Chilean recluse spider

Chilean recluse spider

Immature female
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Subphylum:	Chelicerata
Class:	Arachnida
Order:	Araneae
Infraorder:	Araneomorphae
Family:	Sicariidae
Genus:	Loxosceles
Species:	L. laeta
Binomial name
*Loxosceles laeta* (Nicolet, 1849)^[1]
Synonyms^[1]
Scytodes laeta Nicolet, 1849 Scytodes rufipes Nicolet, 1849 Scytodes nigella Nicolet, 1849 Omosita bicolor Holmberg, 1876 Loxosceles longipalpis Banks, 1902 Loxosceles laeta (Nicolet, 1849) Loxosceles nesophila Chamberlin, 1920 Loxosceles yura Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942

The Chilean recluse spider, Loxosceles laeta, is a highly venomous spider of the family Sicariidae. In Spanish, it (and other South American recluse spiders) is known as araña de rincón, or "corner spider"; in Brazilian Portuguese, as aranha-marrom or "brown spider". It is considered by many to be the most dangerous of recluse spiders, and its bites often result in serious systemic reactions, up to and including death.^[2]

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Description

The Chilean recluse is one of the larger species of recluse spiders, generally ranging from 8–40 mm in size (including legs). Like most recluses, it is brown and usually has markings on the dorsal side of its thorax, with a black line coming from it that looks like a violin with the neck of the violin pointing to the rear of the spider resulting in the nickname "fiddleback spider" or "violin spider" in English-speaking areas. Coloring varies from light tan to brown and the violin marking may not be visible. Since the "violin pattern" is not diagnostic, it is far more important, for purposes of identification, to examine the eyes. Most spiders have eight eyes, but recluse spiders have six eyes arranged in pairs (dyads) with one median pair and two lateral pairs.

Like other recluse spiders, the Chilean recluse builds irregular webs that frequently include a shelter consisting of disorderly threads. Unlike most web weavers, they leave these webs at night to hunt. People get bitten when they unintentionally squeeze them in clothing and bedding. They frequently build their webs in woodpiles and sheds, closets, garages, and other places that are dry and generally undisturbed. The spider is frequently found in human dwellings. They can last a long time without food or water,^[3] a characteristic that encourages their worldwide spread.

Habitat

The Chilean recluse spider is native to South America. It is common in Chile, and can be found in Perú, Ecuador, Argentina, Uruguay, and south and eastern Brazil.^[4]^[5]

It has been introduced into several areas outside its natural range but does not thrive in those locations.^{[citation needed]} The spider is known to have established itself in the Los Angeles area.^[6] Infestations have been reported in the United States (Massachusetts, Florida, Kansas^[7]), Canada (Vancouver, British Columbia),^{[citation needed]} and Australia. One colony of the spider is living in the Natural History Museum of Helsinki where it was probably introduced through fruit shipments in the 1960s and 1970s.^[8]^[9] Local daycares, preschools and schools arrange daytrips here and parents are forewarned about the risk by required consent forms, although only one bite has ever been recorded. In 2021 this spider was also found in three different school buildings in the town of Sandviken, Sweden.^[10]

Medical significance

As indicated by its name (laeta meaning “happy”), this spider is not aggressive and usually bites only when pressed against human skin, such as when putting on an article of clothing. Like all sicariid spiders, the venom of the Chilean recluse contains the dermonecrotic agent Sphingomyelinase D, which is otherwise found only in a few pathogenic bacteria. According to one study, the venom of the Chilean recluse along with the six-eyed sand spider Hexophthalma hahni, contains an order of magnitude more of this substance than that of other sicariid spiders such as the brown recluse.^[11] For a comparison of the toxicity of several kinds of spider bites, see the list of spiders having medically significant venom.

Spectrum of disease

Disease may range from a minor bite with mild skin irritation, to severe skin necrosis, called cutaneous loxoscelism, to a less common syndrome in 10-15% of cases, a systemic illness called viscerocutaneous loxoscelism, because it involves inner organs. Cutaneous loxoscelism results from serious bites causing a necrotising skin ulcer in about 50% of bites^[12] with destruction of soft tissue and may take months, and rarely years to heal, leaving deep scars. The damaged tissue will become gangrenous black and eventually slough away. Initially there may be no pain from a bite, but over time the wound may grow to as large as 10 inches (25 cm) in extreme cases. Bites are felt initially but may take up to seven hours to cause visible damage; more serious systemic effects may occur before this time, as venom of any kind spreads throughout the body in minutes. Viscerocutaneous loxoscelism manifests with skin blanching due to vasoconstriction, sometimes a dengue-like scarlatiniform rash, hemolysis, sometimes resulting in hemoglobinuria, hemolytic anemia and acute tubular necrosis leading to kidney failure, and death in 3%–4% of cases per a study covering 30 years of bites in Chile.^[13] In a single year (2005) no deaths were reported.^[14] In Peru, viscerocutaneous loxoscelism occurs in 27.2% of cases, in Chile it occurs in 15.7% and in the state of Santa Catarina, in Brazil it occurs in 13.1%.^[15] In a period from 1955 to 2000 250 cases of Loxoscelism were studied in Santiago, Chile, cutaneous loxoscelism occurred in 81.2% of the cases (203), while the most severe form, viscerocutaneous loxoscelism, occurred in 18.8% (47). Of the 47 who had viscerocutaneous loxoscelism, 9 died, representing a mortality rate of 19.1%, 6 were women and 3 were men, aged 2 to 37 years, 6 occurred in the summer, two in the fall and one in the winter. Loxosceles laeta can produce 60 µg of venom by electrostimulation, compared to 30-40 µg of Loxosceles intermedia and Loxosceles gaucho.^[16]^[17] In Peru, the mortality rate was 18% for those over 13 years old, and 50% for children under 13 years old, the amount of venom injected by the spider is only 0.5 to 1.0 µl.^[18]

Treatment

Application of an ice pack helps as first aid, because the venom is more active at high temperatures.^[19] Applying aloe vera may soothe and help control the pain. The spider should be brought with the patient in a clear, tightly closed container for identification, if it can be captured. However, by the time the bite is noticed, any spider found nearby is not likely to be the culprit.

Antidote results have been discouraging.^[20] Retrospective data are limited because they lack a definition of time to antivenom administration and its relation to outcome.

In South America, dapsone has been tried at 100 mg/day for one week, unless there is active hemolysis or G6PD deficiency. No controlled trials have been reported; the practice is controversial, but clinical experience in Peru and several limited studies support this practice. Systemic corticosteroids are often considered, but without clinical trials to support the practice.^[21]