Chicken manure

Chicken manure is the feces of chickens used as an organic fertilizer, especially for soil low in nitrogen.^[1] Of all animal manures, it has the highest amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.^[2] Chicken manure is sometimes pelletized for use as a fertilizer, and this product may have additional phosphorus, potassium or nitrogen added.^[3] Optimal storage conditions for chicken manure include keeping it in a covered area and retaining its liquid, because a significant amount of nitrogen exists in the urine.^[4]

Fresh chicken manure contains 0.5%^[5] to 0.9% nitrogen,^[6] 0.4%^[4] to 0.5% phosphorus,^[5] and 1.2% to 1.7% potassium.^[5] One chicken produces approximately 8 to 11 pounds (3.6 to 5.0 kg) of manure monthly.^[6] Chicken manure can be used to create homemade plant fertilizer.^[6]

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Studies

In 1986, a master's thesis study in the Philippines compared the effects of using various fertilizers to enhance milkfish production in brackish water ponds.^[7] The study compared the use of using chicken manure only, cow manure only, 16-20-0 fertilizer only, a mixture of cow manure and 16-20-0 fertilizer, a mixture of chicken manure and 16-20-0 fertilizer, and a control group that used no fertilizer.^[7] The study concluded that the use of cow manure only as a fertilizer fared best, and the use of chicken manure only as a fertilizer fared second best.^[7]

Pollution

Mass applications of chicken manure may create an unpleasant odor. In April 2014 in Escondido, California, a golf course that had "dumped" chicken manure on its grounds was cited by the county government after complaints from local residents about the odor.^[8]

In December 2011, the environmental group Environment Maryland asserted that water runoff from agricultural land fertilized with chicken manure was increasing the pollution levels of Chesapeake Bay.^[9] The group asserted that excessive phosphorus from the runoff was contributing to the increase of dead zones in the bay.^[9] In 2015, in efforts to address the matter before leaving office, Maryland Governor Martin O'Malley put a new regulation into use that "would have limited the amount of poultry manure that Eastern Shore farmers can use on their fields".^[10] However, the following Governor Larry Hogan quickly absolved the new regulation after being sworn into office.^[10] The runoff problem has been attributed to the use of "an outdated scientific tool for calculating the correct amount of manure".^[10] A proposed solution from scientists at the University of Maryland is to have farmers use a new (corrected) formula to calculate proper quantities of chicken manure for agricultural uses.^[10]

Human deterrent

Chicken manure has been used as a human deterrent. In July 2013, in Abbotsford, British Columbia, city workers applied chicken manure at a tent encampment to deter homeless people from the area.^[11] The affected homeless planned on initiating small claims lawsuits for loss of property and property damage.^[11] One of the affected homeless people described the tactics of city workers as "a chicken shit way to do things".^[12] The mayor of Abbotsford and the Fraser Valley city manager later apologized regarding the incident.^[11]^[13] Similar instances of using chicken manure in this manner have occurred in British Columbia in Surrey and in Port Coquitlam, the latter of which occurred "shortly after the Abbotsford incident".^[11]

References

^ Telkamp, Mick. "The Straight Poop On Using Chicken Manure as Fertilizer". Retrieved 16 February 2015.
^ Deborah L. Martin; Grace Gershuny, eds. (1992). The Rodale Book of Composting: Easy Methods for Every Gardener (revised ed.). Rodale. p. 126. ISBN 9780878579914.
^ Barrett, J. (2008). FCS Soil Science L3. FET college series. Pearson Education South Africa. p. 70. ISBN 978-1-77025-114-4.
^ ^a ^b Pullin, R.S.V.; Shehadeh, Z.H. (1980). Integrated Agriculture-aquaculture Farming Systems: Proceedings of the ICLARM-SEARCA Conference on Integrated Agriculture-Aquaculture Farming Systems, Manila, Philippines, 6-9 August 1979. ICLARM conference proceedings. International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management. p. 80.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Manure is an Excellent Fertilizer". Ecochem. Retrieved December 11, 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c Foreman, Patricia; Long, Cheryl (April–May 2013). "Chickens in the Garden: Eggs, Meat, Chicken Manure Fertilizer and More". Mother Earth News. Retrieved February 18, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c Garcia, Y.T.; Aragon, C.T.; Dator, M.A.L. Milkfish Bibliography A Compilation of Abstracts on Milkfish Studies. WorldFish. p. 191.
^ "Chicken manure stink could be costly". U-T San Diego. April 14, 2014. Retrieved February 18, 2015.
^ ^a ^b "Chicken manure adds to Chesapeake Bay pollution, group says". WTOP. December 28, 2011. Retrieved February 18, 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Hogan shelves chicken manure rules". The Frederick News-Post. January 27, 2015. Retrieved February 18, 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Big Stink Over Manure Dump". The Huffington Post. July 24, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2015.
^ "Abbotsford Homeless Campers Clash With City, Police". The Huffington Post. June 19, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2015.
^ "Chicken Poop Scheme Shames Mayor". The Huffington Post. June 6, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2015.

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