Brühl Palace, Warsaw

Brühl Palace Pałac Brühla (in Polish)
Main gate and the corps de logis.

General information
Architectural style	Baroque
Town or city	Warsaw
Country	Poland
Construction started	1639
Completed	1642
Demolished	1944
Client	Jerzy Ossoliński
Design and construction
Architect(s)	Lorenzo de Sent, rebuilt by Tylman Gamerski (late 17th century) and Johann Friedrich Knöbel, Joachim Daniel von Jauch (18th century), Bohdan Pniewski (1932)

The Brühl Palace (Polish: Pałac Brühla), formerly known as Sandomierski Palace, was a palatial residence standing at Piłsudski Square, in central Warsaw, Poland. It was one of the largest palaces and one of the finest examples of rococo architecture in pre-World War II Warsaw.

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History

Establishment of the palace

The palace was built between 1639 and 1642 by Lorenzo de Sent for Crown Grand Chancellor Jerzy Ossoliński in Mannerist style. It was built on the plan of an elongated rectangle with two hexagonal towers at garden side of the building.^[1] The palace was adorned with sculptures – an allegory of Poland above the main portal, four figures of kings of Poland in the niches and a statue of Minerva crowning the roof. A possible inspiration for the palace's upper pavilion and its characteristic roof was Bonifaz Wohlmut's reconstruction of Belvedere in Prague, 1557–1563.

After the Chancellor's death the property was inherited by his daughter Helena Tekla Ossolińska, wife of Aleksander Michał Lubomirski, Starost of Sandomierz (from whom it takes its name). Later, between 1681 and 1696, it was rebuilt and remodeled by Tylman Gamerski and Giovanni Bellotti for Prince Józef Karol Lubomirski – Aleksander Michał's son.

18th century

In 1750, Heinrich von Brühl bought the palace as a residence. Between 1754 and 1759 it was rebuilt according to designs by Johann Friedrich Knöbel and Joachim Daniel von Jauch.^[1] The palace was enhanced and covered with a mansard roof. Two outbuildings were added to the palace complex surrounding a triangular courtyard that sometimes served as a parade ground. From that time the palace was known as the Brühl Palace.

On 27 May 1787, the palace played a key role in a plot by Russian ambassador to Poland, Otto Magnus von Stackelberg. He derailed yet another Polish policy which seemed threatening to Russia. With few major wars in the past decades, the economy of the Commonwealth was improving, and its budget had a notable surplus. Many voices said that the money should be spent on increasing the size, and providing new equipment for, the Polish army. However, as a large Polish army could be a threat to the Russian garrisons controlling Poland, von Stackelberg ordered his proxies in the Permanent Council to spend the money on a different goal: for the huge sum of 1 million zlotys (representing most of the surplus), the council bought the Brühl Palace – and promptly donated it to 'Poland's ally', Russia, to serve as Russia's new embassy.

Left: Reconstruction design by Tylman Gamerski. Right: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1930s.

At the end of the eighteenth century, Dominik Merlini gave the interior a neoclassical look.^[1]

20th century

During 1932–1937, the palace was adapted for use as the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the new Polish Republic. The architect this time was Bohdan Pniewski, who added a new modern building and modernized the interiors of all the buildings in the palace complex.^[1]

It was deliberately and completely destroyed by the Germans on 18 December 1944 (during World War II, shortly after the Warsaw Uprising).^[1]^[2]

21st century: Reconstruction plans

Around 2008, Warsaw's municipal government authorities have decided to rebuild the Brühl Palace.^[3] The new building was to have a facade referring to its historic shape, but a new private investor may adapt the interiors to the needs of either office space or a hotel.^[4] On 11 November 2018, during the celebration of the 100th anniversary of Poland regaining independence, President Andrzej Duda signed a declaration on the restitution of the Brühl Palace.^[5] In July 2021, President Duda submitted to the Sejm a draft act on the reconstruction of the Brühl Palace, Saxon Palace, and three tenement houses at Królewska Street in Warsaw,^[6] which was passed later that month.^[7]

References

In-line:

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Ministerstwo Spraw Zagranicznych". warszawa1939.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2008-02-20.
^ "Oś Saska. Druga Wojna Światowa". State Archive of the Capital City of Warsaw (in Polish). Retrieved 2008-02-20.
^ "Urban revitalization "Breathing New Live into Historic Sites"". official Warsaw city page. Archived from the original on 2008-09-17. Retrieved 2007-08-08.
^ "As Good as New". warsawvoice.pl. The Warsaw Voice. 2005-10-12. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2008-02-20.
^ "Prezydent podpisał deklarację o restytucji Pałacu Saskiego" (in Polish). prezydent.pl. 11 November 2018.
^ "Reconstructing Brühl Palace will be 'final act in the post-war rebuilding of Warsaw'". The First News. 8 July 2021.
^ "Druk nr 1388" (in Polish). Sejm. 7 July 2021.

General:

Stefan Kieniewicz, ed. (1984). Warszawa w latach 1526–1795 (Warsaw in 1526–1795) (in Polish). Warsaw. ISBN 83-01033-23-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)