Stylophorum diphyllum

Woodland poppy

Conservation status
Secure (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Ranunculales
Family:	Papaveraceae
Genus:	Stylophorum
Species:	S. diphyllum
Binomial name
*Stylophorum diphyllum* (Michx.) Nutt.

Stylophorum diphyllum, commonly called the celandine poppy^[1] or wood poppy,^[2] is an herbaceous plant in the poppy family (Papaveraceae). It is native to North America, where it is found in the eastern United States and Ontario.^[3] Its typical natural habitat is moist forests over calcareous rock, particularly in ravines.^[4]^[5]

It is occasionally cultivated for its bright yellow flowers. The common name is derived from greater celandine (Chelidonium majus), a closely related European plant with similar flowers and leaves.

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Description

Stylophorum diphyllum is an herbaceous perennial. It grows to about 1.5 feet (0.46 m) tall, from underground rhizomes. Leaves are pinnately cut and lobed. They grow from the base of the plant, and in a pair at the top of the flowering stems. Apart from its normal sap, Stylophorum diphyllum produces a yellow orange latex which can cause stains.

In spring, the deep yellow flowers of the celandine poppy appear as a brilliant display on the forest floor. The flowers have 4 yellow petals, two soon falling sepals, many yellow orange stamens, and a single knobby stigma. They appear singly or in umbels of two to four flowers from early spring to early summer. The flowers issue from between a pair of leaves at the top of the flowering stems. They produce pollen, but no nectar.^[5]

After fertilization, a bristly blue green pod hangs below the leaves. Seeds with white elaiosomes ripen in midsummer and the pod opens by four flaps.

Life stages
Flowerbud
A blooming plant in North Carolina
A flower and its reproductive parts
A patch of blooming plants at the Morton Arboretum in Illinois
Leaf and immature pods
Pods closer to maturity, hanging below leaves
Maturing pods in a wild patch in Ellicott City, Maryland
Stylophorum diphyllum seed pod showing elaisomes attached to seed

Propagation

Propagation is done by seed or by dividing established clumps in spring. It grows best in moist, high-humus soil, and prefers to be in the shade.^[6] Division should be done early in the morning, preferably on a cloudy and mild day.

Plants are relatively long lived and readily self-seed under garden conditions.

Conservation

Stylophorum diphyllum is a conservative species and is somewhat uncommon throughout its range. Forest clearance is responsible for the loss of some stands of this species. As the wood poppy requires semi-shaded conditions, even selective logging can have negative effects by creating large openings that allow too much sun to reach the forest floor.

Due to its limited distribution in Canada, it is listed under Ontario's Endangered Species Act, 2007, which protects the species and its habitat.^[7] One Ontario population of the wood poppy is in a conservation area.

References

^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Stylophorum diphyllum". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
^ C. Colston Burrell, ed. Wildflower Gardens: 60 Spectacular Plants and How to Grow Them in Your Garden. Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 2007. p. 56. ISBN 9781889538310
^ "Stylophorum diphyllum". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
^ Weakley, Alan (2015). "Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States".
^ ^a ^b Hilty, John (2020). "Celandine Poppy". Illinois Wildflowers.
^ "Stylophorum diphyllum". Plant Finder. Missouri Botanical Garden.
^ "Stylophorum diphyllum". Native Plant Database. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, University of Texas at Austin.