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Collective collection

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The academic library of Van Hall Larenstein, University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands.
The academic library of Van Hall Larenstein, University of Applied Sciences, The Netherlands

A collective collection, shared collection, or shared print program is a joint effort by multiple academic or research libraries to house, manage, and provide access to their collective physical collections. Most shared print programs focus on collections of monographs and/or serials.[1] Similar efforts have addressed acquisition and/or retention of microform,[2] federal government documents,[3] and digital collections.[4] Shared print programs often have activities in common with national repositories and archiving programs.[5] Discussions surrounding shared print programs in their current form have come to the forefront as a popular solution to shrinking collection budgets, rising costs of resources, and competing space needs.[6]

YouTube Encyclopedic

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  • Aspects of Collective Behavior: Fads, Mass Hysteria, and Riots | Behavior | MCAT | Khan Academy
  • Understanding collective behaviours | Iain Couzin
  • MAKE-IT: Understanding Collective Awareness Platforms with the Maker Movement
  • Changing solidarities and collective action in times of pandemic
  • How do schools of fish swim in harmony? - Nathan S. Jacobs

Transcription

Voiceover: In our last few videos, we discussed norms and deviants, and outlined some potential ways in which changes in norms and deviants can occur on an individual level. But what happens when large numbers of individuals rapidly and randomly behave in ways that do not reflect societal norms? In sociology, this phenomenon is called collective behavior. Now collective behavior is not the same thing as group behavior, and that's because of a few reasons. First, collective behavior typically is time-limited. It involves short social interactions, whereas groups tend to remain together longer and socialize for extended periods of time. Secondly, while collective behavior is time limited, it isn't socially limited. There are no social boundaries, and anyone is free to participate in a collective, whereas groups can be exclusive or have like, membership requirements. Lastly, norms within groups are generally strongly held and well-defined. Whereas collective behavior produces norms that are weak and murky. Collective behavior generally violates widely held societal norms, and at times it can be very destructive. Though it's not the same as group behavior, it's often driven by group dynamics. Things like deindividuation, which is a concept I discuss in the social psychology videos. You don't need to know the specifics, but just know that certain group dynamics, can often times encourage people to engage in acts that they may consider deviant or wrong under normal circumstances. And these group, these same group dynamics can happen in a collective as well. Now, sociologists have identified three basic types of collective behavior: Fads, Mass Hysteria, and Riots. You've probably heard all of these terms before and you probably have a general idea what they are but I wanna discuss them from the perspective of a sociologist. Get the official true understanding of what this means. So, let's examine each of these in a little more detail. A fad, or a fleeting behavior, is something that becomes incredibly popular very quickly, and then loses popularity almost just as quickly. Fads typically last for a very short period of time, but they reach and influence large numbers of people in that time. Fads are not necessarily in line with normal behavior, but because they're perceived as cool or interesting by large group of people, they gain popularity. A good example of a fad is a cinnamon challenge, and you may have seen this on YouTube. In order to conquer the cinnamon challenge, a person has to eat a large spoonful of ground cinnamon in under a minute. Now, part of this fad involved taping the attempt and posting the video online. Now, while this might sound like a breeze, I don't suggest trying this at home. Most people who do the cinnamon challenge end up gagging, coughing, or vomiting. It seems pretty silly, right? Well, despite the fact that a challenge is pretty silly and definitely not normal behavior, I mean, people don't usually eat a spoonful of cinnamon in less than a minute. If you look up the challenge on YouTube you'll see there are over like 600,000 attempts, but after the novelty of the challenge wore off and people realized how unpleasant it was, they stopped doing it and it became less popular and thus the fad ended. So that's what a fad is. The second example of collective behavior is mass hysteria. Mass hysteria involves large groups of people who experience unmanageable delusions and anxiety at the same time. The reactions spread rapidly and reach more people through rumors and fear. Mass hysteria often takes the form of panicked reactions to negative news or a potential threat. A good example of mild mass hysteria is the reaction that often takes place. When there's a chance of severe weather coming. Now, all major news outlets cover the forecast incessantly, and they induce fear and anxiety in large groups of people. The fear causes people to become crazed. They rush to the supermarket, they drive erratically, they become irrational. So that's like a mild form of mass hysteria that's caused from weather reports. However mass hysteria can also be the result of psychology. Like when large groups of individuals suddenly believe they have the same illness and experience similar physical symptoms despite a lack of disease. This is sometimes called mass psychogenic illness or epidemic hysteria. A recent example of this came after the anthrax attacks in the United States. Immediately after, there were reports of an anthrax attack. There were over 2,000 false anthrax alarms. Many individuals reported physical symptoms of anthrax infection, and they were afraid of exposure. Although, it was found that there, there was no risk of infection for those, those people because they weren't exposed to anthrax. They just thought they were. Regardless, it still induced symptoms in these patients that were real symptoms. So that's mass hysteria. Now the final example of collective behavior that we'll talk about today is a riot. Now riots are characterized by large groups of people that suddenly engage in deviant behavior like vandalism, violence or other crimes. Riots are typically very chaotic and cost cities thousands or millions of dollars in damages. Individuals who act out during riots, they typically cast aside societal norms and they behave in very destructive ways. They ruin property, they steal. And they violate laws indiscriminately. Riots are often seen as a collective act of defiance or disapproval and they can be the result of a perceived issue like anger about the outcome of a sporting event or frustration with working or living conditions or conflicts between races and religions. Though the cause of the riot may be legitimate, the group acts out in ways that are illegal and damaging to a society as a whole. So, that's a riot. So, these are some aspects of collective behaviors. You have fads, mass hysteria and riots. So, you've probably heard these terms before. And hopefully now, you have a better understanding of what they mean, particularly from a sociological standpoint.

Goals

The goal of shared print programs is to leverage a physical collective collection to preserve and provide access to the scholarly record in its original print form.[7] Each library participating in a shared print program agrees to retain certain titles for a stated period of time, usually at least ten years.[8] This practice ensures that the collective collection contains a predetermined number of unique items (such as specific editions of books and complete runs of journals) and that these items will be cared for and made available to all libraries participating in the shared print program.[9] To prevent the loss of any given title, participating libraries determine an appropriate number of copies that should be retained, so that if one were lost or destroyed, other copies would remain available. Shared print programs base these decisions on the number of libraries involved, the total number of items held in retention, availability of the item outside of the program, and other factors.[10]

Shared print programs also enable participating libraries to make informed decisions about weeding locally-held volumes that are duplicated in the collective collection.[1] This practice enables libraries to create cost savings and to repurpose shelf space, whether to accommodate other print materials or to create a greater number and variety of spaces for users, especially students, to study, collaborate, teach, consult, and pursue other research and learning activities.[11]

Types

Two basic types of collection storage models exist. A distributed (or decentralized) collective shared print collection is one in which items in the collection are retained at the original library but are accessible to all partnering libraries. Centralized shared print collections are those in which books and journals are removed from the original library and stored in a shared shelving facility.[12] In many cases this shared shelving facility is a high-density preservation facility built according to the Harvard model, featuring rigorous temperature and climate controls to facilitate preservation of materials, along with elevated stacks and special shelving methods to maximize storage efficiency.[10]

Library consortia generally coordinate shared print programs. A consortium can create and manage a formal agreement (such as a memorandum of understanding), signed by each participating library's director, which ensures that certain books, journals, or other materials are both retained and made available to other libraries, generally through interlibrary loan. The consortium can also manage the analysis of each library's collection to divide the responsibility for retaining items equitably. The consortium can also establish criteria for shelving environments (to ensure long-term preservation), as well as outline the methods for providing access to titles to other participating libraries.[13]

Library catalogs generally include indicators of which materials are part of a shared print agreement, making commercial vendors such as OCLC an important part of the shared print ecosystem. Some shared print programs such as CAVAL (Australia) or CSLS (Switzerland) may develop catalogs specifically for their collective collection. Many shared print programs are additionally tracked at a regional or national level. In the United States, the Center for Research Libraries (CRL) hosts a Print Archives Preservation Registry (PAPR) to record titles, holdings, and conditions of serials held in major shared print programs across the country. While there is no equivalent tool for monographs, other tools serve the shared print monograph community, such as Gold Rush Library Content Comparison System[14] from the Colorado Alliance of Research Libraries, OCLC's GreenGlass, and HathiTrust Shared Print Registry. In 2018, CRL and OCLC were awarded a $1 million grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation to enable collective collection retention commitments for serials to be reflected in the global union catalog WorldCat.[15] In the United Kingdom, the United Kingdom Research Reserve (UKRR) developed the Linked Automated Register of Collaborative Holdings (LARCH) through which all Member Libraries’ holdings are run, and is now hosted by the British Library.[16]

Programs

Shared print programs may be regional or national in scale. National libraries and academic consortia often participate in shared print programs.

United States and Canada

In the United States and Canada, shared print programs are often a consortial effort. Libraries may also participate in collection sharing on an individual basis, such as participating in the HathiTrust Shared Print Program.[17] Support organizations also exist, such as the Partnership for Shared Book Collections, Rosemont Shared Print Alliance, and North/Nord (North: the Canadian Shared Print Network/ Nord: Réseau canadien de conservation partagée des documents imprimés) that library consortia may join in order to increase collaboration, communication, and information sharing.

According to the Partnership for Shared Book Collections, participating programs have committed to retain over 38 million volumes.[18]

Latin America

The following consortia do not participate strictly in shared print programs, but do participate in sharing collections of digitized print material:

  • Consorcio de Bibliotecas Universitarias de El Salvador (El Salvador)
  • Consorcio de Bibliotecas Universitarias del Caribe (Central American Caribbean and the Antilles)
  • Association of Caribbean University, Research and Institutional Libraries

Oceania

  • CAVAL Archival and Research Materials (CARM) Centre (Australia)
  • CONZUL (Council of New Zealand University Libraries) (New Zealand)

Africa

African librarians have cited the lack of and need for shared print programs among libraries, due in part to insufficient infrastructure.[19] Efforts focus more on consortia building than on shared print, and are mostly centered in southern Africa[20][21]

Asia

  • Consortiall-Joint University Library Advisory Committee (Hong Kong)

Europe & United Kingdom

History

Libraries' efforts to collectively manage and provide access to their holdings date back to antiquity[22] and, in the United States, extend through twentieth-century projects such as the Midwest Inter-Library Corporation (now CRL)[23] and the Farmington Plan.[24] Funding reductions and escalating storage costs, as well as space constraints, for physical collections in the 2000s created an environment where library directors needed to rely on partnerships with consortia and other libraries. Librarians began to write about shared print collections as one possible method of dealing with these mounting constraints. In 2002 Richard Fyffe argued that librarians needed to start a dialogue with stakeholders and patrons in the scholarly community about the need to rely more on collective collections.[25] In 2004 Bernard F. Reilly (former president of the Center for Research Libraries) envisioned "drawing together the major independent regional and national repository initiatives into a coordinated, community-wide print preservation effort."[26] The Print Archive Network Forum (PAN) was created in 2010 by the Center for Research Libraries as an information sharing opportunity between shared print professionals. In 2013 Lorcan Dempsey popularized the term "collective collections" in an OCLC research report.[27] The trend toward collective collections has also received significant coverage in the mainstream press.[28][29]

References

  1. ^ a b Crist, Rebecca; Stambaugh, Emily (2014). SPEC Kit 345: Shared Print Programs. Washington, D.C.: Association of Research Libraries. p. 15. ISBN 9781594079283. OCLC 899212694.
  2. ^ Dupont, Jerry (1983). "Cooperative Microform Publishing: The Law Library Experience". Microform & Imaging Review. 12 (4). doi:10.1515/mfir.1983.12.4.234. ISSN 0949-5770. S2CID 162613068.
  3. ^ Dinsmore, Chelsea; Glenn, Valerie D. (2012). "Using Targeted Distributed Collections to Enhance Government Depository Collections at a Regional Level: The ASERL Collaborative Federal Depository Program". Collection Management. 37 (3–4): 307–321. doi:10.1080/01462679.2012.685831. ISSN 0146-2679. S2CID 61650404.
  4. ^ Garskof, Jeremy; Morris, Jill; Ballock, Tracie; Anderson, Scott (2016-01-01). "Towards the Collective Collection: Lessons Learned from PALCI's DDA Pilot Projects and Next Steps". Collaborative Librarianship. 8 (2). ISSN 1943-7528.
  5. ^ Shorley, Deborah; Yang, Daryl; Kromp, Brigitte; Mayer, Wolfgang (2015-01-28). "Collections Earning Their Keep. An Overview of International Archiving Initiatives". 027.7 Zeitschrift für Bibliothekskultur. 3 (1): 30–46. doi:10.5281/zenodo.4704913.
  6. ^ Lavoie, Brian; Dempsey, Lorcan; Malpas, Constance (2020-09-10). "Reflections on Collective Collections". College & Research Libraries. 81 (6): 981. doi:10.5860/crl.81.6.981. ISSN 0010-0870. S2CID 225193580.
  7. ^ Demas, S.; Miller, M. (2016). "Curating Collective Collections--What's Your Plan? Writing Collection Management Plans" (PDF). Against the Grain. 24 (1): 65–68.
  8. ^ "Retention Period – The Partnership For Shared Book Collections". Retrieved 2023-01-11.
  9. ^ "Best Practices for Scarce Copies – The Partnership For Shared Book Collections". Retrieved 2023-01-11.
  10. ^ a b Hale, D., ed. (2016). Shared Collections: Collaborative Stewardship. Chicago: ALA Editions. ISBN 978-0-8389-1405-2. OCLC 1030796851.
  11. ^ Kieft, Robert H.; Payne, Lizanne (2012-07-01). "Collective Collection, Collective Action". Collection Management. 37 (3–4): 137–152. doi:10.1080/01462679.2012.685411. ISSN 0146-2679. S2CID 144068614.
  12. ^ Clement, Susanne K. (2012). "From Collaborative Purchasing Towards Collaborative Discarding: The Evolution of the Shared Print Repository". Collection Management. 37 (3–4): 153–167. doi:10.1080/01462679.2012.685413. ISSN 0146-2679. S2CID 61768353.
  13. ^ Kieft, Robert H.; Payne, Lizanne (2012). "Collective Collection, Collective Action". Collection Management. 37 (3–4): 137–152. doi:10.1080/01462679.2012.685411. ISSN 0146-2679. S2CID 144068614.
  14. ^ Machovec, George (2014). "Shared Print Archiving—Analysis Tools". Journal of Library Administration. 54 (1): 66–76. doi:10.1080/01930826.2014.893118. ISSN 0193-0826. S2CID 62236447.
  15. ^ "OCLC awarded Mellon Foundation grant to register library retention commitments for print serials in WorldCat". OCLC. 2018-06-24. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
  16. ^ Stubbs, Theo; Banks, Chris (2020-03-11). "UKRR: a collaborative collection management success story". Insights. 33 (1): 10. doi:10.1629/uksg.503. hdl:10044/1/106958. ISSN 2048-7754.
  17. ^ "Shared Print Program | www.hathitrust.org | HathiTrust Digital Library". www.hathitrust.org. Retrieved 2019-12-12.
  18. ^ "Membership Stats – The Partnership For Shared Book Collections". Retrieved 2023-01-11.
  19. ^ Ossai, Ngozi Blessing (2010-01-01). "Consortia Building among Libraries in Africa, and the Nigerian Experience". Collaborative Librarianship. 2 (2): 74–85. doi:10.29087/2010.2.2.07. ISSN 1943-7528.
  20. ^ "ALA | Partnerships in Libraries". www.ala.org. Retrieved 2023-01-11.
  21. ^ Alemna, A.A.; Antwi, I.K. (2002-01-01). "A review of consortia building among university libraries in Africa". Library Management. 23 (4/5): 234–238. doi:10.1108/01435120210429961. ISSN 0143-5124.
  22. ^ Casson, Lionel (2001). Libraries in the Ancient World. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 100. ISBN 0-300-08809-4. OCLC 45123204.
  23. ^ Weltin, Heather; Fulkerson, Natalie (2021-07-29), Old Texts, New Networks: HathiTrust and the Future of Shared Print, ALA Editions Core, hdl:2027.42/169166, ISBN 978-0-8389-4882-8, retrieved 2023-01-11
  24. ^ Dempsey, Deon (2004). "Review of A History of the Farmington Plan". Libraries & Culture. 39 (4): 473–475. ISSN 0894-8631. JSTOR 25541874.
  25. ^ Demas, Samuel; Miller, Mary E. (2012). "Rethinking Collection Management Plans: Shaping Collective Collections for the 21st Century". Collection Management. 37 (3–4): 168–187. doi:10.1080/01462679.2012.685415. S2CID 61728677.
  26. ^ Reilly, Bernard F. (2004-04-01). "Preserving America's Print Resources: Toward a National Strategic Effort – Report on the Planning Day Discussions". Library Management. 25 (3): 104–117. doi:10.1108/01435120410699050. ISSN 0143-5124.
  27. ^ Dempsey, L. (2013) "The Emergence of the Collective Collection: Analyzing Aggregate Print Library Holdings," 1-5. In B. Lavoie and C. Malpas, eds. Understanding the Collective Collection: Towards a System-wide Perspective on Library Print Collections. Dublin, OH: OCLC Research, 2013.
  28. ^ Ellis, Lindsay (2019-10-09). "The Future of Campus Libraries? 'Sticky Interdependence'". The Chronicle of Higher Education. ISSN 0009-5982. Retrieved 2019-12-12.
  29. ^ Cohen, Dan (2019-05-26). "The Books of College Libraries Are Turning Into Wallpaper". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2019-12-12.

External links

This page was last edited on 4 January 2024, at 09:07
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