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B. Forman Co.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

B. Forman Co.
TypeDepartment Store
Industryretailing
FoundedRochester, New York, United States (1911 (1911))
FounderBenjamin Forman
Defunct1994 (1994)
FateAcquired by McCurdy's
SuccessorKaufmann's (1990–2006)
Macy's (2006–present)
The Bon-Ton
Key people
Edward Forman
Productsclothing, merchandise,

B. Forman Co. was a retail store in Rochester, New York, specializing primarily in high-end women's clothing. Once the largest store of its kind between New York and Chicago, the company, founded by Benjamin Forman in the first decade of the twentieth century, closed in 1994. B. Forman Co., along with McCurdy & Co., created Rochester's Midtown Plaza.

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Transcription

Let's just talk about the humoral response right now, that deals with B lymphocytes. So B lymphocytes or B cells-- let me do them in blue. So let's say that that is a B lymphocyte. It's a subset of white blood cells called lymphocytes. It comes from the bone marrow and that's where the-- well, the B comes from bursa of Fabricius, but we don't want to go into detail there. But they have all of these proteins on their surface. Actually, close to 10,000 of them. I get very excited about B cells and I'll tell you why in a second. It has all of these proteins on them that look something like this. I'll just draw a couple of them. These are actually protein complexes, you can kind of view them. They actually have four separate proteins on them and we can call these proteins membrane bound antibodies. And I'll talk a lot more about antibodies. You've probably heard the word. You have antibodies for such and such flu, or such and such virus, and we're going to talk more about that in the future, but antibodies are just proteins. They're often referred to as immunoglobulins. These are essentially equivalent words. Antibodies or immunoglobulins-- and they're really just proteins. Now, B cells have these on the surface of their membranes. These are membrane bound. Usually when people talk about antibodies, they're talking about free antibodies that are going to just be floating around like that. And I'm going to go into more detail on how those are produced. Now what's really, really, really, really, really interesting about these membrane bound antibodies and these B cells in particular is that a B cell has one type of membrane bound antibody on it . It's going to also have antibodies, but those antibodies are going to be different. So we'll focus on where they're different. Let me just draw them the same color first and then we'll focus on where they're different. These are both B cells. They both have these antibodies on them. The interesting thing is that from one B cell to another B cell, they have a variable part on this antibody that could take on a bunch of different forms. So this one might look like that and that. So these long-- I'll go into more detail on that. The fixed portion, you can imagine is green for any kind of antibody, and then there's a variable portion. So maybe this guy's variable portion is-- I'll do it in pink. And every one of the antibodies bound to his membrane are going to have that same variable portion. This different B cell is going to have different variable portions. So I'll do that in a different color. Maybe I'll do it in magenta. So his variable portions are going to be different. Now he has 10,000 of these on a surface and every one of these have the same variable portions, but they're all different from the variable portions on this B cell. There's actually 10 billion different combinations of variable portions. So the first question-- and I haven't even told you what the variable portions are good for-- is, how do that many different combinations arise? Obviously these proteins-- or maybe not so obviously-- all these proteins that are part of most cells are produced by the genes of that cell. So if I draw-- this is the nucleus. It's got DNA inside the nucleus. This guy has a nucleus. It's got DNA inside the nucleus. If these guys are both B cells and they're both coming from the same germ line, they're coming from the same, I guess, ancestry of cells, shouldn't they have the same DNA? If they do have the same DNA, why are the proteins that they're constructing different? How do they change? And this is why I find B cells-- and you'll see this is also true of T cells-- to be fascinating is, in their development, in their hematopoiesis-- that's just the development of these lymphocytes. At one stage in their development, there's just a lot of shuffling of the portion of their DNA that codes for here, for these parts of the protein. There's just a lot of shuffling that occurs. Most of when we talk about DNA, we really want to preserve the information, not have a lot of shuffling. But when these lymphocytes, when these B cells are maturing, at one stage of their maturation or their development, there's intentional reshuffling of the DNA that codes for this part and this part. And that's what leads to all of the diversity in the variable portions on these membrane bound immunoglobulins. And we're about to find out why there's that diversity. So there's tons of stuff that can infect your body. Viruses are are mutating and evolving and so are bacteria. You don't know what's going to enter your body. So what the immune system has done through B cells-- and we'll also see it through T cells-- it says, hey, let me just make a bunch of combinations of these things that can essentially bind to whatever I get to. So let's say that there's just some new virus that shows up, right? The world has never seen this virus before this B cell, it'll bump into this virus and this virus won't attach. Another B cell will bump into this virus and it won't attach. And maybe several thousands of B cells will bump into this virus and it won't attach, but since I have so many B cells having so many different combinations of these variable portions on these receptors, eventually one of these B cells is going to bond. Maybe it's this one. He's going to bond to part of the surface of this virus. It could also be to part of a surface of a new bacteria, or part of a surface for some foreign protein. And part of the surface that it binds on the bacteria-- so maybe it binds on that part of the bacteria-- this is called an epitope. So once this guy binds to some foreign pathogen-- and remember, the other B cells won't-- only the particular one that had the particular combination, one of the 10 to the 10th. And actually, there aren't 10 to the 10th combinations. During their development, they weed out all of the combinations that would bind to things that are essentially you, that there shouldn't be an immune response to. So we could say self-responding combinations weeded out. So there actually aren't 10 to the 10th, 10 billion combinations of these-- something smaller than that. You have to take out all the combinations that would have bound to your own cells, but there's still a super huge number of combinations that are very likely to bond, at least to some part of some pathogen of some virus or some bacteria. And as soon as one of these B cells binds, it says, hey guys, I'm the lucky guy who happens to fit exactly this brand new pathogen. He becomes activated after binding to the new pathogen. And I'm going to go into more detail in the future. In order to really become activated, you normally need help from helper T cells, but I don't want to confuse you in the video. So in this case, I'm going to assume that activation can only occur-- or that it just needs to respond, it just needs to essentially be triggered by binding with the pathogen. In most cases, you actually need the helper T cells as well. And we'll discuss why that's important. It's kind of a fail safe mechanism for your immune system. But once this guy gets activated, he's going to start cloning himself. He's going to say, look, I'm the guy that can match this virus here-- and so he's going to start cloning himself. He's going to start dividing and repeating himself. So there's just going to be multiple versions of this guy. So they all start to replicate and they also differentiate-- differentiate means they start taking particular roles. So there's two forms of differentiation. So many, many, many hundreds or thousands of these are going to be produced. And then some are going to become memory cells, which are essentially just B cells that stick around a long time with the perfect receptor on them, with the perfect variable portion of their receptor on them. So some will be memory cells and they're going to be in higher quantities than they were originally. So if if this guy invades our bodies 10 years in the future, they're going to have more of these guys around that are more likely to bump into them and start and get activated and then some of them are going to turn into effector cells. And effector cells are generally cells that actually do something. What the effector cells do is, they turn into antibody-- they turn into these effector B cells-- or sometimes they're called plasma cells. They're going to turn into antibody factories. And the antibodies they're going to produce are exactly this combination, the date that they originally had being membrane bound. So they're just going to start producing these antibodies that we talk about with the exact-- they're going to start spitting out these antibodies. They're going to start spitting out tons and tons of these proteins that are uniquely able to bind to the new pathogen, this new thing in question. So an activated effector cell will actually produce 2,000 antibodies a second. So you can imagine, if you have a lot of these, you're going to have all of a sudden a lot of antibodies floating around in your body and going into the body tissues. And the value of that and why this is the humoral system is, all of a sudden, you have all of these viruses that are infecting your system, but now you're producing all of these antibodies. The effector cells are these factories and so these specific antibodies will start bonding. So let me draw it like this. The specific antibodies will start bonding to these viruses and that has a couple of values to it. One is, it essentially tags them for pick up. Now phagocytosis-- this is called opsonization. When you tag molecules for pickup and you make them easier for phagocytes to eat them up, this is what-- antibodies are attaching and say, hey phagocytes, this is going to make it easier. You should pick up these guys in particular. It also might make these viruses hard to function. I have this big thing hanging off the side of it. It might be harder for them to infiltrate cells and the other thing is, on each of these antibodies you have two identical heavy chains and then two identical light chains. And then they have a very specific variable portion on each one and each of these branches can bond to the epitope on a virus. So you can imagine, what happens if this guy bonds to one epitope and this guy bonds to another virus? Then all of a sudden, these viruses are kind of glued together and that's even more efficient. They're not going to be able to do what they normally do. They're not going to be able to enter cell membranes and they're perfectly tagged. They've been opsonized so that phagocytes can come and eat them up. So we'll talk more about B cells in the future, but I just find it fascinating that there are that many combinations and they have enough combinations to really recognize almost anything that can exist in the fluids of our body, but we haven't solved all of the problems yet. We haven't solved the problem of what happens when things actually infiltrate cells or we have cancer cells? How do we kill cells that have clearly gone astray?

Founder

Benjamin Forman, founder of B. Forman Co., was born August 29, 1874. His passport application of 1921 lists his birthplace as "Lemburg, Austria" and his father as Abraham Forman. His birthplace is likely Lviv, now located in the western part of Ukraine but, in the 19th century, in the Austrian Empire. Various United States Census reports list his native language as Yiddish. His 1921 passport application lists him as having immigrated to the United States October 10, 1891.[1][2][3][4]

Early tailor shop

According to a Democrat and Chronicle story in 2016, Forman moved from New York to Philadelphia, Ithaca and Syracuse before arriving in Rochester in 1902.[5] Forman does not appear in the Rochester City Directory until 1904.

Vienna Tailors, described as "mammoth ladies' tailoring establishment" at 255 E. Main Street, Rochester, by the Democrat and Chronicle newspaper in 1902, had been founded by A. Edelberg who, upon retirement, turned the business over to Noah Kahn.[6][7]

Benjamin Foreman was associated with the tailor shop at 255 East Main Street, Rochester, by 1903. An advertisement for "The Vienna Tailors" listed the proprietors as Lessen, Foreman, and Rocker.[8] The same advertisement warned: "Do not confound us with the persons who formerly ran a business here under our name. Don't be deceived, there is but one place of our name in each city, and that is conducted by the undersigned who guarantee satisfaction or no sale." The 1903 Rochester City Directory lists the partners as M. Lessen, B. Forman and I. Rocker; Max Lessen is listed as living in Syracuse and Isadore Rocker as living in Ithaca.[9]

This tailor shop was renamed B. Forman a year later.[10] He moved his shop, "B. Forman's, Ladies' Tailor", to the second floor of 42 North Clinton Avenue April 1, 1906, next to the new Sibley, Lindsay & Curr department store.[11][12]

B. Forman Store

Mr. Forman opened a new ready-to-wear store at 50 South Clinton Avenue in 1911.[13] A store advertisement claimed that "every garment will be properly fitted by Mr. Forman personally. The same supervision that is exercised in the made-to-measure department will also be exercised in the ready-to-wear department."[14] Later that year, Foreman purchased a building lot next door (46 South Clinton Street) and announced plans to construct a three-story retail store, 38 feet fronting Clinton, and extending back to Cortland Street, 197 feet deep.[15] The new store, now called "B. Forman Co." opened August 22, 1912.[16] The South Clinton block was, until then, primarily lined with residential houses.[17][18]

Benjamin Forman's first wife, Dorah, died in December 1915.[19] He married his second wife, Raye Greenberg, two years later.[20] They moved from 15 Harper Street to 224 Edgerton Street that same year.[21] Raye Foreman died March 20, 1944.[22] When he died, Benjamin Forman was survived by a third wife, Belle Friedman Forman.[23]

Saks & Co. and Gimbel Brothers of New York City attempted, unsuccessfully, to entice Forman to come to New York in a management role in 1923.[24]

B. Forman Co. was a founding member of a trade association, the retail Research Association. Other members included Abraham & Straus of Brooklyn, L. S. Ayers of Indianapolis, L. Bamberger of Newark; Filene's of Boston, Joseph Horne Co. of Pittsburgh, Hudson Company of Detroit, Hutzler Brothers of Baltimore, Rike-Kumler Company of Dayton, Strawbridge & Clothier of Philadelphia, and Wm. Taylor Sons of Cleveland.[23][25]

In 1925, Benjamin Forman opened "Camp Forman", a 22-acre vacation and recreation center for employees of the company, in Pultneyville, New York.[26] The property became the first public park of Wayne County, New York, in 1955.[27]

There was a major expansion of the store in 1925, including a six-story office tower in the back end of the store.[23][28]

B. Forman expanded the South Clinton store again in 1941, taking over half of the lot to the north that was the previous location of the Lyceum Theater. This expansion increased the sales area by 40%. The Clinton Avenue frontage of the store was remade in limestone, to harmonize the new and old frontage.[29][30]

The store expanded again ten years later, taking over the other half of the old Lyceum lot. The store then fronted 200 feet on Clinton Avenue. The store featured some 50 individual 'shops', with separate buyers, each with a different theme. There were twelve separate 'shops' for dresses alone. The store was reported in the Democrat and Chronicle newspaper to be the largest woman's specialty store between New York City and Chicago, the first store in the country to install escalators, and the first in Rochester to be fully air conditioned.[31]

Benjamin Forman died March 23, 1951, at his apartment in the Sheridan Hotel, 111 East Avenue.[23]

Edward Forman, Benjamin's oldest son, had taken over as President of the company in 1946. He was born in 1899, served in France during World War I, and joined the B. Forman staff in 1924. He died, unexpectedly, on a trip to New York City January 13, 1953.[32] He was then succeeded as president by his brother, Maurice Forman. Another brother, attorney Frederick Forman, served as Treasurer.[31] Leo Mans, a French immigrant, served as Display Director from 1917 to his death in 1955.[33]

Retail expansion

The store began expanding with branch locations in the 1950s. A children's clothing store was created at Monroe Avenue and Glen Ellen Way, in suburban Brighton and a 40,000 sq. ft. store was built at Culver Ridge Plaza, Irondequoit, New York[28] The Irondequoit store opened March 5, 1957.[34]

The most bold venture of the B. Forman Co. was the creation of an indoor shopping mall in Downtown Rochester. Announced in September 1958, this was a joint venture of B. Forman and McCurdy's Department Store. The rear of both downtown stores were near each other, off of Cortland Street. The Midtown Plaza project enclosed Courtland, creating a two-story indoor mall, with the two stores now facing each other inside the mall. Early tenants, in addition to B. Forman Co. and McCurdy's, included Wegmans, Lincoln Rochester Bank (now Chase Bank), the United States Postal Service and Trailways, as well as several national and local chain stores.[35] The mall opened April 10, 1962.[36]

B. Forman Co. announced two additional stores for suburban Rochester in early 1967, one at Pittsford Plaza, Pittsford, New York[37] and the other at Long Ridge Plaza (now Greece Ridge) in Greece, NY[38] The small Young World store on Monroe Avenue, Brighton, was closed and its retail operation moved to the new Pittsford Plaza store in 1968 [39] The Pittsford store opened March 5, 1968.[40] The Greece store, in Long Ridge Mall (now Greece Ridge) did not open until September 15, 1971.[41]

End of Forman family ownership

Forman family ownership of the company came to a bitter end in 1967. After the death of Benjamin and Edward Forman, the company was equally owned by Maurice and Frederick Forman. Fred died, unexpectedly, in 1963 at age 57.[42] His half interest in the company was inherited in trust by his widow, Sally (Bresler) Forman and their son, Jay W. Gilbert.

Differences between Maurice Forman and his brother's widow broke out into the open when she filed a lawsuit seeking to dissolve the company.[43] Creditors of the Fred Forman Estate, including Maurice Forman, filed a petition opposing the dissolution on the grounds that funds might not be sufficient to pay $850,000 (~$5.72 million in 2022) in estate debts. The petition noted that B. Forman Co. had offered to purchase the interest of Fred Forman for $1,425,000 twice. Mrs. Forman contended the value of her husband's interest in the company was $2.2 million[44][45][46] Charges and counter-charges were made between the warring parties, including a hearing at Surrogate's Court April 1967 [47] The bitter dispute was resolved when McCurdy's purchased the stock of the B. Forman Co. in 1968. The company continued to operate as an autonomous operation of the McCurdy company.[48]

In 1969, for the first time in its history, a non-family member took over as President of B. Forman Co., Joseph E. Morressy. Maurice Forman became Chair of the B. Forman board.[49] Morressy succeeded Maurice Forman as board chair in 1974, and Pete C. Merrill, a Vice President of McCurdy's, was named new President of B. Forman Co.[50]

Under Merrill, the company launched a new concept of creating a mini-store, called "B. Forman II", the first of which opened in Irondequoit Shopping Plaza May 1977,[51] and the second in Perinton Square Mall October 1, 1979.[52] The Irondequoit B. Forman II apparently closed the summer of 1981, as it was listed in Forman ads through July, but not by September.[53] The "B.Forman II" name was last used in advertising for the Perinton Square store in April 1983 [54]

The last Rochester area B. Forman Co. store opened at Marketplace Mall October 1982.[55] The company then looked outside of Rochester, acquiring two stores in Syracuse from Flah's.[56] Two years later, the company bought the Flah company, acquiring seven more stores in New York State: three in Albany, and one each in Schenectady, Poughkeepsie, Middletown and Kingston.[57][58][59]

Contraction and closing

Pete C. Merrill retired as President of B. Forman Co. in 1987.[60] He was replaced by Larry W. Hinkle, who resigned four years later. Gilbert K. 'Ken' McCurdy, Executive Vice President of McCurdy's, stepped in as interim President.[61] Bernard Zindler was brought in as president in April 1992.[62] He reported to McCurdy & Co. President and CEO Thomas E. Dokter.[63] Zindler resigned as President January 1994.[64]

B. Forman Co. last new store opened at the Carousel Center in Syracuse in 1990.[65] B. Forman Co. unsuccessfully attempted to purchase the Bonwit Teller store in Buffalo's Galleria Mall in 1990.[66]

However, the company faced serious problems and closed five stores in 1992, the Long Ridge, Greece and Culver Ridge, Irondequoit stores as well as former Flah stores in Colonie, Poughkeepsie and Middletown.[67] A year later, the company announced the closing of three more stores, including the small B. Forman II store at Perinton Mall as well as the Kingston and Carousel Center stores.[64]

McCurdy & Co. borrowed $4.5 million in January 1994 from the City of Rochester, citing a need for working capital, and giving a mortgage on the McCurdy Midtown building as security.[68] And in July 1994, McCurdy's and B. Forman Co. closed. It was announced that four McCurdy locations would be sold to the May Company, and all B. Forman C. stores would be closed.[65] The going-out-of-business sale at McCurdy's and B. Forman started a few days later.[69] The B. Forman stores were closed by the end of August.[70]

An announcement of an intention to relaunch a 'hybrid' B. Forman store in Midtown Plaza in November 1994, backed by Rochester developer E. Anthony Wilson and investors he recruited, was announced in September.[71] Merchandise was to be provided by Bonwit Teller.[72] A hiring announcement was printed in October.[73] and the new store opened Nov. 25.[74] The 'new' B. Forman store closed fourteen months later.[75] A few months later, the discount store Peebles took over the Midtown space, the location where Benjamin Forman had started his ready-to-ware business in 1911.[76]

Barnes & Noble took over the former Pittsford Plaza B. Forman Co. building in 1995.[77] The B. Forman building at Midtown Plaza was demolished starting Oct. 18, 2010.[78]

References

  1. ^ 1900 U.S. Census, 95 Seventh Street, Manhattan Borough, NY, retrieved from ancestry.com
  2. ^ 1910 U.S. Census, 15 Cumberland Street, Rochester NY, retrieved from ancestry.com
  3. ^ 1930 U.S. Census, 111 East Avenue, Rochester NY, retrieved from ancestry.com
  4. ^ US Passport Applications for Benjamin Forman, dated Oct. 19, 1921 and retrieved from Ancestry.com
  5. ^ "Whatever Happen to... B. Foreman?", by Alan Morrell, Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, 2/6/2016
  6. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, April 30, 1902
  7. ^ Rochester City Directory, 1902, p. 969
  8. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 8/16/1903
  9. ^ Rochester City Directory, p. 464
  10. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 02/14/1904, 3/6/1904
  11. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 3/18/1906
  12. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 7/18/1909
  13. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 9/19/1911
  14. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 9/24/1911
  15. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 12/31/1911
  16. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 8/22/1912
  17. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 4/4/1930
  18. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 5/3/1934
  19. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 12/10/1915
  20. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 3/8/1917
  21. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 2/8/1917
  22. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 3/21/1944
  23. ^ a b c d Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, March 24, 1951
  24. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 9/24/1923
  25. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 4/24/1925
  26. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 6/15/1925
  27. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 2/6/1995
  28. ^ a b Democrat and Chronicle, 2/3/1956
  29. ^ Rochester Times Union 6/7/1941
  30. ^ Rochester Democrat and Chronicle 6/8/1941
  31. ^ a b Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 8/30/1953
  32. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 1/14/1953
  33. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 10/22/1955
  34. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 3/6/1957
  35. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chroncicle, March 16, 1962
  36. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 4/10/1962
  37. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 2/22/1967
  38. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 3/2/1967
  39. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 9/14/1968
  40. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 3/2/1968
  41. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 1/10/1971, 9/15/1971
  42. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 9/30/1963
  43. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 8/25/1967
  44. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 8/26/1967
  45. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 8/30/1967
  46. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 9/1/1967
  47. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 4/16/1968
  48. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 7/10/1968
  49. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 12/30/1969
  50. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 9/4/1974
  51. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 3/31/1977
  52. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 10/1/1979
  53. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 7/28/1981, 9/6/1981
  54. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 4/22/1983
  55. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 10/7/1982
  56. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 10/21/1982
  57. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 6/20/1984
  58. ^ Ithaca Journal 6/20/1984
  59. ^ Poughkeepsie Journal 10/14/1984
  60. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 3/20/1987
  61. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 7/21/1991
  62. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 4/17/1992
  63. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 4/10/1993
  64. ^ a b Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 12/28/1993
  65. ^ a b Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 7/6/1994
  66. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 4/5/1990
  67. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 12/5/1992
  68. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 1/29/1994
  69. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 7/10/1994
  70. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 8/30/1994
  71. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 9/30/1994
  72. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 10/2/1994
  73. ^ se, e.g. Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 10/16/1994
  74. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 11/26/1994
  75. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 1/25/1996
  76. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 5/1/1996
  77. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 8/2/1995
  78. ^ Rochester Democrat & Chronicle, 10/20/2010
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