Baroque fortifications in the Black Forest

The Baroque fortifications in the Black Forest (German: Barocke Verteidigungsanlagen im Schwarzwald), also called Baroque Schanzen (Barockschanzen) or Black Forest lines (Schwarzwaldlinien), are historical, military earthworks, known as schanzen, that were built in the Black Forest in what is now Germany. They were built in the 17th century to defend the Margraviate of Baden from French invasion. Together with their adjoining defensive lines, the Black Forest fortifications formed a defensive system over 200 kilometres (120 mi) long that ran from north to south.

YouTube Encyclopedic

1/3
Views:
863 536
81 114
225 372

Transcription

HI, I'M RICK STEVES, EXPLORING MORE OF THE BEST OF EUROPE. THIS TIME, IT'S QUINTESSENTIAL GERMANY, AND THAT MEANS BAVARIA. FAIRY TALE CASTLES, THE EXCITING CITY OF MUNICH, AND FUN IN THE BREATHTAKING ALPS. LIKE SO MANY TRAVELERS, MY IMAGES OF GERMANY ARE ACTUALLY OF BAVARIA: CASTLES IN THE ALPS, LEDERHOSEN, BEER GARDENS AND PICTURESQUE CHURCHES. I FIND BAVARIA TO BE THE MOST SCENIC, CHARMING AND CULTURALLY RICH PART OF THE COUNTRY. WE'LL IMMERSE OURSELF IN MUNICH'S ART AND HISTORY, CROWN JEWELS, BONY RELICS, GREAT PAINTINGS, LUSH AND PLAYFUL PARKS. MUNICH EVENINGS ARE BEST SPENT IN FROTHY BEER HALLS. THEN WE'LL HEAD FOR THE FOOTHILLS OF THE ALPS TO SEE EUROPE'S MOST FAMOUS CASTLE, POP OVER THE TYROLEAN BORDER TO EXPLORE A NEARLY UNKNOWN CASTLE AND FINISH ATOP GERMANY'S HIGHEST PEAK. GERMANY IS THE HEART OF EUROPE, AND BAVARIA IS THE SOUTHERN END OF THE COUNTRY. FROM MUNICH WE VENTURE INTO THE FOOTHILLS OF THE ALPS TO SEE KING LUDWIG'S FANTASY CASTLES, TAKE A HIKE OVER THE BORDER INTO AUSTRIA'S TYROL AND FINALLY, SCALE THE ZUGSPITZE MOUNTAIN. MUNICH IS CONSIDERED GERMANY'S MOST LIVABLE CITY. WHILE PACKED WITH HISTORY, IT'S ALSO THIS COUNTRY'S HOLLYWOOD AND SILICON VALLEY ALL ROLLED INTO ONE. THIS CITY CELEBRATES ITS TRADITIONS WITH GUSTO, AND AT THE SAME TIME, IT REMAINS A MODERN CULTURAL FORCE. MARIENPLATZ, OR MARY'S SQUARE, MARKS THE OLD CENTER. THE NEO-GOTHIC NEW CITY HALL, OR NEUES RATHAUS, IS ONLY ABOUT A HUNDRED YEARS OLD. IT DOMINATES THE SQUARE. THIS INVITING TOWN SQUARE IS NOW MUNICH'S LIVING ROOM. THE GLOCKENSPIEL PERFORMS AT THE TOP OF THE HOUR AS THE BAVARIAN ROYAL COUPLE, CELEBRATING THEIR WEDDING DAY, OVERSEES A JOUST. BAVARIA ALWAYS WINS AND THE COOPERS DO THEIR JIG. VIRTUALLY ALL YOU SEE WAS BOMBED FLAT IN WORLD WAR II AND REBUILT SINCE. AFTER THE WAR, GERMANY'S DESTROYED CITIES DEBATED HOW THEY'D REBUILD. THEY COULD RECONSTRUCT THEIR OLD CENTERS OR BULLDOZE AND START OVER FROM SCRATCH. WHILE FRANKFURT VOTED TO GO MODERN -- AND TODAY IT'S NICKNAMED GERMANY'S MANHATTAN -- THE PEOPLE OF MUNICH DECIDED TO REBUILD THEIR OLD CENTER. BUILDINGS CANNOT EXCEED THE HEIGHT OF THE CHURCH SPIRES. TODAY MUNICH'S DOWNTOWN IS VITAL. PEOPLE COME HERE, RATHER THAN TO SUBURBAN MALLS, TO DO THEIR SHOPPING. MUNICH'S MAIN DRAG IS ONE OF EUROPE'S ORIGINAL GREAT PEDESTRIAN ZONES. LOCAL BUSINESSPEOPLE WERE ENRAGED IN 1972 WHEN CARS WERE FIRST PROHIBITED. BUT NOW, WITH 9,000 SHOPPERS PASSING THEIR DISPLAY WINDOWS EACH HOUR, SHOPKEEPERS ARE HAPPY. IMAGINE THIS STREET IN HOMETOWN, USA. I'M BEING JOINED BY MY FRIEND AND MUNICH GUIDE, GEORGE REICHLMAYR. SO IT'S "RYKH-EL-MY-ER"? "RYKH-LH-MY-ER." (laughing) "RYKH -- RYKH-A-MY-ER." SO, YOU KNOW, BAVARIA, THE STATE, IS A VERY CONSERVATIVE PART OF GERMANY. BUT MUNICH THE CAPITAL IS DIFFERENT. IT'S A VERY LIBERAL CITY. ONE OF THE IDEAS OF THE COUNSEL IS TO KEEP THE TRAFFIC OUTSIDE. AND THAT MAKES DOWNTOWN MUNCHEN A VERY SILENT PLACE, SO IT'S QUIET OVER HERE. YOU HAVE GREEN AREAS ALWAYS, AND A GOOD PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM. SO LEAVE YOUR CAR OUTSIDE. YOU CAN STILL FEEL SMALL-TOWN MUNICH HERE AT THE VIKTUALIEN MARKET, LONG A FAVORITE WITH LOCALS FOR FRESH PRODUCE AND FRIENDLY SERVICE. WHILE THIS MOST EXPENSIVE REAL ESTATE IN TOWN WOULD HAVE BEEN OVERRUN BY FAST-FOOD PLACES, MUNICH KEEPS THE RENT LOW SO THESE OLD-TIME SHOPS CAN CARRY ON. THE VIKTUALIEN MARKET'S BEER GARDEN TAPS YOU INTO GREAT BUDGET EATING. STALLS SELL THE BEST WURST, SANDWICHES, PRODUCE AND MUCH MORE. ALL SIX OF MUNICH'S BREWERIES ENJOY A SHARE OF THE BUSINESS. AT THE BEER COUNTER, A SIGN, WHICH CHANGES EVERY DAY OR TWO, ANNOUNCES WHICH OF THE BEERS IS BEING SERVED. TODAY'S BEER IS PAULANER. BEER GARDENS LIKE THIS GO BACK TO THE DAYS WHEN BREWERIES STORED THEIR BEER IN CELLARS UNDER COURTYARDS KEPT COOL BY THE SHADE OF BUSHY CHESTNUT TREES. WITH THE INVITING SHADE AND ALL THAT COOL BEER SO HANDY, IT WAS ONLY NATURAL THAT TABLES WERE SET UP AND THESE CONVIVIAL EATERIES EVOLVED. THE TWIN AND DISTINCTIVE DOMES OF THE 500-YEAR-OLD FRAUENKIRCHE ARE THE SYMBOL OF MUNICH, BUT AN EVEN MORE HISTORIC CHURCH IS NEARBY. ST. PETER'S CHURCH IS MUNICH'S OLDEST. BUILT WHERE THE EARLY MONKS PROBABLY SETTLED IN THE 12th CENTURY, IT HAS A FINE INTERIOR AND SOME EYE-CATCHING RELICS. THEY SAY MUNICH HAS MORE HOLY RELICS THAN ANY CITY OUTSIDE OF ROME. WHY? BECAUSE FOR OVER A HUNDRED YEARS, IT WAS THE POPE'S BASTION AGAINST THE RISING TIDE OF PROTESTANTISM UP HERE IN NORTHERN EUROPE. AND FAVORS DONE FOR THE POPE EARNED THE CITY LOTS OF RELICS AS GIFTS. THE TOMB OF MUNDITA, THOUGHT TO BE A SECOND-CENTURY MARTYR, WAS GIVEN TO MUNICH BY ROME AS A THANKS AND AS A VIVID REMINDER THAT THOSE WHO DIED DEFENDING THE ROMAN CHURCH GO DIRECTLY TO HEAVEN WITHOUT WAITING FOR JUDGMENT DAY. MUNICH, OR MUNCHEN AS IT'S CALLED IN GERMAN, WAS LONG THE CAPITAL OF AN INDEPENDENT BAVARIA. ITS ROYAL ARCHITECTURE AND GRAND BOULEVARDS CONSTANTLY REMIND VISITORS THAT THIS WAS ONCE A POLITICAL AND CULTURAL POWERHOUSE. FOR MAXIMUM IMPERIAL BAVARIAN GRANDEUR, TOUR THE RESIDENCE. THIS WAS THE PALACE OF THE WITTELSBACH FAMILY, WHO RULED BAVARIA FOR MORE THAN 700 YEARS. LIKE SO MANY OF MUNICH'S ARCHITECTURAL TREASURES, IT WAS DESTROYED IN WORLD WAR II AND REBUILT SINCE. TO MEET THE DUKE, ALL OFFICIAL GUESTS HAD TO PASS THROUGH THIS GALLERY LINED WITH 700 YEARS OF WITTELSBACH PORTRAITS. ALWAYS TRYING TO SUBSTANTIATE THE FAMILY CLAIM TO POWER, THEY INCLUDED THE GREAT CHARLEMAGNE AS AN HONORARY FAMILY MEMBER. THE PAINTINGS ARE SCARRED BY KNIFE MARKS. IN THE FINAL MONTHS OF WORLD WAR II WHEN ALLIED BOMBS WERE IMMINENT, NAZI LEADERS GAVE THE HASTY ORDER TO SLICE EACH PORTRAIT OUT OF ITS FRAME AND HIDE THEM AWAY. THE WITTELSBACHS WERE ALWAYS TRYING TO KEEP UP WITH THE HAPSBURGS, THEIR AUSTRIAN IMPERIAL RIVALS. AND THIS LONG STRING OF CEREMONIAL ROOMS WAS BASICALLY ALL FOR SHOW. THE EXUBERANT DECOR AND FURNITURE IS FROM THE 1700s, ROCOCO. AND OF COURSE, THE WITTELSBACH FAMILY HAD THEIR OWN PORCELAIN MADE FOR THE PALACE. WITH ALL THE MIRRORS, IT'S PORCELAIN FOREVER. SO, YOU KNOW, THE WHOLE PALACE WAS REALLY FOR SHOWING OFF AND IMAGINE THE DUKE BRINGING SOME OF HIS MOST NOBLE GUESTS IN HERE WITH ALL THESE MINIATURES IN HERE, SOME EVEN PAINTED WITH JUST ONE-HAIR BRUSHES. THAT WAS REALLY A SENSATION IN THOSE DAYS. Rick: SO THESE WERE COPIES OF ALL THE GREAT MASTERS. George: COPIES OF THE BEST PAINTINGS. THE PALACE BALLROOM WAS DECORATED WITH ANCIENT ROMAN STATUES. THE WITTELSBACHS, LIKE OTHER EUROPEAN ROYALS, COLLECTED AND DISPLAYED BUSTS OF EMPERORS, STRONGLY IMPLYING A CONNECTION BETWEEN THEM AND THE CAESARS. THE PALACE TREASURY SHOWS OFF A THOUSAND YEARS OF WITTELSBACH KNICKKNACKS AND BAVARIAN REGALIA, THE INSPIRATION FOR SO MANY FAIRY-TALE CROWNS. SMALL, MOBILE ALTARS ALLOWED KINGS TO PACK LIGHT AND STILL HAVE A FOCUS FOR THEIR WORSHIP WHILE ON THE ROAD. THIS CRUCIFIX, CARVED FROM IVORY, IS EXQUISITE. THIS RELIQUARY, MADE IN 1640, SHOWS ST. GEORGE KILLING THE DRAGON. IT SPARKLES WITH OVER 2,000 PRECIOUS STONES. YOU CAN ALMOST HEAR THE DRAGON HISSING. IT WAS DESIGNED TO CONTAIN THE RELICS OF ST. GEORGE. THE PALACE ALSO CAME WITH A ROYAL GARDEN. TODAY IT'S THE REALM OF EVERYDAY PEOPLE RATHER THAN KINGS, DUKES AND COUNTS. BACK THEN, WHEN THE KING CALLED OUT FOR DINNER, HE CALLED ALOIS DALLMAYR. THIS ROYAL DELICATESSEN BECAME FAMOUS FOR ITS EXOTIC AND LUXURIOUS FOOD ITEMS: ALL THE TROPICAL FRUITS, SEAFOOD, CHOCOLATES, GREAT WINES AND FANCY TREATS A KING COULD WANT. CATERING TO ROYAL AND ARISTOCRATIC TASTES AND BUDGETS, IT REMAINS THE CHOICE OF MUNICH'S CONNOISSEURS OF FINE LIVING. TOO MANY CALORIES? BIKES CAN BE RENTED QUICKLY AND EASILY AT THE TRAIN STATION. BIKING MAKES AS MUCH SENSE IN CITIES LIKE MUNICH AS IT DOES IN THE COUNTRYSIDE. THIS CITY, LEVEL AND COMPACT WITH PLENTY OF BIKE PATHS, FEELS GOOD ON TWO WHEELS. IN FACT, WITH ALL THESE BIKE AND PEDESTRIAN ZONES, YOU CAN OFTEN GET AROUND FASTER HERE ON TWO WHEELS THAN YOU CAN BY TAXI. MUNICH'S 200-YEAR-OLD ENGLISH GARDEN SPRAWLS OVER THREE MILES THROUGH THE CITY. IT'S THE LARGEST URBAN PARK ON THE CONTINENT. ON A SUNNY SUMMER AFTERNOON, THOUSANDS OF SUN WORSHIPERS ENJOY ITS VARIED ATTRACTIONS AT THE SAME TIME. WE'RE HERE IN AUGUST AND THE SURF'S UP. WHERE THE STREAM ENTERS THE PARK, ITS SWIFT FLOW FORMS A PERPETUAL WAVE FOR LOCAL SURFERS. MEANDERING FURTHER ALONG, THE STREAM BECOMES AS LAID-BACK AS THE SUNBATHERS ON ITS BANKS. WHILE A LOCAL LAW REQUIRES PEOPLE TO WEAR CLOTHES ON CITY TRAMS, MUNICH'S PARKS ARE SPRINKLED WITH NUDE SUNBATHERS. STUDENTS, OFFICE WORKERS AND FAMILIES ALIKE CAN ENJOY A SUNNY BREAK FROM THE DAILY GRIND. THIS RELAXED ATTITUDE TOWARD NUDITY IS COMMONPLACE IN MUCH OF EUROPE. THERE ARE SEVERAL HUGE BEER GARDENS WITHIN THE PARK. ON A BALMY SUMMER EVENING, THESE ARE A GOOD STOP FOR DINNER. TRADITIONALLY, BEER GARDENS ALLOW PICNICKERS TO BRING THEIR OWN FOOD AND USE A TABLE, IF THEY BUY A BEER. WE'RE EATING AS BAVARIAN AS POSSIBLE. I'VE GOT MY FISH ON A STICK HERE. WHAT DO YOU CALL THIS IN GERMANY? IT'S A steckerlfisch. Steckerlfisch. Steckerlfisch, FISH ON A STICK. A NICE BIG PRETZEL. YAH, bretzel. CAREFULLY CARVED RADISH. YOU'VE GOT WHAT? A PORK KNUCKLE. PORK KNUCKLE. YES, THAT'S A BIG PORTION OF MEAT. AND BIG BEERS. AND BIG BEERS. MUNCHEN. CHEERS. WHETHER YOU BRING YOUR OWN FOOD OR BUY IT HERE, THIS IS A CLASSIC MUNICH GEMUTLICH SCENE. GEMUTLICH IS A UNIQUE WORD FOR BAVARIA'S SPECIAL COZINESS AND KNACK FOR SAVORING THE MOMENT. MUNICH'S MANY GRAND FACADES RECALL THE CITY'S CULTURAL IMPORTANCE FOR THIS REGION. AS THE CAPITAL OF BAVARIA FOR CENTURIES, MUNICH WAS ABLE TO AMASS LOTS OF GREAT ART. AND A CLUSTER OF MUSEUMS SHOWS OFF MASTERPIECES THROUGH THE AGES. GOT 19th CENTURY ART JUST OVER THERE, A WONDERFUL COLLECTION OF MODERN ART ACROSS THE STREET, AND WE'RE HEADING FOR THE OLD MASTERS AT THE ALTE PINAKOTHEK. THE ALTE PINAKOTHEK, OR OLD PAINTING GALLERY, SHOWS OFF BAVARIA'S BEST COLLECTION OF EUROPEAN MASTERPIECES FROM THE 14th THROUGH THE 18th CENTURIES, FEATURING WORK BY MANY OF THE GREATS. BOTTICELLI'S "LAMENTATION" SHOWS THE EARLY RENAISSANCE ABILITY TO SHOW SPIRITUALITY THROUGH HUMAN EMOTIONS. LEONARDO'S "MADONNA WITH A CARNATION" WAS DONE WHEN THE ARTIST WAS ONLY 21, WELL ON HIS WAY TO "MONA LISA" GREATNESS. AND IN THIS MARVELOUS HOLY FAMILY, RAFAEL IS CLEARLY THE MASTER OF GRACE. PAINTINGS GIVE A PEEK AT THE TUMULTUOUS EVENTS AS GERMANY WOKE FROM ITS MEDIEVAL SLUMBERS AND ENTERED A NEW EPOCH. IN THIS SELF-PORTRAIT, ALBRECHT DURER, ONE OF THE "CLASS OF 1500," HERALDS AN OPTIMISTIC NEW AGE. DURER BRINGS THE HUMANISTIC SPIRIT OF ITALY'S RENAISSANCE TO THE MEDIEVAL NORTH. RECENTLY RETURNED FROM ITALY, DURER PORTRAYS HIMSELF, THE ARTIST, WITH UNPRECEDENTED SELF-ESTEEM. WHEN THIS INDIVIDUALISM MET CHURCH AUTHORITY, SPARKS FLEW. DURER'S "FOUR APOSTLES" SEEM TO REFLECT THE TURBULENT TIMES WHEN THE REFORMATION SWEPT THROUGH NORTHERN EUROPE. WITH THE RUGGED FEATURES OF EVERYDAY PEOPLE, THEY TAKE THE BIBLE INTO THEIR OWN HANDS, A HUMANIST COUP THAT IGNITED AN ALL-EUROPE WAR. LOOKING AROUND SUSPICIOUSLY, THEY CLUTCH A BIBLE IN ONE HAND AND A SWORD IN THE OTHER, PREPARED TO DEFEND THEIR BELIEFS. IN 1517, THE GERMAN MONK MARTIN LUTHER BROKE WITH THE CHURCH IN ROME. SUDDENLY PEOPLE HAD TO CHOOSE. AM I PROTESTANT OR CATHOLIC? ALBRECHT DURER ACTUALLY MET MARTIN LUTHER. HE WAS IMPRESSED WITH HIS IDEAS, AND BECAME ONE OF HIS SUPPORTERS. THE CATHOLIC CHURCH RESPONDED WITH THE COUNTER-REFORMATION AND ALSO USED ART AS A WEAPON. THE CHURCH HIRED RUBENS TO SHOW THE EPIC BATTLE: ST. MICHAEL HURLING LUCIFER OUT OF HEAVEN. THE LESSON: THOSE WHO OPPOSE GOD'S WILL SHALL LOSE. BELIEVERS HAD THE ENTIRE MASS TO PONDER THESE SCENES. ALL THESE HEAVENLY BATTLES MIRRORED WHAT WAS GOING ON IN EUROPE. AFTER 30 YEARS OF RELIGIOUS WARS, A THIRD OF GERMANY WAS DEAD. FINALLY, IN 1648, AN EXHAUSTED EUROPE MADE A TREATY ENABLING PROTESTANTS AND CATHOLICS TO CO-EXIST. MUNICH HAS SO MUCH TO SEE, AND WE'VE SAVED THE LIVELIEST STOP FOR LAST. FOR TRADITIONAL BAVARIAN FUN, NOTHING BEATS A GOOD, OLD-FASHIONED BEER HALL. MUNICH IS GERMANY'S BEER CAPITAL AND THE HOFBRAUHAUS IS ITS ULTIMATE BEER HALL. IT COMES COMPLETE WITH RIVERS OF BEER, CHEAP FOOD, BOISTEROUS ATMOSPHERE AND RAUCOUS OOMPAH MUSIC. EVEN IF YOU'RE NOT EATING OR DRINKING, CHECK IT OUT. WHILE IT CAN BE EXTREMELY TOURISTIC, EVERYBODY'S HAVING LOTS OF FUN. BEER COMES IN HUGE LITER MUGS CALLED eine Mass IN GERMAN OR eine PITCHER IN ENGLISH. YOU CAN ORDER YOUR BEER helles, THAT'S LIGHT, dunkles, THAT'S DARK, OR Radler, HALF LEMON SODA AND HALF BEER. MUNICH IS THE HOME OF THE FAMOUS OKTOBERFEST. BUT YOU CAN ENJOY ESSENTIALLY THE SAME OKTOBERFEST FUN ANY TIME OF YEAR RIGHT HERE AT THE HOFBRAUHAUS. FROM MUNICH, AN HOUR'S DRIVE TAKES US DEEP INTO SOUTHERN BAVARIA. IT'S A TIMELESS LAND OF MANICURED FIELDS, PAINTED BUILDINGS, CONTENT COWS AND CHARACTERISTIC ONION-DOMED CHURCHES. THIS IS A PLAYGROUND FOR PEOPLE ENJOYING THE GOOD LIFE AT THE FOOTHILLS OF THE ALPS. AND IT'S A LAND OF FAIRY-TALE CASTLES. AND THE MOST SPECTACULAR, THE CASTLES OF KING LUDWIG II OF BAVARIA, AKA, "MAD KING LUDWIG." HE GREW UP HERE IN THE HOHENSCHWANGAU CASTLE. LUDWIG THEN BUILT HIS DREAM CASTLE, NEUSCHWANSTEIN, A 15-MINUTE HIKE AWAY. THE CASTLES ARE HUGELY POPULAR AND THEY'RE TOURABLE ONLY BY APPOINTMENT WITH A GUIDED TOUR. TICKETS ARE SOLD AT THE KIOSK IN THE VALLEY FLOOR. TO AVOID LONG LINES, ARRIVE EARLY, OR BETTER YET, CALL IN ADVANCE FOR A TOUR RESERVATION. HOHENSCHWANGAU CASTLE, LUDWIG'S BOYHOOD HOME, LOOKS MUCH LIKE IT DID IN 1836. IT'S THE MORE LIVED-IN AND HISTORIC OF THE TWO CASTLES, GIVING A BETTER GLIMPSE AT LUDWIG'S LIFE. THIS IS YOUNG KING LUDWIG'S BEDROOM. AND THIS WAS HIS READING CHAIR. THE BANQUET HALL IS SLATHERED IN EPIC GERMAN MYTHS. GERMANY BECAME A SINGLE UNITED COUNTRY ONLY IN 1871. AS IF TO BOLSTER ITS LEGITIMACY, THIS YOUNG NATION DUG DEEP INTO ITS MURKY MEDIEVAL PAST. THESE HEROES AND LEGENDS INSPIRED YOUNG KING LUDWIG TO BUILD HIS FANCIFUL CASTLES, RICHARD WAGNER TO COMPOSE HIS ULTRAROMANTIC OPERAS, AND GERMANS TO BELIEVE THEIR NATION WAS DEEPLY ROOTED IN HISTORY. POLITICALLY, THE FRUSTRATING REALITY OF YOUNG KING LUDWIG WAS TO RULE, EITHER AS A PAWN OF PRUSSIA OR A PAWN OF AUSTRIA, THE TWO DOMINANT GERMANIC COUNTRIES. RATHER THAN DEAL WITH THE POLITICS OF MUNICH, ROMANTIC LUDWIG ESCAPED HERE TO THE PEACE AND COMFORT OF HOHENSCHWANGAU. LUDWIG RULED BAVARIA FOR 23 YEARS UNTIL HIS DEATH IN 1886. HIS BEST FRIENDS WERE ROMANTIC ARTISTS, LIKE THE GREAT COMPOSER WAGNER, WHOM LUDWIG IDOLIZED. NEUSCHWANSTEIN CASTLE IS JUST UP THE HILL. IMAGINE KING LUDWIG AS A BOY, CLIMBING THESE HILLS, DREAMING UP THIS ULTIMATE FAIRY-TALE CASTLE. IT LOOKS MEDIEVAL, BUT IT'S ONLY ABOUT AS OLD AS THE EIFFEL TOWER. BUILT IN THE LATE 1800s, IT'S A TEXTBOOK EXAMPLE OF THE ROMANTIC STYLE, POPULAR AT THE TIME. THE CASTLE'S INTERIOR IS DECORATED WITH MISTY MEDIEVAL THEMES: BRAVE KNIGHTS, FAIR MAIDENS AND SCENES FROM WAGNERIAN OPERAS. LUDWIG PERSONIFIED THIS ROMANTIC AGE. LONGING FOR THE NATURAL BEAUTY AND EMOTION OF AN EARLIER TIME, HE BUILT HIS MEDIEVAL FANTASY ON THE HILLTOP, NOT FOR DEFENSIVE REASONS, BUT BECAUSE HE LIKED THE VIEW. KING LUDWIG INTENDED TO SIT ON A GOLD AND IVORY THRONE IN THE COMPANY OF SIX HISTORIC KINGS WHO WERE MADE SAINTS. THE RELIGIOUS LUDWIG WAS FASCINATED BY THINGS BYZANTINE. THIS ROOM IS BASED ON THE PLAN OF A BYZANTINE CHURCH. AND THE ONE-TON CHANDELIER IS THE SHAPE OF A BYZANTINE CROWN. JUST A FEW MONTHS AFTER HE MOVED INTO NEUSCHWANSTEIN, LUDWIG, WHO WAS ALREADY PLANNING TO BUILD AN EVEN MORE EXTRAVAGANT CASTLE, WAS DECLARED MENTALLY UNFIT TO RULE. TWO DAYS LATER, HE WAS FOUND DEAD IN A LAKE. PEOPLE STILL DEBATE, WAS IT MURDER OR SUICIDE. BUT NOBODY COMPLAINS ANY LONGER ABOUT THE EXTRAVAGANT COST OF HIS FANCIFUL CASTLES. IN FACT, WITHIN SIX WEEKS OF HIS FUNERAL, TOURISTS WERE ALREADY PAYING TO VISIT THEM, AND THEY'RE STILL COMING. WE'RE STAYING JUST OVER THE BORDER IN THE AUSTRIAN DISTRICT OF TYROLIA. WITH FAR LESS TOURISM, THIS AREA OFFERS GREAT VALUE AND MAXIMUM CHARM. I SLEEP IN THE VILLAGE OF PINSWANG AT GUESTHAUS SCHLUXEN. MY TOUR GROUPS GIVE THIS PLACE THE "BEST-REMOTE-HOTEL-IN-AN- IDYLLIC-SETTING" AWARD. RUN BY GRACIOUS HERMAN, THIS FAMILY-FRIENDLY WORKING FARM OFFERS A GREAT RESTAURANT WITH PLENTY OF TYROLEAN AMBIENCE... AND TASTEFULLY MODERN ROOMS. FROM THIS COMFY BASE, YOU CAN CONVENIENTLY TOUR THE REGION OR JUST SMELL THE GERANIUMS AND FEED THE DEER. A HIKE UP TO THE STARK AND BROODING RUINS OF EHRENBURG CASTLE PROVIDES A STRIKING CONTRAST TO LUDWIG'S FANTASY CASTLES. HISTORIAN ARMIN WALSH IS SPEARHEADING A PROJECT EXCAVATING AND DEVELOPING WHAT HE CALLS AN ENSEMBLE OF CASTLES, WHICH WILL CREATE A UNIQUE OPEN-AIR MUSEUM. WE HAVE AN ENSEMBLE OF CASTLES, FOUR ELEMENTS BUILT IN DIFFERENT PERIODS. WE START HERE IN THE MIDDLE AGE WITH EHRENBURG. WE HAVE A GOTHIC ELEMENT IN THE VALLEY. WE HAVE A BAROQUE CASTLE AND WE HAVE A BRAND-NEW FORTIFICATION SYSTEM OF THE 18th CENTURY. WE'RE VISITING TWO CASTLES OF THE ENSEMBLE, THE 13th CENTURY EHRENBURG AND, HIGHER ON THE RIGHT, THE 17th CENTURY SCHLOSSKOPF. Armin: THIS IS A VERY STRATEGIC PLACE BECAUSE IT LIES ON THE 2,000-YEAR-OLD VIA CLAUDIA AUGUSTA. THIS IS A ROAD THROUGH THE ALPS WHICH CONNECTED VENEZIA, ITALY WITH GERMANY, AND THIS ROAD WAS IN THE MIDDLE-AGE VERY IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT TRANSPORTED SALT, THE WHITE GOLD. ANYONE WHO CONTROLLED THE CASTLES CONTROLLED THE TRADE, THOUGH IN THE MIDDLE AGE, THEY HAD TO FIND THE PERFECT HILLTOP TO BUILD THE CASTLE. A STEEP HIKE TAKES US UP TO THE BIGGER AND MORE MODERN SCHLOSSKOPF CASTLE, WHICH ARMIN AND HIS CREW HAVE JUST RECENTLY STARTED UNCOVERING. Armin: WELL, RICK, TWO YEARS AGO, NOBODY IN THIS TOWN KNEW, OR ONLY FEW PEOPLE KNEW, THAT THERE WAS A FORTIFICATION ON TOP OF THE HILL. TWO YEARS AGO YOU COULDN'T SEE ANYTHING. IT WAS COVERED WITH TREES. Rick: SO YOU SHAVED THIS OFF? Armin: WE SHAVED IT. WE CLEANED IT. IT WAS COMPLETELY COVERED WITH TREES. SO FROM REUTTE YOU COULDN'T SEE ANYTHING. [ laughter ] Rick: WHOA, ALL RIGHT. Armin: 13th CENTURY CASTLES LIKE ENRENBURG WERE BUILT WITH TINY WALLS, HIGH TOWERS ON HILLS BECAUSE OF THE DEFENSE SYSTEM OF THE MIDDLE AGE. THEN THEY INVENTED CANNONS. CANNONS MADE THIS KIND OF ARCHITECTURE DESTROYABLE. THIS BECAME CLEAR IN THE EARLY 1700s WHEN, BY COVER OF DARKNESS, LOCAL TYROLIANS WHEELED TWO CANNON UP HERE AND PULVERIZED EHRENBERG CASTLE, WHICH WAS OCCUPIED BY THEIR ENEMIES, THE BAVARIANS. FROM THIS POINT ON, EHRENBERG-STYLE CASTLES WERE OBSOLETE, AND CANNON-PROOF CASTLES LIKE SCHLOSSKOPF BECAME THE NORM. SCHLOSSKOPF WAS BUILT IN 1741. NOW WE SEE THE DIFFERENCE IN ARCHITECTURE AND FORTIFICATION. THEY BUILD HERE A FORTIFICATION SYSTEM 250 METERS LONG, THICK WALLS, EIGHT-METER-THICK WALLS, TUNNELS, EVERYTHING, A REAL FORTIFICATION SYSTEM FOR CANNONS. Rick: MODERN WARFARE. Armin: MODERN WARFARE. MEETING EUROPEANS LIKE ARMIN, SO CONNECTED TO THEIR HERITAGE AND SATISFIED WITH THEIR LIFE'S WORK, IS ONE OF THE FUNDAMENTAL CHARMS OF EUROPEAN TRAVEL. WE'RE CROSSING FROM AUSTRIA BACK INTO GERMANY TO ASCEND A MOUNTAIN NOT CAPPED BY A CASTLE. BOUNCING BETWEEN COUNTRIES AS YOU SIGHTSEE IS NOW EASIER THAN EVER. WITH UNIFICATION OF EUROPE, BORDER CROSSINGS ARE BASICALLY A THING OF THE PAST, AND WITH THE EURO, THE SAME CASH WORKS IN NEARLY ALL OF WESTERN EUROPE. THE ZUGSPITZE, AT 10,000 FEET, IS GERMANY'S HIGHEST MOUNTAIN. A MIGHTY CABLE CAR ZIPS US TO THE TOP IN TEN MINUTES. THE CABLE IS SUPPORTED BY ONLY TWO PYLONS AND STRETCHES THE LAST MILE TO THE SUMMIT WITH NO SUPPORT AT ALL. WHILE THERE MAY BE MANY HIGHER MOUNTAINS IN THE ALPS, THIS ONE IS UNIQUE, STANDING ALONE WITH A VIEW OF OVER 400 PEAKS IN FOUR COUNTRIES: GERMANY, AUSTRIA, SWITZERLAND, AND EVEN ITALY. THE MOUNTAIN MARKS THE BORDER BETWEEN THE GERMAN STATE OF BAVARIA, OR BAYERN, AND THE AUSTRIAN STATE OF THE TYROL. AND TODAY, NO PASSPORTS ARE NECESSARY TO ENJOY THIS HIGH ALTITUDE RESORT DESTINATION ON WHAT FEELS LIKE THE TOP OF EUROPE. THE ZUGSPITZE IS NAMED FOR A COLD AND GHOSTLY WIND WHICH CAN REALLY HOWL IN THE WINTER. THIS HIKER'S HUT WAS BUILT 100 YEARS AGO. AND THANKS TO THESE BEEFY CABLE TIE-DOWNS, IT'S NEVER BEEN BLOWN OFF THE TOP. BY THE WAY, EVEN ON A SUNNY DAY, IT CAN BE COLD UP HERE. BRING A JACKET. THE SUMMIT IS MARKED BY A CROSS, CARRIED UP HERE BY HARDY VILLAGERS IN 1882. TODAY, THANKS TO CONVENIENTLY- PLACED LADDERS AND CABLES, IT'S CLIMBED, EITHER FROM THE DISTANT VALLEY FLOOR OR FROM THE ADJACENT SUMMIT RESTAURANT, BY FAMILIES, SENIORS, AND EVEN TRAVEL WRITERS. WHETHER YOU'RE SCALING SUMMITS, CONQUERING CASTLES, MARVELING AT THE TREASURES OF MUNICH, OR PICKING UP SLIVERS ON A BEER HALL BENCH, THIS REGION, NESTLED HERE AT THE BASE OF THE ALPS, IS A JOY. THIS AREA IS ANOTHER REASON EUROPE JUST KEEPS DRAWING ME BACK. THANKS FOR JOINING US. I'M RICK STEVES. UNTIL NEXT TIME, KEEP ON TRAVELIN'. auf Wiedersehen.

Construction

These defensive positions were built during the time of the conflicts between the House of Habsburg and the Kingdom of France in the 17th and 18th centuries, mainly during the War of the Palatine Succession and the War of the Spanish Succession. After the events of 1689 (including the destruction of Heidelberg Castle), Margrave Louis William of Baden-Baden (1655–1707), who was also known as "Turkish Louis" thanks to his distinguished service in the Great Turkish War, was given the imperial command of the defence of Germany against the advancing French. Between 1692 and 1701, the margrave had an extensive system of fortifications built on the Upper Rhine in the form of linked schanzen. These fixed defensive bulwarks built into the so-called "lines" of defence could be quickly enhanced by other earthworks. Several of the schanzen had already been built at the time of the Thirty Years' War or integrated even older, sometimes late medieval fortifications into their system. The positions were built by inhabitants of the local villages and towns who were forced to work on them; in later years soldiers were also used.

Location and main sites

Star schanze at the *Böllener Eck* near Neuenweg

The extensive fortification system runs for over 200 kilometres (120 mi) through the Black Forest between the High Rhine in the south and Heidelberg in the north. Between Bad Säckingen and Feldberg the system is divided into an older "Rear Line" (Hintere Linie), which dates to the 1680s and 1690s, and a more recent "Forward Line" (Vordere Linie). Its beginning is marked by the Rothausschanze west of Murg, which was built during the Thirty Years' War. It was investigated archaeologically and geophysically in 2007 when the new A98 motorway was built. This showed that the redoubt was protected by a ditch, 8.3 metres (27 ft) wide and at least 3.6 metres (12 ft) deep. The defensive wall, with a thickness of about 2 metres (6.6 ft), was a dry stone wall set into the inner flanks of the ditch.

Especially well preserved are the works at the so-called Böllener Eck ("Böllen Corner") near Neuenweg, where there is a star schanze and a square redoubt that belong to the Forward Line. The defensive system is partly coextensive with the Landhag, a late medieval fortification. The five-pointed star schanze has a diameter of about 30 metres and ditches that are still about 2 to 3 metres (6 to 10 feet) deep today. The square redoubt has sides 20 metres (66 ft) long. Between the two positions there are traces of a schanze line, that consists of a ditch and bank and which continues southwards. The epitaph of the schanze commandant, Johann Marckloffksy von Zabrak, who died in 1691, is on the eastern side of the church at Neuenweg.

The Schwedenschanze (Zuflucht) is located in Zuflucht, a village of the municipality Bad Peterstal-Griesbach. It was built during the Thirty Years' War in 1632/1633. It consisted of a square with bulwarks at the corners and was designed for a crew of 400 to 500 men.^[1]

Another important defensive line exists in the Wagensteig valley near Kirchzarten where, in the late 17th century, a system of redoubts, banks and ditches was built. It starts above the Höllental valley and finishes in the north near the Hohle Graben. In 1690 fighting is recorded near Breitnau, but by the early 18th century most positions had lost their military importance. The northern site at the Hohle Graben is the largest schanze of the whole defensive system and was built before 1638. In 1679 over 4,000 men were garrisoned here and in the years that followed there were numerous isolated battles. 1734 is the year when the last construction work on the schanze is documented; its military significance came to an end after the last battle in 1796.

Another important route across the Black Forest runs through the Kinzig valley, which is why there are numerous schanze positions here. Several sites are located near the Kinzig, others protect by roads. On the watershed between the Elz and Gutach is a fortification system that was built to guard the crossing to Hornberg. The line starts west of the Rensberg and continues over the Schnallenkopf and the Ziegelkopf eastwards to Hornberg. Another line runs over the Horniskopf and the Höchst to the Scheibeneck and guarded the road from Oberprechtal to Gutach im Breisgau, where the L107 runs today.

In the north the Black Forest lines link up with the Eppingen lines that stretch from Pforzheim to Neckargemünd and were built between 1695 and 1697. After the construction of the French fortress of Fort Louis on the Rhine north of Strasbourg towards the end of the 17th century, Louis William had the Bühl-Stollhofen Line built which ran from the fort through the Baden Rhine Plain to the Black Forest and, following its destruction in 1707, was replaced by the Ettlingen Line.

Development and inventorying

Until 2002, only about six to eight schanzen positions were known and documented in the literature. Thanks to the work of the firm of AG Minifossi at the Friedrich Ebert School in Schopfheim other schanzen were discovered so that, today, over 100 sites are known. As part of its activities the project also supported the reconstruction of the schanze of Gersbach-Mettlen, where the Forward and Rear Lines divide. This reconstruction was opened on 21 May 2008 and is freely accessible. Around Gersbach the roughly 10-kilometre-long (6-mile-long) Schanzenweg footpath runs past several of the defensive works. The historical schanzen are still recognisable in places in the terrain; in other places they are only known from archaeological traces. The inventorying of the numerous works is under way.

References

^ "Schwedenschanze". www.schwarzwald-tourismus.info (in German). Retrieved 17 January 2021.

Literature

Werner Störk: Die Barockschanzen des Türkenlouis im südlichen Schwarzwald. In: Jahrbuch (der Stadt Schopfheim) 19, 2004, ISSN 0930-3146, pp. 68–77.
Werner Störk: Fortifikation im Barock: Die Schanzen des "Türkenlouis" im Südschwarzwald. In: Das Markgräflerland., 2009 Vol. 1, pp. 13–80
Werner Störk: Die Sternschanze auf dem „Hau“ bei Neuenweg – eine absolute Rarität. In: Das Markgräflerland, Vol. 2014, pp. 76–84
Harald Klemm: Werkbericht zur Umsetzung des Schanzenprojektes. In: Das Markgräflerland., 2009, Vol. 1, pp. 81–88
Karl Seith: Linien und Schanzen im südlichen Schwarzwald. Ein Beitrag zu den Schwarzwaldbefestigungen des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts. In: Das Markgräflerland 6, 1935, ZDB-ID 207910-0, pp. 23–24.
Wilhelm Winterer: Die Entstehung und Verwertung der Schanzen und Linien auf dem südlichen Schwarzwalde, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Hohlen Grabens. Caritas, Freiburg i. Br., 1915, (Freiburg i.B., Univ., Diss., 1915).
Andreas Haasis-Berner, Johannes Lauber, Ute Seidel: Barocke Schanzen im Schwarzwald. Die Verteidigungsanlagen auf den Schwarzwaldhöhen. In: Denkmalpflege in Baden-Württemberg. Nachrichtenblatt der Landesdenkmalpflege, 39th annual, 1/2010, pp. 26–30. (Online version, pdf, 5 MB) * Ernst Boesser: Zur Geschichte der Schwarzwaldlinien. In: Alemannia, New series, 5th vol., Freiburg im Breisgau, 1904, pp. 223–240 and 292–298 online at Commons
Thomas Kopp: Der Schwarzwaldwanderer stößt auf Schanzen. In: Badische Heimat, Vol. 53 (1973), pp.56–72 online pdf 1.41 MB

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sconces in Baden-Württemberg.

47°41′57″N 7°56′56″E / 47.69916°N 7.94901°E / 47.69916; 7.94901

This page was last edited on 1 January 2023, at 18:56

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia