 1848, Denmark in 1849, and the Netherlands in 1863. Most South American and Caribbean nations emancipated slavery through compensated schemes in the 1850s and 1860s, while Brazil passed a plan for gradual, compensated emancipation in 1871, and Cuba followed in 1880 after having enacted freedom at birth a decade earlier.^[1]

United States

Only in the District of Columbia, which fell under direct Federal auspices, was compensated emancipation enacted. On April 16, 1862, President Lincoln signed the District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act. This law prohibited slavery in the District, forcing its 900-odd slaveholders to free their slaves, with the federal government paying owners an average of about $300 (equivalent to $9,000 in 2023) for each.^[5]

Other nations and empires

Nations and empires that implemented compensated emancipation:

Argentina^[6]^[7]
Bolivia^{[citation needed]}
Brazil^[8]^[9]^[10]
British Empire^[1]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[10]
Colombia^[6]^[7]
Cuba^[14]
Danish colonies^[1]^[10]
Dutch empire^[1]^[13]
Ecuador^[7]
Kingdom of France, 1315, see Louis X^{[citation needed]}
French colonial empire^[1]^[15]^[13]^[10]
Haiti^[16]
Mexico^[17] and Central America^{[citation needed]}
Paraguay^[6]
Peru^[18]^[7]
Puerto Rico^[14]
Spanish Empire^{[citation needed]}
Sweden^[19]
Uruguay^[7]
Venezuela^[6]^[13]^[7]
Wallachia and Moldavia
United Kingdom^[20]^[21]
United States (District of Columbia only)^[22]^[23]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Rodriguez, Junius P. (2007). Slavery in the United States: a social, political, and historical encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, 2007, vol. 2, pp. 238-9. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781851095445. Archived from the original on 2019-12-26. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
^ Foner, Eric, The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery, W. W. Norton & Co., 2010, p. 15.
^ Condorcet, J. A. N. de Caritat, marquis de (1788). Réflexions sur l'esclavage des negres. Par M. Swartz [Condorcet's pseudonym], Pasteur du Saint Evangile a Bienne, Membre de la Société économique Nouvelle édition revue & corrigée. Neufchatel et Paris: Froullé.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Shannon, James (1855). An address delivered before the Pro-slavery convention of the state of Missouri, held in Lexington, July 13, 1855, on domestic slavery, as examined in the light of Scripture, of natural rights, of civil government, and the constitutional power of Congress. St. Louis. p. 20.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "When Congress passed the DC Emancipation Act in April 1862, giving compensation to 'loyal' owners, Coakley [Gabriel Coakley, a leader of the black Catholic community in Washington] successfully petitioned for his wife and children, since he had purchased their freedom in earlier years. He was one of only a handful of black Washingtonians to make a claim like this. The federal government paid him $1489.20 for eight slaves that he 'owned' (he had claimed their value at $3,300)." White, Jonathan W., A House Built by Slaves: African American Visitors to the Lincoln White House, Rowman & Littlefield, 2022, p. 106.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Paul Finkelman, Macmillan Encyclopedia of World Slavery, 1998, vol. 2, p. 690
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Barragan, Yesenia (2023-06-19). "Why Did Governments Compensate Slaveholders for Abolition? | Essay". Zócalo Public Square. Retrieved 2023-07-15.
^ Thomas Cleland Dawson, The South American Republics: Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Brazil, 1903, pt I, p. 488
^ Araujo, Ana Lucia, (2017), Reparations for Slavery and the Slave Trade: A Transnational and Comparative History. New York, Bloomsbury Academic, pp. 75
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Drescher, Seymour. (1988). Brazilian Abolition in Comparative Perspective. The Hispanic American Historical Review, 68(3), 429–460. doi:10.2307/2516515
^ See, for example, Kathleen Mary Butler, "The Economics of Emancipation: Jamaica and Barbados, 1823-1843", 1995.
^ Manjapra, Kris (2019). "The Scandal of the British Slavery Abolition Act Loan". Social and Economic Studies. 68 (3/4): 165–184. ISSN 0037-7651. JSTOR 45299245.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Fogel, Robert William; Engerman, Stanley L. (1974). "Philanthropy at Bargain Prices: Notes on the Economics of Gradual Emancipation". The Journal of Legal Studies. 3 (2): 377–401. ISSN 0047-2530. JSTOR 724019.
^ ^a ^b Araujo, Ana Lucia, (2017), Reparations for Slavery and the Slave Trade: A Transnational and Comparative History. New York, Bloomsbury Academic, pp. 72
^ Araujo, Ana Lucia, (2017), Reparations for Slavery and the Slave Trade: A Transnational and Comparative History. New York, Bloomsbury Academic, pp. 89
^ Laurent Dubois (2013), Haiti: The Aftershocks of History, New York:Picador. ISBN 1250002362
^ Olveda Legaspi, Jaime (June 2013). "La abolición de la esclavitud en México, 1810-1917". Signos históricos (in Spanish). 15 (29): 8–34. ISSN 1665-4420.
^ Cozart, Daniel (2017). "Afro-Peruvian Creoles: A social and political history of Afro-descended Peruvians in an era of nationalism and scientific racism". History Etds. Ph.D. dissertation, University of New Mexico.
^ Augustin Cochin, (trans. Mary L. Booth), The Results of Emancipation, 1864, p. 395
^ "Dozens of nations were involved in the slave trade. How should they compensate descendants?". NBC News. 2021-12-26. Retrieved 2023-07-10. Supporters of the financial claim also note that the British government took out significant loans in 1833 in order to pay 20 million pounds — at the time 40 percent of its entire national budget — to compensate slaveowners for the end of slavery in Britain's colonies. Due to the large amount of interest generated by the loan, the debt was not fully paid off by British taxpayers until 2015.
^ "Fact check: United Kingdom finished paying off debts to slave-owning families in 2015". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2023-07-10.
^ "The District of Columbia Emancipation Act". U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. 6 October 2015. Archived from the original on 2017-11-06. Retrieved 2017-11-01.
^ Booth, Jon; Stephens, RL II (September 3, 2015). "Were US Slave Owners Really Paid $300 Per Slave?". Orchestrated Pulse. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved 2017-11-01.

This page was last edited on 11 February 2024, at 11:11

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