Chenab Rail Bridge

Chenab Rail Bridge
Chenab Railway Arch bridge in Reasi district, J&K, India in 2023
Coordinates	33°9′3″N 74°52′59″E / 33.15083°N 74.88306°E / 33.15083; 74.88306
Carries	Indian Railways
Crosses	Chenab River between Bakkal and Kauri
Maintained by	Northern Railways
Characteristics
Design	Arch bridge
Material	Steel and Concrete
Total length	1,315 m (4,314 ft)^[1]
Height	(river bed to formation) 359 m (1,178 ft)^[1]
Longest span	467 m (1,532 ft)
No. of spans	17
History
Designer	Konkan Railway, Afcons Infrastructure & DRDO
Constructed by	Afcons Infrastructure
Opening	December 2022^[2]
Inaugurated	13 August 2022^[3]
Location

Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramula Rail Link (USBRL)

Legend

338

Baramulla

Uri (inprogress)
(inprogress)

Kupwara Line (inprogress)

Kupwara

Bandipora Line
(proposed)

330

323

315

307

297

Budgam–Leh–Bhanupli line
(planned)

292

Budgam

281

Srinagar

275

Pampore

Jhelum Bridge

269

Kakapora

259

Awantipora

252

Panzgom

Shopian Line
(inprogress)

245

Bijbehara

to Pahalgam (inprogress)

238

231

226

Hillar Shahabad

(

11.2 km

7 mi

)

208

Banihal

Tunnel T74R (

8.6 km

5.3 mi

)

Khari

Tunnel T49 (

12.75 km

7.92 mi

)

Sumber

Tunnel T48 (

10.2 km

6.3 mi

)

Sangaldan Tunnels include T47-Br88-T46-Br 87-T44/45-Br85-T42/43, (

7 km

4 mi

)

Sangaldan

Sawalkote

Dugga

Bakkal

Bhaderwah Line
(planned)

Udhampur

Ramnagar

Tawi Bridge

Manwal

Sangar

Bajalta

Poonch line
(planned)

Jammu Tawi

Jalandhar–Jammu line

The Chenab Rail Bridge is a steel and concrete arch bridge carrying a single-track railway line, located between Bakkal and Kauri in the Reasi district of the Jammu Division of Jammu and Kashmir, India.^[4]^[5] The bridge spans the Chenab River at a height of 359 m (1,178 ft) above the river, making it the world's highest rail bridge.^[6]^[7] In November 2017, the base supports were declared completed allowing for the start of the construction of the main arch.^[8] The bridge was fully completed and was inaugurated in August 2022.^[3]

In April 2021, the Chenab Rail Bridge's arch was completed and the overall bridge was completed in August 2022. It was expected to open to rail traffic by December 2023 or by January/February 2024 but has been rescheduled to July.^[9]^[10]

Key technical data of the bridge include:^[11]

Deck height: above river bed - 359 m (1,178 ft), above river surface - 322 m (1,056 ft)
Bridge length: 1,315 m (4,314 ft), including the 650 m (2,130 ft) long viaduct on the northern side
Arch span: 467 m (1,532 ft)^[12]
Arch length: 480 m (1,570 ft)^[13]

This makes the Chenab Rail Bridge:

The world's 16th highest bridge
The world's 11th longest arch bridge
The bridge with the longest span in the 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge railway network

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Introduction and topography

Northern Railway has undertaken the megaproject of constructing a new railway line across the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir between the towns of Udhampur near Jammu and Baramulla on the northwestern edge of the Kashmir Valley. This project was declared a national project in 2004.^[14] It is directed by the Northern Railway.

The extraordinary challenge lies in a large number of tunnels (totaling 63 km in length^[15]) and bridges (7.5 km) to be implemented in highly rugged and mountainous terrain, with the difficult Himalayan geology. The most difficult part is believed to be the crossing of the deep gorge of the Chenab River, near Salal Hydro Power Dam,^[16] by the Chenab Bridge.

The engineering marvel lies in the seismic zone IV, and can withstand earthquakes up to a magnitude of 8 on the Richter scale, high-intensity blasts, and winds up to speeds of 260 kilometre per hour.^[17]

Another, smaller, arch bridge proposed on the new railway line was the 657 m (2,156 ft) long, 189 m (620 ft) high Anji Khad Bridge between Katra and Reasi over the Chenab river tributary river. This proposal was abandoned by the railway due to the specific geology of the location and a cable-stayed bridge is proposed which will be Indian Railways first cable stayed bridge.

Design

After many deliberations, taking into account aesthetics, economy, and availability of local expertise and construction materials, the Chenab Rail Bridge was designed as a large span single arch steel bridge with approach viaducts on either side. The arch is two-ribbed, fabricated from large steel trusses. The chords of the trusses are sealed steel boxes, internally stiffened and filled with concrete to assist in controlling wind-induced forces on the bridge. Another advantage of concrete filling is that internal painting will not be required.

The number of bearings has been minimized, particularly on the approach viaduct, through the use of continuous construction. This is advantageous, as it reduces the maintenance and inspection efforts, and improves the riding quality. The viaduct piers are of concrete, while the piers near the arch are Indian construction standards such as the Indian Railway Standards (IRS), the Indian Road Congress (IRC) and the Indian Standards (IS) were found inadequate for the large spans of the Chenab Bridge. For example, the Indian Railway Standards (IRS) is primarily intended for simply supported bridges with spans up to 100m (although these have been successfully used for higher spans up to 154m). The spans for the Chenab Rail Bridge greatly exceed this limit, and are continuous. Therefore, to assure a safe design, Indian national standards have been supplemented with International standards such as British Standards (BS), International Union of Railways (UIC) and Euro. Also, many global experts with versatile and relevant experience, have been involved in order to facilitate making the project a success.

Following are some of the design considerations taken into account:

Limit state philosophy of design has been decided to be followed as per BS codes
Computation of wind load effects as per wind tunnel tests
Site specific seismic spectra developed by Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Roorkee
Provision of Euro code 8 for ductility detailing of very tall and hollow rectangular RCC piers
Provision of long welded rail (LWR) over the bridges and resulting force calculation as per UIC – 774-3R guidelines
Blast resistant design used
Design checking for fatigue as per BS codes
Deformation limits as per comfort criteria of UIC – 776-2R and UIC 776 -3R guidelines
Redundancy provided in the structures, for lower level of operation during mishaps and against collapse in extreme cases of one pier failure

The quality aspect has been emphasised, as the quantum of fabrication and welding is colossal. Mostly indigenous material compliant to IS codes has been planned to be used, whereas for the design, international codes have been referred, which means the Quality Control work is still difficult.

Construction

The Chenab Rail Bridge was originally intended to be completed in December 2009.^[18] However, in September 2008, the project was halted due to fears over the bridge's stability and safety.^[19] Work on the bridge restarted in 2010,^[20] with the plan to complete it in 2015.^[21]

The design and construction was awarded to Afcons Infrastructure,^[22] a part of the Shapoorji Pallonji Group, the third-largest construction group in India, with the help of IISc Bangalore. Major construction decisions were taken by Konkan Railway Corporation. The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) helped in the design of the bridge, making it blast-proof using special steel.^[23]

The erection scheme for the bridge is a project in itself. Two pylons (about 130 m and 100 m high) were erected on either side of the river, and two auxiliary self-propelled cable cranes (capacity of 20 tonnes each) were used to tow temporary auxiliary ropes across these pylons. The ropes were used to support the partly finished arch parts. After arch completion, the trusses will be added, finally the girder will be constructed as a horizontal sliding type platform.

Project status

Dec 2004: Project approved.^[4]
Feb 2008: Contract awarded for construction.^[13]
Sep 2008: Project halted due to safety concern.
Aug 2010: Construction restarted.^[24]
Jul 2017: Construction work resumed on the bridge.
Nov 2017: The work bridge's arch is expected to be completed by May 2019.^[4]
Nov 2018: The bridge is now under active construction.^[25]
Dec 2018: The project was expected to be completed by the end of 2019, but at this time, it seems unlikely.^[26]^[27]
Aug 2019: 80% of construction work has been completed on the bridge, and is expected to be opened in mid-2020.^[28]
Nov 2019: 83% work has been completed on the bridge, and is now expected to be opened in March 2021.^[29]
Jan 2020: It is now expected to be opened in December 2021.^[30]
Apr 2021: Work on both the ends of the bridge's arch is finally completed. It is now expected to be opened in 2022.^[31]^[2]
Jun 2022: About 90% of construction work has been completed, and is now confirmed to make the bridge operational by December 2022.^[32]
Aug 2022: The bridge's remaining work on the final joint was completed, and was inaugurated on 13 August 2022.^[33]^[34]
Feb 2023: Track laying on the bridge starts.^[35]^[36]^[37]
Mar 2023: The track laying is completed and a trial run has been conducted on it. The bridge, along with the entire route from Jammu to Baramulla, is expected to become operational by December 2023 or by January/February 2024.^[38]

Maintenance

Regular painting of large bridges is an intimidating task; hence, a painting scheme was developed, having renewal of over 15 years, compared to approx. 5 to 7 years in most other Indian railway bridges.^[39]