| Clarens Formation | |
|---|---|
| Stratigraphic range: Pliensbachian-Toarcian ~ | |
 Brandwag Rock in the Golden Gates Highlands National Park | |
| Type | Geological formation |
| Unit of | Stormberg Group |
| Sub-units | Lower Elliot and Upper Elliot |
| Underlies | Drakensberg Group |
| Overlies | Elliot Formation |
| Thickness | up to 300 m (980 ft) |
| Lithology | |
| Primary | Sandstone, claystone |
| Other | Mudstone, siltstone |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | 30°30′S 27°24′E / 30.5°S 27.4°E |
| Approximate paleocoordinates | 44°06′S 1°54′W / 44.1°S 1.9°W |
| Region | Free State, KwaZulu-Natal & Eastern Cape |
| Country |  South Africa Lesotho |
| Type section | |
| Named for | Clarens, Free State |
  Clarens Formation (South Africa) | |
The Clarens Formation is a geological formation found in several localities in Lesotho and in the Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, and Eastern Cape provinces in South Africa. It is the uppermost of the three formations found in the Stormberg Group of the greater Karoo Supergroup rocks and represents the final phase of preserved sedimentation of the Karoo Basin.[1]
Geology
The Clarens Formation is composed nearly entirely of fine to medium-grained, thickly-bedded sandstones that range from pale orange or pinkish to cream in color. It is characterized by its remarkable gross lithological uniformity and that its deposits mainly outcrop as high cliffs. These Clarens Formation cliffs frequently contain shallow caves and overhangs at the contact of the underlying Upper Elliot Formation (UEF) due to processes of erosion. This particular feature of the Clarens Formation lead to the initial naming of these rocks the “Cave Sandstone” in older literature.[2][3] It is thought that the geographical range of the Clarens Formation was much greater millions of years ago, covering most of southern Africa in a vast sand dune environment which stretched out from the main Karoo Basin westwards into Namibia and into Zimbabwe in the northeast.[4][5][6][7]
There has been very little recent research undertaken on Clarens Formation,[8] but overall, due to the dominant nature of the sandstones, the Clarens Formation is considered to have been deposited in an arid climate where dune fields were abundant.[9][10][11] The Clarens Formation deposits have been categorized into three notable sedimentary facies. These are laid out below:
- Basal Zone 1: This facies is located in the lower or older sections of the Clarens Formation, and always have eroded bases at their contact with the underlying Upper Elliot Formation (UEF). The sandstones in this facies zones are thickly-bedded, massive, are fine-grained and are silt-rich. Minor mudstone lenses are also found within the sandstone layers and often exhibit desiccation cracks. These are interbedded with lenticular sandstones that contain various ripple structures, calcareous concretions and clay-pellet conglomerates. These have been interpreted as loess deposits. Various trace fossils are found in the mudstone layers of the Basal Zone 1.
- Middle Zone 2: The middle section of the Clarens Formation exhibit either massive or large-scale planar or cross trough bedding structures, and in some instances minor herringbone cross bedding. The sandstones are well sorted and the grain size is coarser than that found in the lower deposits. The sandstones from this facies and up are composed either of quartz arenites or greywackes. Scour and fill structures, and scour marks are also commonly observed in the upper sandstone deposits. These sedimentary facies have been interpreted as preserved sheet flood and ephemeral stream deposits, as well as playa lakes that were formed in a proper desert environment.
- Upper Zone 3: In the upper sections of the Clarens Formation, silty sandstones reappear which grade laterally into fine-grained, massive, and immature sandstone beds. These massive sandstones contain quartz-rich feldspathic wackes and subordinate arkosic arenites. Other minerals identified - which are found in all sandstones across the entire Clarens Formation - are zircons, garnets, agates, riebeckite, spinel, sphene, and hornblende. Thin, lenticular sandstones also reappear in the uppermost Clarens Formation, as do ripple marks and clay-pellet conglomerates, which reveals that the environment where these sedimentary rocks were formed was similar or the same as that of Basal Zone 1. Minor basalts begin to appear in the uppermost sections of the Clarens Formation which are interpreted as the commencement of the magmatic activity associated with the Drakensberg Group. The appearance of the basalts signals the termination of the sedimentation of the Karoo Basin. Extremely rare occurrences of shallow water structures have been found in the basaltic deposits.[12]
Palaeontology
Paleontological finds of the Clarens Formation are less common than the underlying Upper Elliot Formation (UEF), but this is likely not a true reflection of the species diversity that was present at the time of deposition. Fossils are more well known from its lower facies zones, however, no systematic biostratigraphic mapping of the Clarens Formation has been undertaken to date. This is partly due to the fact that the uppermost sections of the Clarens Formation are difficult and dangerous to access due to these deposits forming steep cliffs. Nevertheless, various vertebrate and invertebrate fossils have been recovered from its lower sections.[13] Vertebrate fossil material generally comprises dis-articulated or isolated bone material of various theropod, sauropodomorph, and ornithischian dinosaurs, crocodylomorphs, and cynodont therapsids;[14][15][16] one dinosaur from the Clarens Formation has been named Hortalotarsus skirtopodus. Freshwater fish fossils such as that of Semionotus capensis, and crustaceans have been found in the playa lake facies deposits. The Clarens Formation is also well known for its numerous preserved dinosaur trackways of both large and small theropods, and also of small ornithischian dinosaurs. Petrified wood fragments, rhizoliths, coprolites, and planolites burrows have also been found.[17][18][19][20]
Correlation
The Clarens Formation corresponds with numerous localities in Sub-Saharan Africa. It is currently considered to correlate in age with the Forest Sandstone of Zimbabwe, the Bodibeng Sandstone in the Tuli Basin of Botswana,[21] and the Etjo Sandstone of Namibia. In South Africa, equivalent sedimentary facies to the Clarens Formation are present in the Lebombo Belt, north of Eswatini.
See also
References
- ^ Broom, R. 1948. A contribution to our knowledge of the vertebrates of the Karroo Beds of South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 61, 577–629.
- ^ Beukes, N.J., 1970. Stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Cave Sandstone stage, Karoo System. In: S.H. Haughton (Editor), Proceedings and papers of the 2nd Gondwana symposium. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, 321-341.
- ^ Head, H. V.; Bordy, E. M. (2018-03-01). "Lithostratigraphy of the Clarens Formation (Stormberg Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa". South African Journal of Geology. 121 (1): 119–130. Bibcode:2018SAJG..121..119B. doi:10.25131/sajg.121.0009. ISSN 1012-0750.
- ^ Visser, J. N. J. (1984). "A review of the Stormberg Group and Drakensberg volcanics in southern Africa". Palaeontologia Africana. ISSN 0078-8554.
- ^ Eriksson, P.; Bordy, E. M. (2015-09-01). "Lithostratigraphy of the Elliot Formation (Karoo Supergroup), South Africa". South African Journal of Geology. 118 (3): 311–316. Bibcode:2015SAJG..118..311B. doi:10.2113/gssajg.118.3.311. hdl:2263/55739. ISSN 1012-0750.
- ^ Meiklejohn, K.I., 1997. The role of moisture in the weathering of the Clarens Formation of the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg: implications for the preservation of indigenous rock art. South African Geographical Journal, 79, pp.199-206.
- ^ Rubidge, B. S.; Hancox, P. J.; Catuneanu, O. (1998-12-01). "Reciprocal flexural behaviour and contrasting stratigraphies: a new basin development model for the Karoo retroarc foreland system, South Africa". Basin Research. 10 (4): 417–439. Bibcode:1998BasR...10..417C. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2117.1998.00078.x. ISSN 1365-2117. S2CID 56420970.
- ^ Beukes, N.J., 1969. Die sedimentologie van die Etage Holkranssandsteen,sisteem Karoo. Unpublished MSc thesis, University of the Orange Free State,Bloemfontein, 138pp. [Online] Available at hdl:11660/7671
- ^ Eriksson, P.G., 1981. A palaeoenvironmental analysis of the Clarens Formationin the Natal Drakensberg. Transactions of the Geological Society of SouthAfrica, 84, 7-17.
- ^ Eriksson, P.G., 1986. Aeolian dune and alluvial fan deposits in the Clarens Formation of the Natal Drakensberg. Transactions of the Geological Societyof South Africa, 89, 389-393.
- ^ C. P. Eriksson, P. G. (1994-01-01). "A note on the petrography of upper Karoo sandstones in the Natal Drakensberg: implications for the Clarens formation palaeoenvironment". South African Journal of Geology. 97 (1): 101–106. ISSN 1996-8590.
- ^ Smith, R.M.H., Eriksson, P.G., Botha, W.J. (1993-01-01). "A review of the stratigraphy and sedimentary environments of the Karoo-aged basins of Southern Africa". Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East). 16 (1–2): 143–169. Bibcode:1993JAfES..16..143S. doi:10.1016/0899-5362(93)90164-L. ISSN 0899-5362.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Bordy, E.M., Bumby, A.J., Catuneanu, O. and Eriksson, P.G., 2004. Advanced early Jurassic termite (Insecta: Isoptera) nests: evidence from the Clarens Formation in the Tuli Basin, southern Africa. Palaios, 19(1), pp.68-78.
- ^ Raath, Michael A.; Kitching, James W. (1984). "Fossils from the Elliot and Clarens Formations (Karoo sequence) of the Northeastern Cape, Orange Free State and Lesotho, and a suggested biozonation based on tetrapods". Palaeontologia Africana. ISSN 0078-8554.
- ^ McPhee, B.W., Bordy, E.M., Sciscio, L. and Choiniere, J.N. (2017). "The sauropodomorph biostratigraphy of the Elliot Formation of southern Africa: Tracking the evolution of Sauropodomorpha across the Triassic–Jurassic boundary". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 62 (3). doi:10.4202/app.00377.2017. ISSN 0567-7920.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Sues, H.D., Reisz, R.R., Hinic, S. and Raath, M.A., 2004. On the skull of Massospondylus carinatus Owen, 1854 (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from the Elliot and Clarens formations (Lower Jurassic) of South Africa. Annals of Carnegie Museum, 73(4), pp.239-257.
- ^ Kitching, J.W., 1979. Preliminary report on a clutch of six dinosaurian eggs from the Upper Triassic Elliot Formation, Northern Orange Free State.
- ^ Knoll, Fabien (2005-01-01). "The tetrapod fauna of the Upper Elliot and Clarens formations in the main Karoo Basin (South Africa and Lesotho)". Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 176 (1): 81–91. doi:10.2113/176.1.81. ISSN 0037-9409.
- ^ Rubidge, Bruce S.; Hancox, P. John; Yates, Adam M. (2004-09-01). "First record of a sauropod dinosaur from the upper Elliot Formation (Early Jurassic) of South Africa: research letter". South African Journal of Science. 100 (9–10): 504–506. ISSN 1996-7489.
- ^ Raath, Michael A.; Evans, David C.; Sues, Hans-Dieter; Scott, Diane; Reisz, Robert R. (2005-07-29). "Embryos of an Early Jurassic Prosauropod Dinosaur and Their Evolutionary Significance" (PDF). Science. 309 (5735): 761–764. Bibcode:2005Sci...309..761R. doi:10.1126/science.1114942. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 16051793. S2CID 37548361.
- ^ Bordy, E. M., Catuneanu, O. (2002-08-01). "Sedimentology and palaeontology of upper Karoo aeolian strata (Early Jurassic) in the Tuli Basin, South Africa". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 35 (2): 301–314. Bibcode:2002JAfES..35..301B. doi:10.1016/S0899-5362(02)00103-3. ISSN 1464-343X.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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