To install click the Add extension button. That's it.

The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. You could also do it yourself at any point in time.

4,5
Kelly Slayton
Congratulations on this excellent venture… what a great idea!
Alexander Grigorievskiy
I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like.
Live Statistics
English Articles
Improved in 24 Hours
Languages
Recent
Show all languages
What we do. Every page goes through several hundred of perfecting techniques; in live mode. Quite the same Wikipedia. Just better.
.
Leo
Newton
Brights
Milds

# Cofinality

In mathematics, especially in order theory, the cofinality cf(A) of a partially ordered set A is the least of the cardinalities of the cofinal subsets of A.

This definition of cofinality relies on the axiom of choice, as it uses the fact that every non-empty set of cardinal numbers has a least member. The cofinality of a partially ordered set A can alternatively be defined as the least ordinal x such that there is a function from x to A with cofinal image. This second definition makes sense without the axiom of choice. If the axiom of choice is assumed, as will be the case in the rest of this article, then the two definitions are equivalent.

Cofinality can be similarly defined for a directed set and is used to generalize the notion of a subsequence in a net.

## Examples

• The cofinality of a partially ordered set with greatest element is 1 as the set consisting only of the greatest element is cofinal (and must be contained in every other cofinal subset).
• In particular, the cofinality of any nonzero finite ordinal, or indeed any finite directed set, is 1, since such sets have a greatest element.
• Every cofinal subset of a partially ordered set must contain all maximal elements of that set. Thus the cofinality of a finite partially ordered set is equal to the number of its maximal elements.
• In particular, let A be a set of size n, and consider the set of subsets of A containing no more than m elements. This is partially ordered under inclusion and the subsets with m elements are maximal. Thus the cofinality of this poset is n choose m.
• A subset of the natural numbers N is cofinal in N if and only if it is infinite, and therefore the cofinality of ℵ0 is ℵ0. Thus ℵ0 is a regular cardinal.
• The cofinality of the real numbers with their usual ordering is ℵ0, since N is cofinal in R. The usual ordering of R is not order isomorphic to c, the cardinality of the real numbers, which has cofinality strictly greater than ℵ0. This demonstrates that the cofinality depends on the order; different orders on the same set may have different cofinality.

## Properties

If A admits a totally ordered cofinal subset, then we can find a subset B that is well-ordered and cofinal in A. Any subset of B is also well-ordered. Two cofinal subsets of B with minimal cardinality (i.e. their cardinality is the cofinality of B) need not be order isomorphic (for example if ${\displaystyle B=\omega +\omega }$, then both ${\displaystyle \omega +\omega }$ and ${\displaystyle \{\omega +n:n<\omega \}}$ viewed as subsets of B have the countable cardinality of the cofinality of B but are not order isomorphic.) But cofinal subsets of B with minimal order type will be order isomorphic.

## Cofinality of ordinals and other well-ordered sets

The cofinality of an ordinal α is the smallest ordinal δ that is the order type of a cofinal subset of α. The cofinality of a set of ordinals or any other well-ordered set is the cofinality of the order type of that set.

Thus for a limit ordinal α, there exists a δ-indexed strictly increasing sequence with limit α. For example, the cofinality of ω² is ω, because the sequence ω·m (where m ranges over the natural numbers) tends to ω²; but, more generally, any countable limit ordinal has cofinality ω. An uncountable limit ordinal may have either cofinality ω as does ωω or an uncountable cofinality.

The cofinality of 0 is 0. The cofinality of any successor ordinal is 1. The cofinality of any nonzero limit ordinal is an infinite regular cardinal.

## Regular and singular ordinals

A regular ordinal is an ordinal that is equal to its cofinality. A singular ordinal is any ordinal that is not regular.

Every regular ordinal is the initial ordinal of a cardinal. Any limit of regular ordinals is a limit of initial ordinals and thus is also initial but need not be regular. Assuming the axiom of choice, ${\displaystyle \omega _{\alpha +1}}$ is regular for each α. In this case, the ordinals 0, 1, ${\displaystyle \omega }$, ${\displaystyle \omega _{1}}$, and ${\displaystyle \omega _{2}}$ are regular, whereas 2, 3, ${\displaystyle \omega _{\omega }}$, and ωω·2 are initial ordinals that are not regular.

The cofinality of any ordinal α is a regular ordinal, i.e. the cofinality of the cofinality of α is the same as the cofinality of α. So the cofinality operation is idempotent.

## Cofinality of cardinals

If κ is an infinite cardinal number, then cf(κ) is the least cardinal such that there is an unbounded function from cf(κ) to κ; cf(κ) is also the cardinality of the smallest set of strictly smaller cardinals whose sum is κ; more precisely

${\displaystyle \mathrm {cf} (\kappa )=\min \left\{|I|\ :\ \kappa =\sum _{i\in I}\lambda _{i}\ \land \ \forall i,\lambda _{i}<\kappa \right\}}$

That the set above is nonempty comes from the fact that

${\displaystyle \kappa =\bigcup _{i\in \kappa }\{i\}}$

i.e. the disjoint union of κ singleton sets. This implies immediately that cf(κ) ≤ κ. The cofinality of any totally ordered set is regular, so one has cf(κ) = cf(cf(κ)).

Using König's theorem, one can prove κ < κcf(κ) and κ < cf(2κ) for any infinite cardinal κ.

The last inequality implies that the cofinality of the cardinality of the continuum must be uncountable. On the other hand,

${\displaystyle \aleph _{\omega }=\bigcup _{n<\omega }\aleph _{n}}$.

the ordinal number ω being the first infinite ordinal, so that the cofinality of ${\displaystyle \aleph _{\omega }}$ is card(ω) = ${\displaystyle \aleph _{0}}$. (In particular, ${\displaystyle \aleph _{\omega }}$ is singular.) Therefore,

${\displaystyle 2^{\aleph _{0}}\neq \aleph _{\omega }.}$

(Compare to the continuum hypothesis, which states ${\displaystyle 2^{\aleph _{0}}=\aleph _{1}}$.)

Generalizing this argument, one can prove that for a limit ordinal δ

${\displaystyle \mathrm {cf} (\aleph _{\delta })=\mathrm {cf} (\delta )}$.

On the other hand, if the axiom of choice holds, then for a successor or zero ordinal δ

${\displaystyle \mathrm {cf} (\aleph _{\delta })=\aleph _{\delta }}$.

## References

• Jech, Thomas, 2003. Set Theory: The Third Millennium Edition, Revised and Expanded. Springer. ISBN 3-540-44085-2.
• Kunen, Kenneth, 1980. Set Theory: An Introduction to Independence Proofs. Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-86839-9.