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Blake S. Wilson

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Blake Shaw Wilson[1] is an American research scientist best known for his role in developing signal processing strategies for the cochlear implant.

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  • 2015 Russ Prize - cochlear implant technology
  • 2015 Fritz J. and Dolores H. Russ Prize
  • Why People Don't Believe in Science and Why It Matters (2016)

Transcription

I think she's okay right now. Sweetie, did you hear it? Did you hear it? When you see cochlear implant patients one by one, when you see the child born deaf, develop remarkably normally. The cochlear implant is the first substantial restoration of a human sense using a medical intervention. The ability of the human auditory system to separate the signals that it wants from the signals that it doesn't want is almost miraculous and to approximate that using software algorithms and then interface the output of the program to the human cochlea is revolutionary and and remarkable. These are people who have had an idea and even in the face of significant barriers have actually taken that idea and turned it into something that not only improves the human condition but is commercially successful. The implant is surgically placed under the skin. An audio processor behind the ear takes in analog sound information, processes it into digital signals, and transmits them via a coil to the implant in the inner ear. Here we see a schematic of the cochlea. And here are the hair cells. They bring the sound event to the nerve fibers and these nerve fibers send this information on to the brain which creates a sound impression. For the deaf, these hair cells don't work. The cochlear implant takes over this function and transmits the sound signals directly to the auditory nerve. There they are perceived as acoustic signals. The whole series of engineering issues that had to be addressed that related to the accurate control translation of information about sound, you can say to pattern stimulation of the auditory nerve, we solved those issues one by one in ways that led to the creation of a model of a practical multichannel cochlear implant. The challenge was to put a wire around that and I got the idea from a shell and found that the wire would go in if it was bent and flexible. That then led us to designing the first prototype. Our contribution was the design of a multichannel, microelectronic cochlear implant which is the prototype of presently available implants and we also designed the electrodes which is inserted into the The electrode arrays have been developed before we came along principally by the other winners of the Russ Prize and we discovered new ways to utilize those electrodes more effectively such that most persons using cochlear implants could understand conversational speech with hearing alone and without the aid of lip reading or other visual aids. A cochlear implant represents a kind a modern miracle. Someone that can't hear as a consequence of the application of sophisticated modern engineering can hear. Then came the moment of truth when we switched him on for the first time. And I was "No. No. And then would you keep going? Keep going." and then I kept thinking I heard that dong After 17 years deaf and getting that sound back again I was in heaven. Oh for me it's a wish come true. Really I always wanted to work in biomedical engineering and not only to come up with something but to have that delivered to lots of people such that they can profit from it in their daily life and I could not imagine any better example of bioengineering than the cochlear implant really. But it's extremely motivating to see these little children grow up with the cochlear implant and leading a normal life. The fact that it transforms people's lives and gives many deaf children near normal spoken language is the greatest personal reward. Well the cochlear implant is a transformative technology that allows children to enter mainstream schools, for adults to have a wide range of job opportunities, and for all recipients to connect in new and important ways with their families, their workmates and society at large. This technology's been used to enhance and improve the lives of hundreds of thousands of people and enable them to be more productive and have more fulfilling lives in a variety of ways. The cochlear implant is almost the definition of create for good. There are two meanings of the phrase create for good and one is to do the right thing and I think we're talking about improving the human condition and rewarding that with the Russ Prize and that's one part of the good. Then the other part is that it really has to have had widespread impact and to me that means widespread impact for a significant period of time. I firmly believe that what the Russ Prize means to the world now is exactly what Fritz Russ wanted it to mean. He wanted to be able to recognize engineering achievements in the same way that the Nobel Prize committee recognized achievements in economics, physiology, literature, and so on. And so that really was what started him thinking about the Russ Prize and according to him, he thought about the Russ Prize back in the sixties. Now this was long before he was even capable of thinking about setting up the Russ Prize from a monetary point of view, but he then decided this really at least at first needed to be associated with bioengineering. Bioengineering was a a fledgling field that Fritz believed needed to be encouraged. Examples of past winners of the Russ Prize have included inventors of the implantable heart pacemaker; the inventor of kidney dialysis; the inventor of the automated DNA sequencer; the inventor of the enabling technology for heart-lung machines, the blood oxygen sensor; the inventors of the technology behind LASIK and PRK eye surgery. I think the reason Fritz wanted the Russ Prize recipients to come and visit campus is so that they could inspire our students. Russ College students and faculty have been able to significantly interact with almost all of the Russ Prize winners. Our students being able to talk to these people lets our students know that they can also do these things and they can also observe the characteristics of these people who've been successful in improving the human condition with an achievement that's in widespread use. It's a wonderful human thing to have contributed to. It is in fact the stuff of miracles.

Degrees

His undergraduate and Ph.D. degrees from Duke University, are in electrical engineering. He also holds a D. Science degree from the University of Warwick and a D. Engineering degree from University of Technology Sydney. In addition, he has been awarded honorary doctorates from Uppsala University[2] and from the University of Salamanca.[3]

Neural prosthesis research

His initial research projects investigated sound source localization in humans and bats and the effects of microwave radiation on the auditory system. In 1977, he began work as a research engineer at the Research Triangle Institute (RTI). He was the head of the RTI Neuroscience Program 1983–1994, the director of the Center for Auditory Prosthesis Research 1994–2002, and was a Senior Fellow 2002–07.

In 1983, Wilson received the first of seven contracts (1983–2005) from the Neural Prosthesis Branch of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to investigate sound coding strategies for cochlear implants. This long period of continuous funding allowed him to investigate multiple signal coding strategies. The best known is the high-rate, continuous interleaved sampling (CIS) processor.[4][5]

Among many other features, CIS presents non-simultaneous pulses to the different electrodes in the implant, which greatly reduces deleterious interactions, or crosstalk, among the electrodes. Other signal coding strategies developed and implemented in his laboratory include predecessors of the Fine Structure Processing (FSP, FS4) strategies and of the Fidelity120 virtual channel strategy.

In collaboration with Cochlear Americas, Duke University and the NIH, Wilson's group also developed and evaluated a high pulse rate, channel-picking strategy. A direct outcome was the advanced combination encoder, or ACE strategy.

Awards and honors

In 2013, Wilson (with Graeme Clark and Ingeborg Hochmair) was awarded the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award[6] “for the development of the modern cochlear implant.”

In 2015, with G. Clark, E. Hochmair, I. Hochmair, and M. Merzenich, he was awarded the Russ Prize “for engineering cochlear implants that allow the deaf to hear.”

In 2017, he was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering (NAE)[7] and he received the Helmholtz-Rayleigh Interdisciplinary Silver Medal[8] from the Acoustical Society of America (ASA) "for contributions to the development and adoption of cochlear implants."

In 2019, he received Duke's Distinguished Alumni Award.[9]

Selected publications

  • Wilson, Blake (2012). Better Hearing with Cochlear Implants: Studies at the Research Triangle Institute. San Diego, Plural Publishing, Inc. Archived from the original on 2018-10-14. Retrieved 2015-01-16.
  • Niparko JK, Kirk KI, Mellon NK, Robbins AM, Tucci DL, Wilson BS (Eds.), Cochlear Implants: Principles & Practices, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, 2000.
  • Niparko JK, Kirk KI, Mellon NK, Robbins AM, Tucci DL, Wilson BS (Eds.), Cochlear Implants: Principles & Practices, Second Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, 2009.

References

  1. ^ "Blake Shaw Wilson | Scholars@Duke". scholars.duke.edu. Retrieved 2019-10-17.
  2. ^ "New honorary doctors in medicine – Uppsala University, Sweden". www.uu.se. Archived from the original on 2017-09-28. Retrieved 2016-02-02.
  3. ^ "Doctor Honoris Causa Blake S.Wilson | Universidad de Salamanca". www.usal.es. Retrieved 2019-10-17.
  4. ^ Wilson, Blake (2012). Better Hearing with Cochlear Implants: Studies at the Research Triangle Institute. San Diego, Plural Publishing, Inc. Archived from the original on 2018-10-14. Retrieved 2015-01-16.
  5. ^ Wilson, B. S., Finley, C. C., Lawson, D. T., Wolford, R. D., Eddington, D. K., and Rabinowitz, W. M. (1991). "Better speech recognition with cochlear implants," Nature 352, 236-238.
  6. ^ Lasker~DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award 2013 Winners. The Lasker Foundation. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  7. ^ "Cochlear Implant Developer Blake Wilson Elected to the National Academy of Engineering". Duke Pratt School of Engineering. 2017-02-09. Retrieved 2019-10-17.
  8. ^ Dorman, Michael; Zeng, Fan Gang; Hansen, John (2017-05-01). "Helmholtz-Rayleigh Interdisciplinary Silver Medal in Psychological and Physiological Acoustics, Speech Communication, and Signal Processing in Acoustics: Blake S. Wilson". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 141 (5): 3761–3764. doi:10.1121/1.4988284. ISSN 0001-4966.
  9. ^ "Alumni to Honor Two Faculty for Research, Teaching Advancements During Founders' Weekend". today.duke.edu. Retrieved 2019-10-17.
This page was last edited on 5 October 2023, at 18:22
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