| Bor | |
|---|---|
| Belanda Bor | |
| Native to | South Sudan |
Native speakers | 26,000 (2017)[1] |
Nilo-Saharan?
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | bxb |
| Glottolog | bela1256 |
| ELP | Belanda Bor |
 Belanda Bor is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
Belanda Bor, or just Bor, is a Luo language of South Sudan. Most speakers also use Belanda Viri, which is a Ubangian language and not at all related.
Obtaining scientific/ linguistic information about the Belanda language posed a lot of challenges than expected. First, there were many gaps in the history of the language, also a lot of contradictories were encountered which reduced the clarity of the endeavour.
When the history of the Belanda Boor ethnic group is considered, the reason for this lack of coherence can probably be linked to the conflicts shared by the various ethnic groups, slave raids and civil wars,[2] as most of the Belanda Boor people were forced to leave their homelands and settle in the Western Equatoria. Another possible reason leading to the lack of proper history is the independence of South Sudan which led to more contradictions and lack of proper recordings about the Belanda Boor group.
There are currently 40 – 50,000 speakers of the language in the South Sudan.
Belanda Boor – The etymology
The term Belanda Boor is used to denote both the language and the people. To distinguish between both meanings, a prefix is added.
Joo-boor – the community
Di- boor – the language.
Belanda Boor is formed from the autonym Boor and the central-Sudanic Bongo word Beerlanda. In Bongo, beer is the ethnonym for all their Lwoo speaking neighbours. The word “landa” means hills and mountains.
Classification
Belanda Boor belongs to the Nilo-Saharan group and is spoken in South Sudan. It is further classified as Nilotic, western Nilotic, and northern lawoo.
Phonology
Syllable Structure
For many western Nilotic languages, the syllabic structure is monosyllabic which is also the case for Boor. Typical for the Belanda Boor language also is that most of the nouns have no affixes in the singular form and in the plural, they maintain prefixes. The syllables in the Belanda Boor languages are either open or closed. Open Syllables can be high or heavy.
YouTube Encyclopedic
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1/3Views:7 270 3061 908 309765
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Holland vs the Netherlands
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Geography Now! Denmark
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Indonesiska för svenskar 4 (hälsningsfraser)
Transcription
Welcome to the Great nation of Holland: where the tulips grow, the windmills turn, the breakfast is chocolatey, the people industrious, and the sea tries to drown it all. Except, this country isn't Holland. It's time for: The Difference Between Holland, the Netherlands (and a whole lot more) The correct name for this tulip growing, windmill building hagelslag eating, container ship moving, ocean conquering nation is the Netherlands. But confusion is understandable -- the general region been renamed a lot over a thousand including as: The Dutch Republic, The United States of Belgium, and The Kingdom of Hollande But it's not just history that makes this country's name confusing because the Netherlands is divided into twelve provinces: * Groningen * Drenthe * Overijssel * Gelderland * Limburg * Brabant * Zeeland (Which, by the way, is the Zeeland that makes this Zeeland, new) * Friesland (With adorable little hearts on its flag) * Flevoland * Utrecht, and here's the confusion: * Noord (North) Holland and * Zuid (South) Holland These provinces make calling the Netherlands 'Holland' like calling the United States 'Dakota'. Though unlike the Dakotas, which are mostly empty, save for the occasional Jackalope, the two Hollands are the most populated provinces and have some of the biggest attractions like, Amsterdam and Keukenhof. Chances are if it's Dutch, and you've heard of it, it's in one of the Hollands. Even the government's travel website for the country is Holland.com -- officially because it sounds friendlier, but unofficially it's probably what people are actually searching for. Confusion continues because: People who live in the Hollands are called Hollanders, but all citizens of the Netherlands are called Dutch as is their language. But in Dutch they say: Nederlands sprekende Nederlanders in Nederland which sounds like they'd rather we call them Netherlanders speaking Netherlandish. Meanwhile, next door in Germany, they're Deutsche sprechen Deutsch in Deutschland. Which sounds like they'd rather be called Dutch. This linguistic confusion is why Americans call the Pennsylvania Dutch Dutch even though they're Germans. To review: this country is the Netherlands, its people are Dutch, they speak Dutch. There is no country called Holland, but there are provinces of North and South Holland. Got it? Great, because it's about to get more complicated. The Netherlands is part of a Kingdom with the same name: The Kingdom of the Netherlands -- which is headed by the Dutch Royal Family. The Kingdom of the Netherlands contains three more countries and to find them we must sail from the icy North Sea to the Caribbean and Aruba, Curaçao, Sint Maarten. These are no territories, but self-governing countries within the Kingdom of the Netherlands and as such they have their own governments, and their own currencies. Geography geek side note here: While Aruba and Curaçao are islands, Sint Maarten is just the Southern Half of a tiny island also named Saint Martin the other half of which is occupied by France and also named Saint Martin. So despite being separated by Belgium on the European map, The Kingdom of the Netherlands and the French Republic share a border on the other side of the world on an island so nice they named it thrice. But why does the Kingdom of the Netherlands reach to the Caribbean anyway? Because, Empire. In the 1600s the Dutch, always looking to expand business, laid their hands on every valuable port they could. For a time, America's East Coast was 'New Netherland' with its capital city of New Amsterdam. There was New Zealand, as mentioned previously, and nearby, the king of the islands, New Holland. Though the empire is gone, these three Caribbean nations remain. And while four countries in one kingdom, isn't unheard of, it doesn't stop there, because the country of the Netherlands, also extends its borders to the Caribbean and three more islands: Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba. These are not countries in a Kingdom, but are cities of the Country of the Netherlands and they look the part. Residents of these far-flung cities vote in elections for the Dutch government just as any Hollander would. Though, weirdly, they don't belong to any province and they don't use the Dutch currency of Euros, they use Dollars instead. It's kind of like if Hawaii wasn't a state, but technically part of the District of Columbia, all the while using the Yen. These cities of the Country of the Netherlands and these countries in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, are together are known as the Dutch Caribbean. And their citizens are Dutch citizens. Which, because the Kingdom of the Netherlands is a member of the European Union, means these Dutch Caribbeans are also Europeans. So in the end, there are 6 Caribbean islands, four countries, twelve provinces, two Hollands, two Netherlands and one kingdom, all Dutch.
Consonants
Belanda Boor has 35 consonant phonemes. There is a vast difference between typical Lwoo consonants systems. They exist as fricatives and labiovelars.
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labiovelar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stops | Voiced | b | d̪ | d | ɟ | ɡ | ɡʷ ɡb | |
| Unvoiced | p | t̪ | t | c | k | kʷ kp | ||
| Prenasalised | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᶮɟ | ᵑɡ | ᵑɡʷ ᵑɡb | |||
| Nasals | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ŋʷ | |||
| Fricatives | f | s | ||||||
| Liquids | Lateral | l | ʎ | ʟ | ʟʷ | |||
| Trill | r | |||||||
| Glides | w | j | ||||||
Vowels
Many of the Lwoo languages have the vowel system of the five ATR+ and ATR- vowels.
Belanda Boor has two phonologically categorised sets of vowels.[2] These vowels are distinguished by the position of the tongue root as either of ATR+ or ART- quality. The vowel inventory of Boor reflects an ATR system.
A significant difference between the Boor and other languages is that Belanda Boor is not prone to vowel harmony, even if there are traces.
Nouns
Belanda Boor nouns are defined morphosyntactically[clarification needed] as they comprise only the categories of words which can be marked based on numbers. The gender of nouns can also be linked to the gender marking prefixes.In the Belanda Boor language, the agent is always the subject of the clause, their roles are syntactically realised when used with the object of a verb or the object of a preposition.
The word order of Belanda Boor is SVO. The role of the word classes is determined according to their position in the order. It is also possible to identify nouns according to their semantic behaviours. Belanda Boor distinguishes a large number of semantic categories for nouns. Nouns typically refer to concepts which are time-stable.[2]
Types of Nouns
The Nouns of the language Belanda Boor exhibit a rather wide range of canonical forms in various tone patterns. Tone is reduced in Belanda Boor, so it doesn’t has any grammatical function. All the minimal pairs of the lexicon differ in vowel length and quality, but not in tone.
The majority of the Basic Nouns in Belanda Boor are of the CV(V) pattern and only few of them exhibit the shape CV (V).
In Belanda Boor we will find various types and nouns which only consist of the pure stem. Complex nouns exhibit a stem and up to their prefixed morphemes. Only a derivational prefix or a classifier can be attached at a time, but never both.
(1) morphological structures
(1a) structures including a derivational prefix
Number marker+ derivational prefix+ petrified sex+ stem+ petrified suffix
(1b) Structures including a classifier
Classifier+ number marker+ petrified sex+ stem+ petrified suffix
The Verb
The structure of the Verbs
Belanda Boor follows the typical CVC structure for the verb roots, similar to the roots of basic nouns. Verbs in Belanda Boor denote usually actions, however there are some exceptions like stative verbs.
The syntactic position of verbs either SVO or SV . although there are exceptions, but the verb always follows the subject. Another way to identify verbs is according to their morphosyllabic behaviour. In this case verbs can be marked for grammatical categories like TAM-tense, aspect and mood and person.
Structure of Verbs
Here are some examples for the CVC structure in Belanda Boor by Beatrix von Heyking.
CVC
High- Tone kwác ‘to beg’
Mid-Tone cãm ‘to eat’
Low-Tone màd̪ ‘to drink’
In Belanda Boor there are verbs which lack the final consonant and are thus of CV or CVV structure
Some examples
CV (V)
Mid tone mbū ‘be tired’
Low tone mbù ‘leave sth’
Mid tone wīī ‘allow sth’
The first two examples can be traced to be loans from Ubanga, which probably entered Boor via Belanda Bviri.
Another pattern for verbs is CVCV. The final vowel belongs not to the verb stem.
HHH méd médɔ́ ‘to dance’
MM cãm cãm ‚to eat’
LL lèg lèk ‘to dream’
Summarising Tam
Here is an overview of all the inventory markers for tense/ aspects and moods
Tense
Present perfective : ni
Past perfective: a-
Future perfective: uku
Present imperfective: na
Past imperfective: (ɲiki) na
Aspects
Completive: ɲika
Incompletive: ɲiki
Habitual: u-
Completive habitual: dɛka
Incompletive habitual: dɛki
Negative habitual: kʊ
Final: yɔkɔ
Mood
Evidential: kɪ
Imperative: (syntactical means)
Negative imperative: ni
Hortative: (syntactical means)
References
- ^ Bor at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ a b c Stirtz, Timothy M. (2014-01-01). "Beatrix von Heyking: A grammar of Belanda Boor: Phonology and morphology". Journal of African Languages and Linguistics. 35 (2). doi:10.1515/jall-2014-0012. ISSN 0167-6164.
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This page was last edited on 12 January 2024, at 06:20