The gens Coelia, occasionally written Coilia, was a plebeian family at ancient Rome. The Coelii are frequently confounded with the Caelii, with some individuals called Caelius in manuscripts, while they appear as Coelius or Coilius on coins. The first of this gens who obtained the consulship was Gaius Coelius Caldus in 94 BC.[2]
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What’s the big deal with gluten? - William D. Chey
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Maybe you've recently seen the phrase "gluten-free" on food packaging, or take-out menus, shampoo bottles, apartment listings, the tag of your shirt, on a hammer, as a lower back tattoo, or in your friend's resume. Next time someone starts telling you about their newfound freedom from gluten, here are some questions you can ask, and the well-informed answers that your friend, being a reasonable individual making educated dietary choices, and by no means just following the latest diet craze, will tell you. What is gluten? Gluten is an insoluble protein composite made up of two proteins named gliadin and glutenin. Where might you encounter gluten? Gluten is found in certain grains, particularly wheat, rye and barley. What has gluten been doing for the previous entirety of human history, and why do you suddenly care about it? Gluten is responsible for the elastic consistency of dough and the chewiness of foods made from wheat flour, like bread and pasta. For some people, these foods cause problems, namely wheat allergy, celiac disease, and non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Wheat allergy is an uncommon condition that occurs when a person's immune system mounts an allergic response to wheat proteins, leading to mild problems, and in rare cases, a potential dangerous reaction called anaphylaxis. Celiac disease is an inherited disease, in which eating foods with gluten leads to inflammation and damage of the lining of the small intestine. This impairs intestinal function, leading to problems like belly pain, bloating, gas, diarrhea, weight loss, skin rash, bone problems like osteoporosis, iron deficiency, small stature, infertility, fatigue and depression. Untreated, celiac disease increases the risk of developing certain types of cancer. Celiac disease is present in one in every 100 to 200 persons in the U.S. When blood tests suggest the possibility of celiac, the diagnosis is confirmed with a biopsy. The most effective treatment is a gluten-free diet, which helps heal intestinal damage and improve symptoms. Some people don't have celiac disease or a wheat allergy, but still experience symptoms when they eat foods with gluten. These people have non-celiac gluten sensitivity. They experience painful gut symptoms and suffer from fatigue, brain fog, joint pain or skin rash. A gluten-free diet typically helps with these symptoms. So how many people actually have this gluten sensitivity you speak of? Gluten sensitivity's occurrence in the general population is unclear, but likely much more common than wheat allergy or celiac disease. Diagnosis is based on the development of symptoms, the absence of wheat allergy and celiac disease, and subsequent improvement on a gluten-free diet. There's no reliable blood or tissue test, partly because gluten sensitivity isn't a single disease, and has a number of different possible causes. For example, it may be the case that gluten can activate the immune system in the small intestine, or cause it to become leaky. But sometimes, people claiming gluten sensitivity are actually sensitive not to wheat proteins, but sugars found in wheat and other foods, called fructans. The human intestine can't break down or absorb fructans, so they make their way to the large intestine or colon, where they're fermented by bacteria, producing short-chain fatty acids and gases. This leads to unpleasant symptoms in some people with bowel problems. Another possible explanation behind gluten sensitivity is the nocebo effect. This occurs when a person believes something will cause problems, and because of that belief, it does. It's the opposite of the more well-known and much more fortuitous placebo effect. Given how much bad press gluten is getting in the media, the nocebo response may play a role for some people who think they're sensitive to gluten. For all these reasons, it's clear that the problems people develop when they eat wheat and other grains aren't exclusively due to gluten. So a better name than non-celiac gluten sensitivty might be wheat intolerance. Okay, so if instead of telling people you're gluten-free, you had to tell them you're wheat intolerant, would I still have to hear about it as often as I do now? Your gluten sensitivity sensitivity is coming off as wheat intolerance intolerance.
Praenomina
The Caelii mentioned in history used the praenomina Lucius, Gaius, and Marcus, all of which were amongst the most common names at Rome.
Branches and cognomina
There only regular surname of this gens under the Republic was Caldus, derived from the Latin calidus, which translates "hot" or "rash". The same cognomen also gave rise to the gentilicium Calidius.[2][3][4][5][6]
Members
- This list includes abbreviated praenomina. For an explanation of this practice, see filiation.
Early Coelii
- Lucius Coelius, commanded as a legate in Illyricum during the war against Perseus, in 169 BC, and was defeated in his attempt to take the town of Uscana.[7][8]
- Lucius Coelius Antipater, a jurist and historian during the latter half of the second century BC.
- Gaius (Coelius) Antipater, a legate of Gaius Norbanus in 82 BC, was among the officers murdered at a banquet by their colleague, Albinovanus. He was probably related to the historian, since their cognomen is otherwise unknown during Republican times.[9][10]
- Marcus Coelius M. f. Vinicianus, quaestor circa 56 BC, tribune of the plebs in 53, praetor about 48, and subsequently proconsul of Bithynia and Pontus. Although a supporter of Pompeius during his tribunate, he was a partisan of Caesar during the Civil War.[11][12]
Coelii Caldi
- Gaius Coelius C. f., a senator in 129 BC, probably the father of Gaius Coelius Caldus, the consul of 94 BC.[13]
- Gaius Coelius C. f. C. n. Caldus, consul in 94 BC, a novus homo and minor orator.
- Lucius Coelius C. f. C. n. Caldus, septemvir epulo.[14][15]
- Gaius Coelius L. f. C. n. Caldus, quaestor under Cicero in Cilicia in 50 BC; when Cicero departed the province, he left the administration in the hands of Caldus.[16][17]
- Coelius Caldus, taken prisoner by the Germans following the defeat of Publius Quinctilius Varus in AD 9, killed himself rather than be subjected to the torture he anticipated.[18]
Later Coelii
- Lucius Coelius Festus, suffect consul in AD 148.[19]
- Marcus Coelius Roscius, legate of the twentieth legion, stationed in Britain at the time of Nero's death in AD 68.[20]
- Publius Coelius Balbinus, consul in AD 137.[21]
- Coelia Concordia, a Virgo Vestalis Maxima, or head of the Vestals, erected in 385 a statue to Vettius Agorius Praetextatus, whose wife later honored her in equal fashion. She is the last Vestal attested epigraphically.[22][23]
- Coelius Sedulius, a Christian poet of the early fifth century.
See also
References
- ^ Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, p. 324.
- ^ a b Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 532 ("Caelia or Coelia Gens").
- ^ Chase, pp. 111, 122.
- ^ Cicero, De Inventione, ii. 9.
- ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, p. 561 ("Caldus").
- ^ Cassell's Latin & English Dictionary, s. v. v. calidus.
- ^ Livy, xliii. 21.
- ^ Broughton, vol. I, p. 422.
- ^ RE, vol. 4.1, col. 185; supplement 3, col. 255 (Coelius 6).
- ^ Broughton, vol. II, p. 71.
- ^ ILLRP, 402.
- ^ Broughton, vol. II, pp. 210, 228, 273, 288.
- ^ Sherk, "Senatus Consultum De Agro Pergameno", p. 367.
- ^ RE, vol. 4.1, col. 196 (Coelius 15).
- ^ Crawford 1974, p. 459.
- ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares, ii. 15, 19, Epistulae ad Atticum, vi. 2, 4-6, vii. 1.
- ^ RE, vol. 4.1, col. 196 (Coelius 14).
- ^ Velleius Paterculus, ii. 20.
- ^ Eck, Werner; Fehér, Bence; Kovács, Péter (2013). "Die Fasti consulares der Regierungszeit des Antoninus Pius. Eine Bestandsaufnahme seit Géza Alföldys Konsulat und Senatorenstand". Studia Epigraphica in Memoriam Géza Alföldy. Antiquitas. Reihe 1, Abhandlungen zur alten Geschichte (in German). Bonn: R. Habelt. pp. 69–90. ISBN 978-3-7749-3866-3.
- ^ Tacitus, Historiae, i. 60.
- ^ CIL XV, 900, CIL XV, 1057
- ^ CIL VI, 2145
- ^ RE, vol. 4.1, col. 831 (Concordia 4).
Bibliography
- Marcus Tullius Cicero, De Inventione, Epistulae ad Atticum, Epistulae ad Familiares.
- Titus Livius (Livy), History of Rome.
- Marcus Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History.
- Publius Cornelius Tacitus, Historiae.
- Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).
- George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. VIII, pp. 103–184 (1897).
- T. Robert S. Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, American Philological Association (1952–1986).
- Attilio Degrassi, Inscriptiones Latinae Liberae Rei Publicae, (Free Latin Inscriptions of the Republic, abbreviated ILLRP), La Nuova Italia, Florence (1957–1963).
- D.P. Simpson, Cassell's Latin and English Dictionary, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York (1963).
- Robert K. Sherk, "The Text of the Senatus Consultum De Agro Pergameno", in Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies, vol. 7, pp. 361–369 (1966).
- Crawford, Michael Hewson (1974). Roman Republican Coinage. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-07492-6.
- August Pauly; Georg Wissowa; Wilhelm Kroll; Kurt Witte; Karl Mittelhaus; Konrat Ziegler, eds. (1894–1980). Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler.
This page was last edited on 10 February 2024, at 15:13