Menyanthes

Menyanthes

Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Menyanthaceae
Genus:	Menyanthes L.
Species:	M. trifoliata
Binomial name
*Menyanthes trifoliata* L.

Menyanthes is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Menyanthaceae containing the single species Menyanthes trifoliata. The North American form is often referred to as M. trifoliata var. minor Michx. It is known in English by the common names bogbean^[1] and buckbean.

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Description

Menyanthes trifoliata has a horizontal rhizome with alternate, trifoliate leaves. The inflorescence is an erect raceme of white flowers. The buds are rose-pink in color. The flowers when fully open look like "white stars" and the petals are fringed with white whiskers.^[2]

The species occurs in fens and bogs in Asia, Europe, and North America. In eastern North America, it is considered to be a diagnostic fen species.^[3] It sometimes creates big quagmires with its thick roots.

Taxonomy

The name Menyanthes comes from the Greek words menyein, meaning "disclosing", and anthos, meaning "flower", in reference to the sequential opening of flowers on the inflorescence.

Fossil record

One fossil seed of Menyanthes trifoliata has been extracted from borehole samples of the Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin, West Carpathians, Poland.^[4]

Conservation

The species is protected in the United States.^[5]

Uses

The rootstock can be ground into an unpalatable flour for emergency use.^[5] The plant has a characteristic strong and bitter taste, which can be used in schnapps.^{[citation needed]}

In China, the plant is known as "sleeping herbs" (睡菜) or "herbs that calm consciousness" (暝菜). Guangdong Xing Yu (1678), a Qing dynasty book by Chiu-Da-Jun, records: "Eat [Menyanthes trifoliata;] makes people sleep well." The Compendium of Materia Medica records: "[Treats] insomnia, restlessness".^{[citation needed]}

References

^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
^ Stevens, John (1987). The National Trust book of Wild Flower Gardening. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-86318-219-8.
^ Godwin, Kevin S.; Shallenberger, James P.; Leopold, Donald J.; Bedford, Barbara L. (2002). "Linking landscape properties to local hydrogeologic gradients and plant species occurrence in minerotrophic fens of New York State, USA: A Hydrogeologic Setting (HGS) framework". Wetlands. 22 (4): 722–37. doi:10.1672/0277-5212(2002)022[0722:LLPTLH]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 20623975.
^ Łańcucka-Środoniowa M.: Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland) [Szczątki makroskopowe roślin z miocenu słodkowodnego Kotliny Sądeckiej (Karpaty Zachodnie, Polska)]. Acta Palaeobotanica 1979 20 (1): 3-117.
^ ^a ^b Peterson, Lee Allen (1978). A Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants of Eastern and Central North America. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 22. ISBN 0-395-20445-3. OCLC 3541725.