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Mound 72

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mound 72
Mound 72, reconstructed after major excavations
Location within Illinois today
LocationCollinsville, Illinois, Madison County, Illinois, United States
RegionMadison County, Illinois
Coordinates38°39′2.02″N 90°3′48.24″W / 38.6505611°N 90.0634000°W / 38.6505611; -90.0634000
History
CulturesMiddle Mississippian culture
Site notes
Excavation dates1967–1972, 1992–1997,
ArchaeologistsMelvin L. Fowler
Architecture
Architectural stylestimber circle, platform mound, ridgetop mound, mass burial
Architectural detailsNumber of monuments: 1 Number of temples: 2

Mound 72 is a small ridgetop mound located roughly 850 meters (2,790 ft) to the south of Monks Mound at Cahokia Mounds near Collinsville, Illinois. Early in the site's history, the location began as a circle of 48 large wooden posts known as a "woodhenge". The woodhenge was later dismantled and a series of mortuary houses, platform mounds, mass burials and eventually the ridgetop mound erected in its place. The mound was the location of the "beaded burial", an elaborate burial of an elite personage thought to have been one of the rulers of Cahokia, accompanied by the graves of several hundred retainers and sacrificial victims.

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  • Illinois Adventure #1308 "Cahokia Mounds"
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  • Flint knapping a Cahokia mound 72 Arrowhead by request.
  • Cahokia Field Trip: The Mississippian Culture's First City
  • Cahokia

Transcription

SINCE THE GLACIERS RECEDED, THE RICH LANDS OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER VALLEY HAVE ALWAYS RICH LANDS OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER VALLEY HAVE ALWAYS ATTRACTED MANKIND. RIVER VALLEY HAVE ALWAYS ATTRACTED MANKIND. HERE ARE CULTURE GREW AND ATTRACTED MANKIND. HERE ARE CULTURE GREW AND EVOLVED, EACH BORROWING FROM THE HERE ARE CULTURE GREW AND EVOLVED, EACH BORROWING FROM THE PREVIOUS, EVENTUALLY CULMINATING EVOLVED, EACH BORROWING FROM THE PREVIOUS, EVENTUALLY CULMINATING IN A NEW CIVILIZATION, PREVIOUS, EVENTUALLY CULMINATING IN A NEW CIVILIZATION, ARCHEOLOGISTS HAVE NAMED IN A NEW CIVILIZATION, ARCHEOLOGISTS HAVE NAMED MISSISSIPPIAN. ARCHEOLOGISTS HAVE NAMED MISSISSIPPIAN. >> HELLO. MISSISSIPPIAN. >> HELLO. I AM JIM WILHELM. >> HELLO. I AM JIM WILHELM. THIS IS THE CENTER OF WHAT WAS I AM JIM WILHELM. THIS IS THE CENTER OF WHAT WAS ONCE THE LARGEST CITY IN NORTH THIS IS THE CENTER OF WHAT WAS ONCE THE LARGEST CITY IN NORTH AMERICA. ONCE THE LARGEST CITY IN NORTH AMERICA. TODAY WE KNOW IT AS CAHOKIA AMERICA. TODAY WE KNOW IT AS CAHOKIA SOMETIMES CALLED CITY OF THE SUN TODAY WE KNOW IT AS CAHOKIA SOMETIMES CALLED CITY OF THE SUN IT MIGHT ALSO BE CALLED THE PEN SOMETIMES CALLED CITY OF THE SUN IT MIGHT ALSO BE CALLED THE PEN KEL OF THE MISSISSIPPIAN CULTURE LOCATED AT THE CONFLUENCE OF THREE RIVERS, WHOSE WATERS PROVIDED BY BOTH AND THREE RIVERS, WHOSE WATERS PROVIDED BY BOTH AND TRANSPORTATION, CAHOKIA REACHED PROVIDED BY BOTH AND TRANSPORTATION, CAHOKIA REACHED AN ESTIMATED POPULATION OF TRANSPORTATION, CAHOKIA REACHED AN ESTIMATED POPULATION OF 20,000 PEOPLE BY 1150AD WHICH AN ESTIMATED POPULATION OF 20,000 PEOPLE BY 1150AD WHICH WAS THE LARGER THAN LONDON AT 20,000 PEOPLE BY 1150AD WHICH WAS THE LARGER THAN LONDON AT THE TIME. IT WAS A CITY COMPLETE WITH SUBURBS, PLAZAS, AND MARKETS. NOW KEEP IN MIND THAT THERE WERE SUBURBS, PLAZAS, AND MARKETS. NOW KEEP IN MIND THAT THERE WERE MANY PERMANENT MISSISSIPPIAN NOW KEEP IN MIND THAT THERE WERE MANY PERMANENT MISSISSIPPIAN SETTLEMENTS SCATTERED THROUGHOUT MANY PERMANENT MISSISSIPPIAN SETTLEMENTS SCATTERED THROUGHOUT NORTH AMERICA. SETTLEMENTS SCATTERED THROUGHOUT NORTH AMERICA. BUT THIS WAS BY FAR THE LARGEST NORTH AMERICA. BUT THIS WAS BY FAR THE LARGEST AND MOST INFLUENTIAL. BUT THIS WAS BY FAR THE LARGEST AND MOST INFLUENTIAL. MOST OF THE POPULATION LIVED IN AND MOST INFLUENTIAL. MOST OF THE POPULATION LIVED IN SMALL THATCHED HUTS ARRANGED IN MOST OF THE POPULATION LIVED IN SMALL THATCHED HUTS ARRANGED IN FAMILY NEIGHBORHOODS. SMALL THATCHED HUTS ARRANGED IN FAMILY NEIGHBORHOODS. RISING OVER THE HUTS WERE A FAMILY NEIGHBORHOODS. RISING OVER THE HUTS WERE A NUMBER OF MOUNDS SOME USED AS RISING OVER THE HUTS WERE A NUMBER OF MOUNDS SOME USED AS PLATFORMS FOR THE HOMES OF THE NUMBER OF MOUNDS SOME USED AS PLATFORMS FOR THE HOMES OF THE ELITE, A VISUAL REMINDER OF THE PLATFORMS FOR THE HOMES OF THE ELITE, A VISUAL REMINDER OF THE CITY'S SOCIAL ORDER. THE CITY INCLUDED 120 MOUNDS OF WHICH 80 REMAIN TODAY. THAT WAS THE LARGEST AND WHICH 80 REMAIN TODAY. THAT WAS THE LARGEST AND GRANDEST OF THEM ALL. THAT WAS THE LARGEST AND GRANDEST OF THEM ALL. IT WAS A CITY'S CENTER IN MORE GRANDEST OF THEM ALL. IT WAS A CITY'S CENTER IN MORE WAYS THAN ONE. THERE, LIVED THE IT WAS A CITY'S CENTER IN MORE WAYS THAN ONE. THERE, LIVED THE CHIEFTAIN WHO WAS BOTH THE RULER WAYS THAN ONE. THERE, LIVED THE CHIEFTAIN WHO WAS BOTH THE RULER AND SPIRITUAL LEADER OF THE CHIEFTAIN WHO WAS BOTH THE RULER AND SPIRITUAL LEADER OF THE POPULATION. IT COVERS MORE THAN 14 ACRES AND RISES IN FOUR TERRACES TO A HEIGHT OF A HUNDRED FEET MAKING RISES IN FOUR TERRACES TO A HEIGHT OF A HUNDRED FEET MAKING IT THE LARGEST PREHISTORIC HEIGHT OF A HUNDRED FEET MAKING IT THE LARGEST PREHISTORIC EARTHEN STRUCTURE IN THE WESTERN IT THE LARGEST PREHISTORIC EARTHEN STRUCTURE IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE. EARTHEN STRUCTURE IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE. CORE SAMPLES INDICATE THAT HEMISPHERE. CORE SAMPLES INDICATE THAT VARYING TEXTURES OF SOIL WERE CORE SAMPLES INDICATE THAT VARYING TEXTURES OF SOIL WERE USED TO ASSURE PROPER DRAINAGE. VARYING TEXTURES OF SOIL WERE USED TO ASSURE PROPER DRAINAGE. JUST IMAGINE FOR HUNDREDS OF USED TO ASSURE PROPER DRAINAGE. JUST IMAGINE FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS GENERATIONS CARRIED JUST IMAGINE FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS GENERATIONS CARRIED BASKETS OF DIRT FROM HUGE BORROW YEARS GENERATIONS CARRIED BASKETS OF DIRT FROM HUGE BORROW PITS TO MAKE IT THIS MOUND. BASKETS OF DIRT FROM HUGE BORROW PITS TO MAKE IT THIS MOUND. THE WORK BEGAN BEFORE THE PITS TO MAKE IT THIS MOUND. THE WORK BEGAN BEFORE THE VIKINGS DISCOVERED THE NEW WORLD THE WORK BEGAN BEFORE THE VIKINGS DISCOVERED THE NEW WORLD AND WAS FINISHED JUST AFTER THE VIKINGS DISCOVERED THE NEW WORLD AND WAS FINISHED JUST AFTER THE SECOND CRUSADES. LOOKING AT THE MOUNDS AND ARTIST REPUBLICAN DIRKS IT IS EASY TO MAKE COMPARISONS TO SIMILAR REPUBLICAN DIRKS IT IS EASY TO MAKE COMPARISONS TO SIMILAR STRUCTURES IN MEXICO, BUT THERE MAKE COMPARISONS TO SIMILAR STRUCTURES IN MEXICO, BUT THERE IS NO EVIDENCE THAT THE STRUCTURES IN MEXICO, BUT THERE IS NO EVIDENCE THAT THE MISSISSIPPIAN CULTURE EVER HAD IS NO EVIDENCE THAT THE MISSISSIPPIAN CULTURE EVER HAD CONTACT WITH PEOPLE THAT FAR MISSISSIPPIAN CULTURE EVER HAD CONTACT WITH PEOPLE THAT FAR SOUTH. TODAY VIS IT TORS CAN DO WHAT WAS UNIMAGINABLE TO THE PEOPLE OF CAHOKIA. WAS UNIMAGINABLE TO THE PEOPLE OF CAHOKIA. TODAY, ORDINARY PEOPLE CAN COME OF CAHOKIA. TODAY, ORDINARY PEOPLE CAN COME UP THOSE RECENTLY REFURBISHED TODAY, ORDINARY PEOPLE CAN COME UP THOSE RECENTLY REFURBISHED STAIRS AND ENJOY THE VIEW THAT UP THOSE RECENTLY REFURBISHED STAIRS AND ENJOY THE VIEW THAT WAS ONCE AVAILABLE ONLY TO THE STAIRS AND ENJOY THE VIEW THAT WAS ONCE AVAILABLE ONLY TO THE HIGHEST OF THE ELITE. WE ARE AT THE TOP OF THE LARGEST MOUND FROM WHICH THE CHIEFTAIN COULD SURVEY HIS CITY. MOUND FROM WHICH THE CHIEFTAIN COULD SURVEY HIS CITY. BUT HE WAS MORE THAN A POLITICAL COULD SURVEY HIS CITY. BUT HE WAS MORE THAN A POLITICAL RULER. BUT HE WAS MORE THAN A POLITICAL RULER. HE WAS ALSO RECOGNIZED AS THE RULER. HE WAS ALSO RECOGNIZED AS THE BROTHER OF THE SUN. HE WAS ALSO RECOGNIZED AS THE BROTHER OF THE SUN. ARCHEOLOGISTS HAVE DETERMINED BROTHER OF THE SUN. ARCHEOLOGISTS HAVE DETERMINED THAT A LARGE BUILDING ONCE STOOD ARCHEOLOGISTS HAVE DETERMINED THAT A LARGE BUILDING ONCE STOOD HERE. THAT A LARGE BUILDING ONCE STOOD HERE. IT WAS A PLACE WHERE RELIGIOUS HERE. IT WAS A PLACE WHERE RELIGIOUS RITES AND ADMINISTRATIVE DUTIES IT WAS A PLACE WHERE RELIGIOUS RITES AND ADMINISTRATIVE DUTIES WERE THOUGHT TO HAVE OCCURRED. RITES AND ADMINISTRATIVE DUTIES WERE THOUGHT TO HAVE OCCURRED. NOBODY IS REALLY SURE BECAUSE WERE THOUGHT TO HAVE OCCURRED. NOBODY IS REALLY SURE BECAUSE THIS WAS A PREHISTORIC SOCIETY. NOBODY IS REALLY SURE BECAUSE THIS WAS A PREHISTORIC SOCIETY. WHAT THAT MEANS IS THEY HAD NO THIS WAS A PREHISTORIC SOCIETY. WHAT THAT MEANS IS THEY HAD NO WRITTEN LANGUAGE. WHAT THAT MEANS IS THEY HAD NO WRITTEN LANGUAGE. BUT THE REAL DRIVING FORCE WRITTEN LANGUAGE. BUT THE REAL DRIVING FORCE BEHIND CAHOKIA'S SUCCESS WAS NOT BUT THE REAL DRIVING FORCE BEHIND CAHOKIA'S SUCCESS WAS NOT ITS RULING CLASS, BUT THIS, CORN BEHIND CAHOKIA'S SUCCESS WAS NOT ITS RULING CLASS, BUT THIS, CORN SOMEHOW THE MISSISSIPPIAN ITS RULING CLASS, BUT THIS, CORN SOMEHOW THE MISSISSIPPIAN CULTURE HAD DEVELOPED A SOMEHOW THE MISSISSIPPIAN CULTURE HAD DEVELOPED A KNOWLEDGE OF HOW TO RAISE THIS CULTURE HAD DEVELOPED A KNOWLEDGE OF HOW TO RAISE THIS PROLIFIC CROP IN LARGE FIELDS. KNOWLEDGE OF HOW TO RAISE THIS PROLIFIC CROP IN LARGE FIELDS. WITH THE STABLE FOOD SUPPLY, THE PROLIFIC CROP IN LARGE FIELDS. WITH THE STABLE FOOD SUPPLY, THE POPULATION GREW. WITH THE STABLE FOOD SUPPLY, THE POPULATION GREW. CONSEQUENTLY, THE CITY POPULATION GREW. CONSEQUENTLY, THE CITY ORGANIZATIONS, THEIR BELIEFS AND CONSEQUENTLY, THE CITY ORGANIZATIONS, THEIR BELIEFS AND TECHNOLOGY BECAME MORE COMPLEX. ORGANIZATIONS, THEIR BELIEFS AND TECHNOLOGY BECAME MORE COMPLEX. IN ADDITION, THE EXTRA FOOD TECHNOLOGY BECAME MORE COMPLEX. IN ADDITION, THE EXTRA FOOD COULD BE USED AS TRADE WITHIN IN ADDITION, THE EXTRA FOOD COULD BE USED AS TRADE WITHIN THE CITY OR WITH OTHER COULD BE USED AS TRADE WITHIN THE CITY OR WITH OTHER COMMUNITIES. THE CITY OR WITH OTHER COMMUNITIES. FOR EXAMPLE, DURING EXCAVATIONS, COMMUNITIES. FOR EXAMPLE, DURING EXCAVATIONS, ARCHEOLOGISTS DISCOVERED MICA FOR EXAMPLE, DURING EXCAVATIONS, ARCHEOLOGISTS DISCOVERED MICA FROM THE SMOKY MOUNTAINS, SEA ARCHEOLOGISTS DISCOVERED MICA FROM THE SMOKY MOUNTAINS, SEA SHELLS FROM THE GULF OF MEXICO, FROM THE SMOKY MOUNTAINS, SEA SHELLS FROM THE GULF OF MEXICO, AND COPPER FROM THE NORTH. SHELLS FROM THE GULF OF MEXICO, AND COPPER FROM THE NORTH. FROM THESE MATERIALS, ARTISTS AND COPPER FROM THE NORTH. FROM THESE MATERIALS, ARTISTS WOULD CREATE DECORATIVE PIECES FROM THESE MATERIALS, ARTISTS WOULD CREATE DECORATIVE PIECES AND JEWELRY TO SELL IN THE CITY. WOULD CREATE DECORATIVE PIECES AND JEWELRY TO SELL IN THE CITY. WHAT ARCHEOLOGISTS HAVE LEARNED AND JEWELRY TO SELL IN THE CITY. WHAT ARCHEOLOGISTS HAVE LEARNED ABOUT THESE PEOPLE IS EXPLAINED WHAT ARCHEOLOGISTS HAVE LEARNED ABOUT THESE PEOPLE IS EXPLAINED HERE AT THE INTERPRETIVE CENTER. ABOUT THESE PEOPLE IS EXPLAINED HERE AT THE INTERPRETIVE CENTER. INSIDE, DISPLAYS EXPLORE THE HERE AT THE INTERPRETIVE CENTER. INSIDE, DISPLAYS EXPLORE THE HISTORY OF THE CITY, THE BELIEFS INSIDE, DISPLAYS EXPLORE THE HISTORY OF THE CITY, THE BELIEFS OF ITS INHABITANTS, AND HISTORY OF THE CITY, THE BELIEFS OF ITS INHABITANTS, AND SPECULATION ABOUT DAILY LIFE. OF ITS INHABITANTS, AND SPECULATION ABOUT DAILY LIFE. THE MOST COMMON STRUCTURE IN THE SPECULATION ABOUT DAILY LIFE. THE MOST COMMON STRUCTURE IN THE VILLAGE WAS A SMALL THATCHED THE MOST COMMON STRUCTURE IN THE VILLAGE WAS A SMALL THATCHED ROOF HUT WHERE ONE FAMILY LIVED. VILLAGE WAS A SMALL THATCHED ROOF HUT WHERE ONE FAMILY LIVED. FAMILY TIES WERE VERY IMPORTANT, ROOF HUT WHERE ONE FAMILY LIVED. FAMILY TIES WERE VERY IMPORTANT, AND IT IS THOUGHT THAT SEVERAL FAMILY TIES WERE VERY IMPORTANT, AND IT IS THOUGHT THAT SEVERAL GENERATIONS WOULD CLUSTER AND IT IS THOUGHT THAT SEVERAL GENERATIONS WOULD CLUSTER TOGETHER FORMING SMALL GENERATIONS WOULD CLUSTER TOGETHER FORMING SMALL SELF-SUFFICIENT NEIGHBORHOODS. TOGETHER FORMING SMALL SELF-SUFFICIENT NEIGHBORHOODS. THEY HAD THEIR OWN FACILITIES SELF-SUFFICIENT NEIGHBORHOODS. THEY HAD THEIR OWN FACILITIES LIKE SWEAT LODGES TO CLEANSE THEY HAD THEIR OWN FACILITIES LIKE SWEAT LODGES TO CLEANSE BODY AND MIND, PLUS ELEVATED LIKE SWEAT LODGES TO CLEANSE BODY AND MIND, PLUS ELEVATED GRANARIES. BODY AND MIND, PLUS ELEVATED GRANARIES. THE POLES WERE COATED TO PREVENT GRANARIES. THE POLES WERE COATED TO PREVENT INSECTS FROM ENTERING, AND THE THE POLES WERE COATED TO PREVENT INSECTS FROM ENTERING, AND THE SIDES WERE SEALED WITH A MIXTURE INSECTS FROM ENTERING, AND THE SIDES WERE SEALED WITH A MIXTURE OF GRASS AND CLAY. SIDES WERE SEALED WITH A MIXTURE OF GRASS AND CLAY. BUT IT WAS FAR FROM AN IDYLLIC OF GRASS AND CLAY. BUT IT WAS FAR FROM AN IDYLLIC LIFE. BUT IT WAS FAR FROM AN IDYLLIC LIFE. IN REALITY, THE POPULATION LIFE. IN REALITY, THE POPULATION WORKED TO SUPPORT THE ELITE IN REALITY, THE POPULATION WORKED TO SUPPORT THE ELITE CLASS. WORKED TO SUPPORT THE ELITE CLASS. COMMONERS WOULD SPEND THEIR CLASS. COMMONERS WOULD SPEND THEIR LIVES IN FIELDS OR BURROW PITS COMMONERS WOULD SPEND THEIR LIVES IN FIELDS OR BURROW PITS WHILE THE FRUITS OF THE LABOR LIVES IN FIELDS OR BURROW PITS WHILE THE FRUITS OF THE LABOR WERE ENJOYED BY THE HIERARCHY. IN 1961 WHILE EXCAVATING A SITE FOR PROPOSED NEW HIGHWAY, ARCHEOLOGISTS DISCOVERED WHAT FOR PROPOSED NEW HIGHWAY, ARCHEOLOGISTS DISCOVERED WHAT HAS SINCE BEEN CALLED THE ARCHEOLOGISTS DISCOVERED WHAT HAS SINCE BEEN CALLED THE AMERICAN WOOD HINGE. HAS SINCE BEEN CALLED THE AMERICAN WOOD HINGE. SET IN A GIANT CIRCLE WERE 48 AMERICAN WOOD HINGE. SET IN A GIANT CIRCLE WERE 48 TREATED CEDAR POLES, A SOLAR SET IN A GIANT CIRCLE WERE 48 TREATED CEDAR POLES, A SOLAR CALENDAR USED TO CHART THE TREATED CEDAR POLES, A SOLAR CALENDAR USED TO CHART THE SEASONS AND TO DETERMINE THE CALENDAR USED TO CHART THE SEASONS AND TO DETERMINE THE PLANTING AND HARVEST TIMES. SEASONS AND TO DETERMINE THE PLANTING AND HARVEST TIMES. IN FACT, AT THE BEGINNING OF PLANTING AND HARVEST TIMES. IN FACT, AT THE BEGINNING OF EACH NEW SEASON, THE RISING SUN IN FACT, AT THE BEGINNING OF EACH NEW SEASON, THE RISING SUN LINED UP WITH A SPECIFIC POLE. EACH NEW SEASON, THE RISING SUN LINED UP WITH A SPECIFIC POLE. THE CALENDAR WAS ALIGNED SO LINED UP WITH A SPECIFIC POLE. THE CALENDAR WAS ALIGNED SO DURING THE ALL IMPORTANT SPRING THE CALENDAR WAS ALIGNED SO DURING THE ALL IMPORTANT SPRING AND FALL EQUINOX, THE SUN WOULD DURING THE ALL IMPORTANT SPRING AND FALL EQUINOX, THE SUN WOULD APEER TO RISE DIRECTLY OVER THE AND FALL EQUINOX, THE SUN WOULD APEER TO RISE DIRECTLY OVER THE CHIEFTAIN'S MOUND OF. APEER TO RISE DIRECTLY OVER THE CHIEFTAIN'S MOUND OF. THIS WAS QUITE FITTING, SINCE AS CHIEFTAIN'S MOUND OF. THIS WAS QUITE FITTING, SINCE AS YOU WILL RECALL, HE WAS KNOWN AS THIS WAS QUITE FITTING, SINCE AS YOU WILL RECALL, HE WAS KNOWN AS THE BROTHER OF THE SUN. YOU WILL RECALL, HE WAS KNOWN AS THE BROTHER OF THE SUN. EVENTUALLY IT WAS DISCOVERED THE BROTHER OF THE SUN. EVENTUALLY IT WAS DISCOVERED THAT OVER TIME, THERE HAD BEEN EVENTUALLY IT WAS DISCOVERED THAT OVER TIME, THERE HAD BEEN FIVE SUCH CIRCLES, EACH LARGER THAT OVER TIME, THERE HAD BEEN FIVE SUCH CIRCLES, EACH LARGER THAN THE PREVIOUS. FIVE SUCH CIRCLES, EACH LARGER THAN THE PREVIOUS. EACH TIME, THE NUMBER OF POLES THAN THE PREVIOUS. EACH TIME, THE NUMBER OF POLES INCREASED BY TWELVE. EACH TIME, THE NUMBER OF POLES INCREASED BY TWELVE. WHY TWELVE AND WHY INCREASE THE INCREASED BY TWELVE. WHY TWELVE AND WHY INCREASE THE SIZE? WHY TWELVE AND WHY INCREASE THE SIZE? IT IS JUST ANOTHER MYSTERY OF SIZE? IT IS JUST ANOTHER MYSTERY OF CAHOKIA. IT IS JUST ANOTHER MYSTERY OF CAHOKIA. >> TO UNRAVEL THOSE MYSTERIES, ARCHEOLOGICAL WORK CONTINUES. THIS IS MOUND 72, ONE OF ONLY ARCHEOLOGICAL WORK CONTINUES. THIS IS MOUND 72, ONE OF ONLY SIX OF THIS TYPE OF MOUND HERE THIS IS MOUND 72, ONE OF ONLY SIX OF THIS TYPE OF MOUND HERE AT CAHOKIA. SIX OF THIS TYPE OF MOUND HERE AT CAHOKIA. IT IS CALLED A RIDGE TOP MOUND. AT CAHOKIA. IT IS CALLED A RIDGE TOP MOUND. IT WAS ORIGINALLY EXCAVATED IN IT IS CALLED A RIDGE TOP MOUND. IT WAS ORIGINALLY EXCAVATED IN THE EARLY 60'S, BUT RECENTLY IT IT WAS ORIGINALLY EXCAVATED IN THE EARLY 60'S, BUT RECENTLY IT HAS BEEN REVISITED. THE EARLY 60'S, BUT RECENTLY IT HAS BEEN REVISITED. TO EVERY ONE'S AMAZEMENT, MOUND HAS BEEN REVISITED. TO EVERY ONE'S AMAZEMENT, MOUND 72 ACTUALLY COVERED THREE TO EVERY ONE'S AMAZEMENT, MOUND 72 ACTUALLY COVERED THREE SMALLER BURIAL MOUNDS. 72 ACTUALLY COVERED THREE SMALLER BURIAL MOUNDS. AND INSIDE ONE OF THOSE WAS SMALLER BURIAL MOUNDS. AND INSIDE ONE OF THOSE WAS FOUND REMAINS OF A POSSIBLE AND INSIDE ONE OF THOSE WAS FOUND REMAINS OF A POSSIBLE CHIEFTAIN, LAID TO REST ON A BED FOUND REMAINS OF A POSSIBLE CHIEFTAIN, LAID TO REST ON A BED OF 20,000 SHELL BEADS, PLUS THE CHIEFTAIN, LAID TO REST ON A BED OF 20,000 SHELL BEADS, PLUS THE REMAINS OF SIX OF HIS RETAINERS. OF 20,000 SHELL BEADS, PLUS THE REMAINS OF SIX OF HIS RETAINERS. IN ANOTHER SECTION ARE THE REMAINS OF SIX OF HIS RETAINERS. IN ANOTHER SECTION ARE THE REMAINS OF 300 PEOPLE MORE THAN IN ANOTHER SECTION ARE THE REMAINS OF 300 PEOPLE MORE THAN HALF OF WHICH WERE YOUNG WOMEN REMAINS OF 300 PEOPLE MORE THAN HALF OF WHICH WERE YOUNG WOMEN WHO HAD BEEN SACRIFICED. HALF OF WHICH WERE YOUNG WOMEN WHO HAD BEEN SACRIFICED. INTERESTINGLY, SOME OF THE WHO HAD BEEN SACRIFICED. INTERESTINGLY, SOME OF THE BODIES WERE FOUND NOT IN THE INTERESTINGLY, SOME OF THE BODIES WERE FOUND NOT IN THE MOUND, BUT UNDER THE MOUND USING BODIES WERE FOUND NOT IN THE MOUND, BUT UNDER THE MOUND USING THE MOUND ITSELF AS A GRAVE MOUND, BUT UNDER THE MOUND USING THE MOUND ITSELF AS A GRAVE MARKER. THE MOUND ITSELF AS A GRAVE MARKER. NOW, KEEP IN MIND WHEN VISITING, MARKER. NOW, KEEP IN MIND WHEN VISITING, NOT ALL THE MOUNDS HERE WERE NOW, KEEP IN MIND WHEN VISITING, NOT ALL THE MOUNDS HERE WERE USED FOR BURIALS. NOT ALL THE MOUNDS HERE WERE USED FOR BURIALS. MOST WERE USED AS PLATFORMS TO USED FOR BURIALS. MOST WERE USED AS PLATFORMS TO RAISE BUILDINGS. MOST WERE USED AS PLATFORMS TO RAISE BUILDINGS. THIS TYPE OF BURIAL WAS ONLY FOR RAISE BUILDINGS. THIS TYPE OF BURIAL WAS ONLY FOR THE ELITE. THIS TYPE OF BURIAL WAS ONLY FOR THE ELITE. COMMON FOLKS WERE BURIED IN THE THE ELITE. COMMON FOLKS WERE BURIED IN THE GROUND OUTSIDE THE CITY. COMMON FOLKS WERE BURIED IN THE GROUND OUTSIDE THE CITY. ANOTHER INTERESTING ASPECTS OF GROUND OUTSIDE THE CITY. ANOTHER INTERESTING ASPECTS OF THIS CITY IS THAT IT WAS A ANOTHER INTERESTING ASPECTS OF THIS CITY IS THAT IT WAS A PLANNED COMMUNITY. THIS CITY IS THAT IT WAS A PLANNED COMMUNITY. PATHWAYS CONNECTED THE PUBLIC PLANNED COMMUNITY. PATHWAYS CONNECTED THE PUBLIC AREAS TO NEIGHBORHOODS. PATHWAYS CONNECTED THE PUBLIC AREAS TO NEIGHBORHOODS. THE MOUNDS WERE BUILT AROUND THE AREAS TO NEIGHBORHOODS. THE MOUNDS WERE BUILT AROUND THE CENTRAL PLAZA WHERE GAMES WERE THE MOUNDS WERE BUILT AROUND THE CENTRAL PLAZA WHERE GAMES WERE PLAYED WITH MUCH BETTING. WELCOME BACK TO CAHOKIA WHERE IT IS ESTIMATED THAT THE HEIGHT OF ITS POPULATION OCCURRED AT ABOUT IS ESTIMATED THAT THE HEIGHT OF ITS POPULATION OCCURRED AT ABOUT 1150AD AT 20,000 PEOPLE. ITS POPULATION OCCURRED AT ABOUT 1150AD AT 20,000 PEOPLE. YET, 150 YEARS LATER, THIS SITE 1150AD AT 20,000 PEOPLE. YET, 150 YEARS LATER, THIS SITE LAY ABANDONED. YET, 150 YEARS LATER, THIS SITE LAY ABANDONED. WHY IS ONE OF THE LARGEST LAY ABANDONED. WHY IS ONE OF THE LARGEST MYSTERIES OF THIS CITY. WHY IS ONE OF THE LARGEST MYSTERIES OF THIS CITY. ALSO AT THE TIME OF CAHOKIA'S MYSTERIES OF THIS CITY. ALSO AT THE TIME OF CAHOKIA'S HEIGHT, A STOCKADE WAS QUICKLY ALSO AT THE TIME OF CAHOKIA'S HEIGHT, A STOCKADE WAS QUICKLY ERECTED AROUND THE CENTRAL AREA HEIGHT, A STOCKADE WAS QUICKLY ERECTED AROUND THE CENTRAL AREA PROTECTING THE MAJOR RELIGIOUS ERECTED AROUND THE CENTRAL AREA PROTECTING THE MAJOR RELIGIOUS CENTER ALONG WITH SOME OF THE PROTECTING THE MAJOR RELIGIOUS CENTER ALONG WITH SOME OF THE HOMES OF THE HIGHEST OFFICIALS. CENTER ALONG WITH SOME OF THE HOMES OF THE HIGHEST OFFICIALS. WAS THERE WORRY OVER RIOTS OR HOMES OF THE HIGHEST OFFICIALS. WAS THERE WORRY OVER RIOTS OR DISPUTES OVER FOOD DI TRIS WAS THERE WORRY OVER RIOTS OR DISPUTES OVER FOOD DI TRIS BUTIONS OR THREATS FROM AN DISPUTES OVER FOOD DI TRIS BUTIONS OR THREATS FROM AN ENEMY? BUTIONS OR THREATS FROM AN ENEMY? >> WITHOUT A WRITTEN LANGUAGE, ENEMY? >> WITHOUT A WRITTEN LANGUAGE, IT IS HARD TO KNOW EXACTLY WHAT >> WITHOUT A WRITTEN LANGUAGE, IT IS HARD TO KNOW EXACTLY WHAT HAPPENED. IT IS HARD TO KNOW EXACTLY WHAT HAPPENED. BUT IT IS THOUGHT THAT A HAPPENED. BUT IT IS THOUGHT THAT A COMBINATION OF THINGS BROUGHT BUT IT IS THOUGHT THAT A COMBINATION OF THINGS BROUGHT ABOUT THE DEMISE OF CAHOKIA. COMBINATION OF THINGS BROUGHT ABOUT THE DEMISE OF CAHOKIA. FOR EXAMPLE, THE CLIMATE WAS ABOUT THE DEMISE OF CAHOKIA. FOR EXAMPLE, THE CLIMATE WAS CHANGING. FOR EXAMPLE, THE CLIMATE WAS CHANGING. THE GROWING SEASON WAS BECOMING CHANGING. THE GROWING SEASON WAS BECOMING SHORTER. EXCAVATION SHOW OVER DEPENDENCY ON CORN IN THE DIET LED TO POOR NUTRITION. ON CORN IN THE DIET LED TO POOR NUTRITION. FOR MILES AROUND, ALL THE TREES NUTRITION. FOR MILES AROUND, ALL THE TREES HAD BEEN REMOVED FOR FUEL AND FOR MILES AROUND, ALL THE TREES HAD BEEN REMOVED FOR FUEL AND BUILDING MATERIALS DRIVING THE HAD BEEN REMOVED FOR FUEL AND BUILDING MATERIALS DRIVING THE WILDLIFE AWAY AND ALLOWING SILT BUILDING MATERIALS DRIVING THE WILDLIFE AWAY AND ALLOWING SILT TO CLOSE STREAMS. WILDLIFE AWAY AND ALLOWING SILT TO CLOSE STREAMS. PLUS, IT WAS A DENSELY POPULATED TO CLOSE STREAMS. PLUS, IT WAS A DENSELY POPULATED AREA, PERHAPS AS MANY AS 4,000 PLUS, IT WAS A DENSELY POPULATED AREA, PERHAPS AS MANY AS 4,000 PEOPLE PER SQUARE MIASM IMAGINE AREA, PERHAPS AS MANY AS 4,000 PEOPLE PER SQUARE MIASM IMAGINE ALL THE WASTE THAT WOULD HAVE PEOPLE PER SQUARE MIASM IMAGINE ALL THE WASTE THAT WOULD HAVE PRODUCED. ALL THE WASTE THAT WOULD HAVE PRODUCED. PLUS, THERE MIGHT HAVE BEEN PRODUCED. PLUS, THERE MIGHT HAVE BEEN COMPETITION FOR AVAILABLE LIVING PLUS, THERE MIGHT HAVE BEEN COMPETITION FOR AVAILABLE LIVING SPACE. COMPETITION FOR AVAILABLE LIVING SPACE. ALL OF THESE THINGS TOGETHER SPACE. ALL OF THESE THINGS TOGETHER COULD HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THE ALL OF THESE THINGS TOGETHER COULD HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THE DEMISE OF CAHOKIA. COULD HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THE DEMISE OF CAHOKIA. TODAY THE PATHS OF CAHOKIA ARE DEMISE OF CAHOKIA. TODAY THE PATHS OF CAHOKIA ARE STILL IN USE, BUT NOW BY CURIOUS TODAY THE PATHS OF CAHOKIA ARE STILL IN USE, BUT NOW BY CURIOUS VISITORS WHO WANDER AMONG THE STILL IN USE, BUT NOW BY CURIOUS VISITORS WHO WANDER AMONG THE REMAINS OF THIS ONCE AFFLUENT VISITORS WHO WANDER AMONG THE REMAINS OF THIS ONCE AFFLUENT CITY. REMAINS OF THIS ONCE AFFLUENT CITY. THIS IS ALSO THE ONLY PLACE IN CITY. THIS IS ALSO THE ONLY PLACE IN ILLINOIS THAT HAS BEEN THIS IS ALSO THE ONLY PLACE IN ILLINOIS THAT HAS BEEN DESIGNATED A WORLD HERITAGE SITE ILLINOIS THAT HAS BEEN DESIGNATED A WORLD HERITAGE SITE BY THE UNITED NATIONS. DESIGNATED A WORLD HERITAGE SITE BY THE UNITED NATIONS. FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT BY THE UNITED NATIONS. FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT CAHOKIA CALL (618)346-5160, FOR MORE INFORMATION ABOUT CAHOKIA CALL (618)346-5160, INTERPLEA TIVE CENTER.

Mound 72 Woodhenge

Solstice and equinox sunrise and sunset markers at the Md 72 Woodhenge

Early in the history of Cahokia the portion of the site containing Mounds 72 and 96 was the location of a "woodhenge", a ceremonial area with a 412 feet (126 m) in diameter circle of 48 upright wooden posts.[1] Archaeologists date the placement of at least one of the posts to approximately 950 CE.[2] Archaeological research has shown that four of the posts were at the cardinal locations of north, south, east and west, the eastern and western posts marking the position of the equinox sunrise and sunsets. Four other posts in the circle were shown to be at the summer solstice sunrise and sunset and the winter solstice sunrise and sunset positions. This setup is nearly identical to the diameter and post positions of Woodhenge III, one of five successive woodhenges built in another location at Cahokia, differing only in that Woodhenge III was 2 feet (0.61 m) smaller in diameter. Considering the size of the circle and the fact that the post holes themselves could be as much as 1 metre (3.3 ft) in diameter, this discrepancy is almost negligible. The placement of the two mounds at the location and the directions in which they are oriented correspond to several of the solstice marking posts.[1] The post nearest the later elite burial of the "Birdman" is the location that marked the summer solstice sunrise at the times of the site's use.[3] The early stages of the mounds were actually constructed around the posts, although at a later point the posts were removed.[1] Besides their celestial marking functions, the woodhenges also carried religious and ritual meaning that is reflected in their stylized depiction as a Cross in Circle Motif on ceremonial beakers connected with black drink ceremonialism. One prominent example has markers added to the winter sunrise and sunset positions.[3]

Mound 72 is a ridgetop mound, one of only six recorded at the Cahokia site. Unlike the other ridgetop mounds which are aligned east/west and north/south (as are most other features at the large site), Mound 72 is aligned 30 degrees off the east/west line. This alignment is the same as the summer solstice sunrise/winter solstice sunset line for this latitude.[4] Near the end of the late Emergent Mississippian Edelhardt Phase or the beginning of the early Mississippian Lohmann Phase (1000-1050 CE) two small platform mounds were constructed around several of the woodhenge posts, one of them the position marking the summer solstice sunrise position.[5] These mounds were expanded and eventually merged and covered over, being reshaped in the process into the final Mound 72 ridge-top mound.[2][6]

Mound 72sub1

Birdman burial

Reconstruction of the Birdman burial in the site's interpretative center

The beginnings of the mounds were the interment of several elite personages oriented to the summer solstice sunrise post. This post is aligned with the north/south axis with a point on the southwest corner of Monks Mound.[7] The post had been replaced several times, including at least one episode after the beginning of mound construction.[8] 5 metres (16 ft) west of the post was the burial of a tall man in his 40s,[citation needed] now thought to have been an important early Cahokian ruler. The body was placed with his feet to the northwest on an elevated platform covered by a bed of more than 20,000 marine-shell disc beads arranged in the shape of a falcon,[9] [unreliable source?] with the bird's head appearing beneath and beside the man's head, and its wings and tail beneath his arms and legs. This burial is now known as the "Beaded burial" or the "Birdman burial". Below the birdman was a woman,[10] buried facing downward. The birdman was buried with several other retainers and elaborate grave goods, including mica and other exotic minerals, copper sheathes thought to be the remains of copper covered chunkey sticks, a cache of chunkey stones and hundreds of finely made arrowheads collected from throughout the Mississippian world, specifically caches from Tennessee, southern Illinois, Wisconsin and a batch from the faraway Caddoan Mississippian peoples in Oklahoma. The arrowheads strongly indicated that Cahokia had extensive trade links in North America.[6][7] The falcon warrior or "birdman" is a common motif in Mississippian culture, and is even represented by other finds at Cahokia in the form of 2 small stone tablets with avian-human imagery. This burial clearly had powerful iconographic significance to the peoples of Cahokia.[11] After the burial the location was covered over with Mound 72sub1, a small platform mound oriented in an east/west axis with a ramp projecting to the east and another projecting west toward the summer solstice sunset post. The summer sunrise post was located in the center of the eastern side of the mound.[4]

Mound 72sub2 and 72sub3

This mound was constructed precisely over the remains of a dismantled charnel house that was thought to have been erected at roughly the same time as the woodhenge post which it is next to. Interred in the mound were 2 recently deceased men and several bundled burials, probably the previous residents of the charnel house who had waited for the elite personages to die in order to be interred with them. Over this first phase a 46 feet (14 m) square platform with two levels and ramp on its eastern side was constructed. The next episode of construction at this location involved a pit being dug into the mound and a cache of various grave goods being deposited in it. A large rectangular pit was dug into the southeast corner of the mound and a mass burial of 24 women was made in it. A new layer of fill was added to the mound and it was extended to the southeast toward Mound 72sub1, for a ramp or extension over the mass burial.[4]

Mound 72 mass sacrifice of 53 young women

The next episode of construction involved three stages. A small platform was constructed near the southeastern ramp and four young males with their arms interlocked and missing their hands and skulls were laid out on the platform.[6] Some researchers have concluded that the four men may represent the four cardinal directions.[12]

In a pit excavated next to these four men were placed the bodies of a large group of young women. This mass grave contained the remains of 53 females ranging in age between 15–30 years of age, arranged in two layers separated by matting.[4][6][8] The young women show evidence of having been strangled before being arranged in neat rows in the pit.[12] Analysis of bones and dental traits of these women have led archaeologists to believe these individuals were not from the same social class and ethnic group as other individuals interred in the mound. Non-metric dental traits have suggested that these individuals were not from the Cahokia area and were possibly immigrants new to the area. Analysis of specific carbon isotope and nitrogen isotope ratios left by maize consumption in the bones and cartilage of the women, as well as pathologies indicative of poor health and nutritional stress, have led researchers to also conclude they were of a lower social status than elite burials in the mound, consuming more maize and less animal protein than elite individuals.[13]

The location after the removal of the timber circle and the final cap of Mound 72

This entire construction was then covered and extended even further toward Mound 72sub1 and now dubbed by archaeologists as Mound 72sub3. Next to this mound to the southwest another mass burial was made.[4] This burial is the most grisly found at the site, containing 39 men and women who appear to have been violently killed. Before the mass interment a pit was dug and lined with white sand. The victims were then killed and thrown over the edge of the pit. These people showed signs of meeting a violent end, including several being incompletely decapitated, some with fractured skulls and others with fractured jawbones.[6] The evidence shows that some of these individuals were buried alive: "From the vertical position of some of the fingers, which appear to have been digging in the sand, it is apparent that not all of the victims were dead when they were interred – that some had been trying to pull themselves out of the mass of bodies."[4] The presence of arrowheads in the back of some of these victims, coupled with the beheadings and other evidence of violent death, has led some researchers to conclude that these victims show evidence of warfare or were even the losers of a rebellion against the rulers of Cahokia, possibly even objectors to the earlier sacrifices of the young women.[12] On top of them were the remains of 15 elite individuals laid out upon litters made from cedar poles and cane matting .[6] Radiocarbon dating of the cedar poles used for the litters in the top layer burials in this pit determined that this burial was made approximately 100 years after the woodhenge circle had been constructed, or in approximately 1030 CE.[4]

Numerous secondary bundle burials of the bones of individuals previously stored in a charnel house were also made into the mound.[14] After a few final intrusive burials into the southwestern edge, Sub3 and Sub1 were covered over in a blanket of earth and given its distinctive ridgetop shape. All of the burials in the mound are located within an area circumscribed by the arc of the woodhenge circle. In total roughly 272 individuals had been interred in Mound 72. In all six separate episodes of burial had happened at the mound, stretching over a roughly one hundred-year period. Researchers theorize that this could represent the lineage of a prominent family along with many retainers and sacrifices. Scholars believe almost 62 percent of the over 270 people interred in the mound were sacrificial victims, based on signs of ritual execution, method of burial, and other factors.[4]

Similarities to historical events

The funeral procession of Tattooed Serpent in 1725, with retainers waiting to be sacrificed

A similar ritual human sacrifice of retainers and commoners upon the death of an elite personage is attested in the historical record among the last remaining fully Mississippian culture in the southeastern US, the Natchez. Upon the death of "Tattooed Serpent" in 1725, the war chief and younger brother of the "Great Sun" or Chief of the Natchez, two of his wives, one of his sisters (nicknamed La Glorieuse by the French), his first warrior, his doctor, his head servant and the servant's wife, his nurse, and a craftsman of war clubs all chose to die and be interred with him, as well as several old women and an infant who was strangled by his parents.[15] Great honor was associated with such a sacrifice, and their kin was held in high esteem.[16] After a funeral procession with the chief's body carried on a litter made of cane matting and cedar poles ended at the temple (which was located on top of a low platform mound), the retainers, with their faces painted red and accompanied by their relatives, dressed up in their finest garments, were drugged with large doses of nicotine, and ritually strangled. Tattooed Serpent was then buried in a trench inside the temple floor and the retainers were buried in other locations atop the mound surrounding the temple. After a few months time the bodies were dis-interred and their defleshed bones were stored as bundle burials in the temple.[15]

Mound 96

Mound 96 is a virtual mirror image of Mound 72 sub 1.[1] It was another small nearly square platform mound measuring approximately 15 metres (49 ft) wide at its base and a projecting ramp on its eastern side giving it a T-shape. It was built around the location of the winter sunset pole of the woodhenge and oriented along the north/south and east/west alignment common at Cahokia, with the ramp facing the winter solstice sunrise pole. The ramp starts at 5 metres (16 ft) wide at its base, but narrows to 50 centimetres (1.6 ft) in width at its top. Radiocarbon dating and ceramic analysis of sherds found in the mound place its beginning construction date to the Lohmann Phase (1000-1050 CE), at roughly the same time as Mound 72.[5] The mound, also like Mound 72, was finished with a hard cap of black clay, thought by archaeologists to have been engineered by its builders as a protective layer to protect the mound from erosion. The mound is thought to contain burials as well, but due to new federal laws concerning the excavation of Native American remains the portions of the mound suspected to have burials have not been excavated.[1]

Excavations

In the 1960s archaeologist Melvin L. Fowler noticed that the northeastern corner of the unusually aligned Mound 72 was located on a north/south axis aligned with the southwestern corner of Monks Mound and the western edge of Mound 49, an east/west oriented ridgetop mound located within the Grand Plaza area of downtown Cahokia. After discussions with Warren Wittry (the discoverer of the Cahokia Woodhenge) about the north/south axis alignment and the mounds longitudinal alignment along the axis of the solstices, he hypothesized that a large post may have marked the location. After getting funding he began a series of excavations at the mound in 1967 that lasted into the early 1970s. The post pit hole was found where he had predicted it would be, as were several others in an arc to the northwest, along with the spectacular series of burials located within and under the mound. Mound 96, a previously unnoticed small mound to the southwest, was discovered and numbered at this time. By 1977 Fowler was again studying aerial photos and maps of the location when he noticed that measurements concerning the two mounds and associated postholes corresponded nearly exactly with circumference and diameter measurements from Woodhenge III. He plotted a set of postholes predictions and eventually received funding to excavate in the early 1990s. In excavations lasting throughout the 1990s he excavated parts of Mound 96 and several projected posthole locations looking for proof of a hypothesized southern woodhenge at Cahokia. Not all archaeologists associated with Cahokia agreed with his conclusions and predictions at the time. Although weather-related problems, low-lying terrain with flooding issues and other factors made the endeavor difficult, Fowler eventually located several other post pits at or near their predicted locations, including the winter solstice sunset position under Mound 96.[1][4][17]

Gallery of related images

  • Ceramic beaker with woodhenge motif
    Ceramic beaker with woodhenge motif
  • Birdman sandstone tablet excavated from Monks Mound in 1971
    Birdman sandstone tablet excavated from Monks Mound in 1971

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f Young & Fowler (2000). "Woodhenges revisited". Cahokia: The Great Native American Metropolis. pp. 216–243.
  2. ^ a b "Mound 72". UW-Milwaukee Archaeological Laboratory. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
  3. ^ a b "Cahokia Layout". Illinois State Museum. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Young & Fowler (2000). "The Excavation of Mound 72". Cahokia: The Great Native American Metropolis. pp. 123–153.
  5. ^ a b "Mound 96 Investigations". UW-Milwaukee Archaeological Laboratory. Retrieved 2013-03-27.
  6. ^ a b c d e f "Mound 72". Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site. Archived from the original on 2012-06-23. Retrieved 2012-03-31.
  7. ^ a b Pauketat, Timothy R. (2004). Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians. Cambridge University Press. pp. 88–93. ISBN 0521520665.
  8. ^ a b Fowler, Melvin L.; Rose, Jerome; Leest, Barbara Vander; Ahler, Steven R. The Mound 72 Area: Dedicated and Sacred Space in Early Cahokia (PDF) (Technical report). Illinois State Museum. 54.[permanent dead link]
  9. ^ "Cahokia and the excavation of Mound 72". Retrieved 2010-08-21.
  10. ^ Yates, Diana. "Fresh look at burials, mass graves, tells a new story of Cahokia". news.illinois.edu. Retrieved 2024-02-02.
  11. ^ Fowler, Melvin L. (1997). The Cahokia Atlas: A Historical Atlas of Cahokia Archaeology. Illinois Transportation Archaeological Research Program. ISBN 978-0964488137.
  12. ^ a b c Seppa, Nathan (1997-03-12). "Metropolitan Life on the Mississippi". Washington Post.
  13. ^ Ambrose, Stanley H.; Buikstra, Jane; Krueger, Harold W. (2003). "Status and gender differences in diet at Mound 72, Cahokia, revealed by isotopic analysis of bone" (PDF). Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 22 (3): 217–226. doi:10.1016/S0278-4165(03)00036-9.
  14. ^ Brown, James A. (2012). "Cosmological layouts of secondary burials as political instruments". In Sullivan; Lynne P.; Mainfort; Robert C. (eds.). Mississippian Mortuary Practices: Beyond Hierarchy and the Representationist Perspective. University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0813042015.
  15. ^ a b La Vere, David (2007-04-01). Looting Spiro Mounds: An American King Tut's Tomb. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 119–122. ISBN 978-0806138138.
  16. ^ Koziol, Kathryn M. Violence, symbols, and the archaeological record: A case study of Cahokia's Mound 72 (Thesis). Archived from the original on 2013-07-19. Retrieved 2012-03-29.
  17. ^ "Woodhenge 72 Project". UW-Milwaukee Archaeological Laboratory. Retrieved 2013-03-27.

External links

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