Black Falls is a natural basalt rock dam and significant crossing place on the Little Colorado River in Coconino County, Arizona near the Wupatki National Monument. The crossing lends its name to the sparsely populated Black Falls community of the Navajo Nation which is nearby.[1][2]
Geology
Around 20,000 years ago the Grand Falls Lava Flow consisting of alkali olivine basalt proceeded along the Little Colorado River bed from a vent near Merriam crater.[3] At Black Falls Crossing the lava flow has blocked the river channel so that when the river is flowing a ten-foot high waterfall is formed.[4] At other times the rock is completely covered by sand.[4]
Uranium mining
The Navajo people have been affected by uranium mining in the area. There are a large number of abandoned uranium mines to the north and east of the crossing.[5] In 2007 the Navajo People of the Black Falls community were awarded an Environmental Justice Grant by the EPA due to uranium pollution of drinking water wells.[1]
History
Black Falls Crossing has long been a significant crossing place.[6] It was on the major Hopi trail from villages to the San Francisco Peaks, was the turning point of the Sitgreaves Expedition and rest stop on the Mormon Trail.[6]
In 1940 Black Falls Irrigation Project was commenced by the Bureau of Indian Affairs and Civilian Conservation Corps to improve farming prospects in the area.[6][7] Black Falls Dam was built adjacent to the crossing in an attempt to divert water to an irrigation system.[7] The project was abandoned in 1942 due to a lack of funds, leaving the dam in place.[6]
Black Falls Trading Post
In 1941 Black Falls Trading Post was established by Emmett Kellam on the south-west side of the river to trade with Navajos camped on the north side working for the irrigation project.[6] After the project ceased the trading post continued to serve the Navajo living in the area, and became one of the most important locations for local Navajo trading activity through the 1940s and fifties.[6] A 1943 land transfer had made the post part of the Wupatki National Monument, and it consequently served as a centre for social activities and meetings.[6] The post was demolished in 1964.[6]
See also
References
- ^ a b Jan Lee (22 October 2014). "EPA: Native American Tribes Hit Hard by Climate Change". Retrieved 28 January 2020.
- ^ Thielman, Sam (2016-05-16). "How a digital divide leaves parts of rural America isolated". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-01-28.
- ^ James M. Harrigan (2013), Soil Survey of Wupatki National Monument, Arizona (PDF), United States Department of Agriculture – via National Cooperative Soil Survey
- ^ a b Herbert Ernest Gregory (1917), "VI Physiography", Geology of the Navajo Country, Department of the Interior & United States Geological Survey, p. 125, Professional Paper 93
- ^ Abandoned Uranium Mines and the Navajo Nation - Navajo Nation AUM Screen Assessment Report and Atlas with Geospatial Data, Navajo Abandoned Mine Lands Reclamation Program, 2007 – via United States Environmental Protection Agency
- ^ a b c d e f g h Bruce A. Anderson (1990), "Sites Related to Black Falls Crossing", The Wupatki Archeological Inventory Survey Project: Final Report, Southwest Cultural Resources Center, Division of Anthropology, National Park Service, Professional Paper No. 95
- ^ a b Wupatki National Monument (N.M.), General Management Plan: Environmental Impact Statement, National Park Service, 2001, p. 91
Municipalities and communities of Coconino County, Arizona, United States | ||
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| Populated places | ||
| Indian reservations | ||
| Ghost towns | ||
| Footnotes | ‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties | |
35°34′44″N 111°17′04″W / 35.57889°N 111.28444°W
This page was last edited on 1 July 2021, at 16:04